Municipalities of the Philippines

Municipalities of the Philippines
Municipalities of the Philippines
	Municipalities of the Philippines in white
Category	Town (Local government unit)
Location	Philippines
Number	1,493 (as of 2023)
Possible status	First–sixth class municipalities;
Populations	Smallest: 193 (Kalayaan); Largest: 443,954 (Rodriguez)
Areas	Smallest: 1.66 km2 (0.64 sq mi) (Pateros); Largest: 2,188.8 km2 (845.1 sq mi) (Sablayan)
Subdivisions	Barangays;

A municipality (Filipino: bayan / munisipalidad / munisipyo / puweblo; Tagalog: bayan; Hiligaynon: banwa; Cebuano: lungsod; Pangasinan: baley; Kapampangan: balen / balayan; Central Bikol: banwaan; Waray: bungto; Ilocano: ili) is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines. It is distinct from city, which is a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays (formerly barrios) – villages. As of April 13, 2024^[update], there are 1,493 municipalities across the country.^[1]

A municipality is the official term for, and the official local equivalent of, a town,^[2] the latter being its archaic term and in all of its literal local translations including Filipino.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Both terms are interchangeable.

A municipal district is a now-defunct local government unit; previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities.Their central “barangay” is called “poblacion or bayan”.

History

The era of the formation of municipalities in the Philippines started during the Spanish rule, in which the colonial government founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled after towns and villages in Spain. They were then grouped together along with a centralized town center called cabecera or poblacion where the ayuntamiento, or town hall, was located; the poblacion served as the nucleus of each municipality. Only the communities that were permanently settled under the reduccion system,^[8] and have fully Christianized, are allowed to form municipalities, while others that have not yet been fully converted are to be subdued until conditions permitted for them to be incorporated as municipalities.^[9] As time passed, municipalities were created out of already existing ones, leading to them becoming smaller in area over time.^[10] Each municipality was governed by a capitan, usually a member of native principalia of the town, who have the task of remitting revenues to the central government in Manila.^[11] Ever since its inception to the present day, the term "municipality" holds the same definition as "town" when the first towns grew in size under the Spanish pueblo system (pueblo meaning "town" in Spanish language) to be granted municipal charters, hence the current official term for such type of settlements.^[2]^[12]

During the American administration, the municipal system put in place by the preceding Spanish authorities was preserved and at the same time reformed with greater inclusiveness among all Filipinos.^[13] Municipal districts, which were in essence unincorporated areas presided over by local tribal chiefs set up by American authorities, were created for the first time in 1914.^[14] More municipalities were created during this time, especially in Mindanao where there was a massive influx of settlers from the Luzon and the Visayas.^[15] After a while the independent Republic of the Philippines was declared in 1946, all municipal districts were dissolved and were absorbed into or broken into municipalities.^[16] The latest guidelines in the creation of new municipalities were introduced in 1991 with the issuance of the Local Government Code.^[17]

Responsibilities and powers

Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991. They have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and can tax. They are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law. Local Governments have their own executive and legislative branches and the checks and balances between these two major branches, along with their separation, are more pronounced than that of the national government.^[18] The Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch: their judiciary is the same as that of the national government.

Organization

According to Chapter II, Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991,^[18] a municipality shall mainly have a mayor (alkalde), a vice mayor (ikalawang alkalde / bise alkalde) and members (kagawad) of the legislative branch Sangguniang Bayan alongside a secretary to the said legislature.

The following positions are also required for all municipalities across the Philippines:

Treasurer
Assessor
Accountant
Budget Officer
Planning and Development Coordinator
Engineer / Building Official
Health Officer
Civil Registrar
Municipal Disaster Risks Reduction and Management Officer

Depending on the need to do so, the municipal mayor may also appoint the following municipal positions:

Administrator
Legal Officer
Agriculturist
Architect
Information Officer
Tourism Officer
Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer
Municipal Social Welfare and Development Officer

Duties and functions

As mentioned in Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160, the municipal mayor is the chief executive officer of the municipal government and shall determine guidelines on local policies and direct formulation of development plans. These responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan.

The vice mayor (bise-alkalde) shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury. Being presiding officer of the Sangguniang Bayan (English: Municipal Council), he can as well appoint members of the municipal legislature except its twelve (12) regular members or kagawad who are also elected every local election alongside the municipal mayor and vice mayor. In circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions.

While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises. Laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances. If the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten (10) days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan. The latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds (2 / 3) of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law.

A municipality, upon reaching certain requirements (such as minimum population size, and minimum annual revenue) may opt to become a city. First, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the resulting plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities.

Income classification

Municipalities are divided into income classes according to their average annual income during the previous four calendar years:^[19]^[20]

Class	Average annual income ₱
First	At least 55,000,000
Second	45,000,000 – 55,000,000
Third	35,000,000 – 45,000,000
Fourth	25,000,000 – 35,000,000
Fifth	15,000,000 – 25,000,000
Sixth	below 15,000,000

References

^ PSA 2020.
^ ^a ^b Bernard Moses (1904). "Colonial Policy with Reference to the Philippines" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Political Science Association. 1: 103. doi:10.2307/3038324. JSTOR 3038324. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Tagalog Language Packet" (PDF). p. 51. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "English to Filipino Meaning :: town". Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Visayan-English Dictionary by Gutenberg Project" (PDF). p. 286. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Cebuano For Beginners" (PDF). p. 33. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Ilocano Dictionary - Town". Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). "Chapter V - The Colonial Landscape". The Philippines: A Past Revisited (Vol. I) (Sixteenth Printing (January 1998) ed.). Manila, Philippines: Renato Constantino. pp. 60–61. ISBN 971-895-800-2. OL 9180911M.
^ Carl C. Plehn (1901). "Taxation in the Philippines. I" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 16 (4): 690. doi:10.2307/2140422. JSTOR 2140422. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ Antonio Figueroa (Feb 18, 2017). "FAST BACKWARD: The dissolution of Roxas town". Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ Carl C. Plehn (1901). "Taxation in the Philippines. I" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 16 (4): 688. doi:10.2307/2140422. JSTOR 2140422. Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ Norman G. Owen (1971). Compadre Colonialism: Studies In The Philippines Under American Rule. University of Michigan Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780891480037.
^ Norman G. Owen (1971). Compadre Colonialism: Studies In The Philippines Under American Rule. University of Michigan Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780891480037.
^ "Act No. 2408". Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Mindanao: Land of promise (1999)". Retrieved Oct 6, 2021.
^ "Executive Order No. 42, s. 1963: Declaring Certain Municipal Districts in the Philippines as Municipalities". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Jun 25, 1963. Retrieved Oct 7, 2021.
^ "The Local Government Code of the Philippines" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved Oct 7, 2021.
^ ^a ^b RA7160 1991.
^ NSCB 2008.
^ NSCB 2001.