List of heads of state and government who took their own lives
A number of heads of state and heads of government have taken their own lives , either while in office or after leaving office. National leaders who take their own lives while in office generally do so because their leadership is somehow threatened – for instance, by a coup or an invading army. Some have done so under compulsion .
Heads of state
Name
State
Year
In office?
Method
(Probable) motive
Ref.
Zhou
Shang dynasty
1046 BC
Yes
Immolation
Impending defeat by rebels under Jiang Ziya
[1]
Zimri
Israel
885 BC?
Impending defeat by rebels under Omri
[2]
Rusa I
Urartu
714 BC
Stabbing
Defeat by Sargon II , looting of Musasir
[3]
Midas
Phrygia
676 BC?
Poisoning
Impending defeat by the Cimmerians
[4]
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (disputed)
Babylonia
648 BC
Immolation
Defeat by Ashurbanipal
[5]
Cheng
Chu
626 BC
Hanging
Palace coup by Prince Shangchen
[6]
Sîn-šar-iškun (disputed)
Assyria
612 BC
Defeat by Nabopolassar
[7]
Ling
Chu
529 BC
Hanging
Palace coup by Duke Qiji of Cai
[8]
Psamtik III
Egypt
525 BC
No
Poisoning
Defeated and deposed by the Achaemenid king Cambyses II
[4]
Cleomenes I (disputed)
Sparta
490 BC
Yes
Mutilation by sword
Imprisonment on grounds of insanity
[9]
Fuchai
Wu
473 BC
Hanging or slitting throat (disputed)
Defeat by Goujian of Yue
[10]
Huai
Qin
425 BC
Compelled after palace coup
[11]
Chandragupta Maurya (disputed)
Maurya Empire
295 BC
No
Starvation (sallekhana )
Piety
[12]
Cleomenes III
Sparta
219 BC
Failure of revolt against Ptolemy IV
[13]
Qin Er Shi
Qin dynasty
207 BC
Yes
Compelled after palace coup by Zhao Gao
[14]
Xiang Yu
Chu
202 BC
Slitting throat
Defeat by Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia
[15]
An Dương Vương
Âu Lạc
179 BC
Drowning
Defeat by Zhao Tuo
[16]
Quintus Fulvius Flaccus
Roman Republic
172 BC
No
Hanging
Depression after death of son
[17]
Diaeus
Achaean League
146 BC
Yes
Poisoning
Defeat by Romans under Lucius Mummius
[18] [19]
Diodotus Tryphon (disputed)
Seleucid Empire
138 BC
Defeat by Antiochus VII Sidetes
[20]
Gaius Papirius Carbo
Roman Republic
119 BC
No
Poisoning
Prosecution for treason
[21]
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
Roman Republic
112 BC
Prosecution for losing the Battle of Noreia
[22]
Gaius Marius the Younger
Roman Republic
82 BC
Yes
Defeat at the Battle of the Colline Gate and impending capture by Sulla
[23]
Gaius Norbanus
Roman Republic
82 BC
No
Threat of extradition from Rhodes after proscription by Sulla
[24]
Mithridates VI Eupator
Pontus
63 BC
Yes
Stabbed by bodyguard on command after failed poisoning
Impending defeat by rebellion
[25]
Ptolemy of Cyprus
Cyprus
58 BC
Poisoning
Threat of Roman annexation
[26]
Juba I
Numidia
46 BC
Duel as part of suicide pact with Marcus Petreius
Impending defeat by Julius Caesar after the Battle of Thapsus
[18]
Mark Antony
Roman Republic
30 BC
No
Stabbing
Defeat by Octavian at the Battle of Alexandria
[27]
Cleopatra VII Philopator
Ptolemaic Kingdom
30 BC
Yes
Poisoning
Death of Mark Antony and defeat by Octavian
[28]
Nero
Roman Empire
68
Stabbing (assisted by Epaphroditus )
Impending overthrow
[18]
Otho
Roman Empire
69
Stabbing
Impending defeat by Vitellius
[29]
Decebalus
Dacia
106
Slitting throat
Defeat by Trajan
[30]
Uthiyan Cheralathan
Chera dynasty
130?
Starvation (vaṭakkiruttal )
Defeat by Karikala at the Battle of Venni
[31]
Gordian I
Roman Empire
238
Hanging
Death of son and co-emperor Gordian II at the Battle of Carthage
[32]
Sun Liang
Eastern Wu
260
No
Accused of plotting to assassinate successor after deposition
[33]
Bongsang
Goguryeo
300
Yes
Hanging
Palace coup owing to popular unrest
[34]
Maximian
Roman Empire
310
No
Failure of rebellion against Constantine I
[35]
Diocletian (disputed)
Roman Empire
312?
Starvation
Fear of reprisal by Constantine I
[36]
Li Qi
Cheng Han
338
Hanging
Palace coup and deposition by Li Shou
[37]
Lü Shao
Later Liang
400
Yes
Palace coup by Lü Zuan
Juqu Mujian
Northern Liang
447
No
Compelled by Taiwu of Northern Wei on suspicion of plotting rebellion
[39]
Yujiulü Anagui
Rouran Khaganate
552
Yes
Defeat by Turkic rebellion led by Bumin Qaghan
[40]
Gao Wei
Northern Qi
577?
No
Compelled by Wu of Northern Zhou on suspicion of plotting rebellion
Kōbun
Japan
672
Yes
Strangulation
Defeat by Prince Ōama in Jinshin War
[42] [43]
Huigang
Silla
838
Hanging
Impending defeat by rebels under Kim Myeong
[44]
Zhangxin Qaghan
Uyghur Khaganate
839
Defeat by Zhuyue Chixin
[45]
Zhu Yougui
Later Liang
913
Palace coup by Zhu Youzhen
[46]
Zhu Youzhen
Later Liang
923
Impending defeat by Later Tang
[47]
Gyeongae
Silla
927
Compelled after defeat by Kyŏn Hwŏn
[48]
Li Congke
Later Tang
937
Immolation
Impending defeat by Taizong of Liao
[49]
Marasimha II
Western Ganga dynasty
975
No
Starvation (sallekhana )
Failure against Siyaka and Tailapa II , piety
[50]
Indra IV
Rashtrakuta
982
Collapse of Rashtrakuta, failure against Tailapa II, piety
[50]
Jayapala
Hindu Shahis
1001
Immolation
Defeat by Mahmud of Ghazni and abdication
[51]
Someshvara I
Western Chalukya Empire
1068
Yes
Drowning
Defeat by Virarajendra Chola and illness
Ananta
Lohara dynasty
1081
No
Stabbing
Breakdown of relationship with son and successor Kalaśa after abdication
[53]
Zhang Bangchang
Da Chu
1127
Hanging
Compelled by Gaozong of Song after abdication
[54]
Aizong
Jin dynasty
1234
Yes
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
[55]
Prataparudra
Kakatiya dynasty
1323
Defeat and capture by the Delhi Sultanate
[56]
Bayezid I
Ottoman Empire
1403
No
Defeat and imprisonment by Timur
[57]
Tezozomoctli
Cuauhtitlan
1430
Yes
Poisoning
Defeat in the Tepanec War
[58]
Hasan Ali
Qara Qoyunlu
1469
Defeat by Uzun Hasan
[59]
Moquihuix (disputed)
Tlatelolco
1473
Jumped off pyramid
Defeat by Aztecs in the Battle of Tlatelolco
[60]
Lê Cung Hoàng
Lê dynasty
1527
No
Hanging
Compelled after palace coup by Mạc Đăng Dung
[61]
Muzaffar Shah III
Gujarat
1592
Slitting throat
Capture by Mughal forces after failed rebellion
Chongzhen Emperor
Ming dynasty
1644
Yes
Hanging or suffocation (disputed)
Impending defeat by rebels under Li Zicheng
[62]
Lê Duy Phường
Lê dynasty
1735
No
Hanging
Compelled after palace coup by Trịnh Giang
[61]
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
France
1794
Gunshot
Impending arrest after proscription
[63]
Philippe Rühl
France
1795
Stabbing
Prosecution after failure of Prairial uprising
[64]
Louis-Joseph Charlier
France
1797
Gunshot
Mental breakdown
[65]
Osei Kwame Panyin
Ashanti Empire
1803
Poisoning or strangulation (disputed)
Deposition by Konadu Yaadom
[66]
Henri Christophe
Haiti
1820
Yes
Gunshot
Poor health, impending overthrow
[67]
Juan Larrea
Argentina
1847
No
Gunshot or slitting throat (disputed)
Business failure
[68] [69]
Anson Jones
Texas
1858
Gunshot
Political failure
[70]
Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid
Jabal Shammar
1868
Yes
Ill-health
[71]
Tewodros II
Ethiopia
1868
Defeated by the British Expedition to Abyssinia
[72]
Abdulaziz (disputed)
Ottoman Empire
1876
No
Arms cut by scissors
Forced abdication
[73]
Fridolin Anderwert
Switzerland
1880
Yes
Gunshot
Adverse press coverage, depression, exhaustion
[74]
José Manuel Balmaceda
Chile
1891
No
Defeat in the Chilean Civil War of 1891
[75]
Nikolay Chkheidze
Georgia
1926
Slitting throat
Depression over the Bolsheviks ' conquest of Georgia
[76] [77]
Germán Busch
Bolivia
1939
Yes
Gunshot
Political frustration, depression
[78]
Otto Strandman
Estonia
1941
No
Impending arrest by NKVD
[79] [80]
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski
Poland
1942
Jumped off a building
Defeat of Poland and political frustration in exile
[81]
Adolf Hitler
Germany
1945
Yes
Gunshot
Pending defeat in the European theatre of World War II
[82]
Nguyen Van Thinh
French Cochinchina
1946
Hanging
Political failure
[83]
Omer Nishani (disputed)
Albania
1954
No
Gunshot
Poor health, political failure
[84] [85]
Getúlio Vargas
Brazil
1954
Yes
Opposition from the military
[86]
Salvador Allende
Chile
1973
Military coup
[87] [88] [89]
Chivu Stoica
Romania
1975
No
Out of favour with leadership of the Romanian Communist Party
[90]
Carlos Prío Socarrás (disputed)
Cuba
1977
Faced questioning by the House Select Committee on Assassinations
[91] [92]
Antonio Guzmán Fernández
Dominican Republic
1982
Yes
Corruption allegations
[93] [94]
Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado
Cuba
1983
No
Poor health, bereavement
[95]
Lazarus Salii
Palau
1988
Yes
Corruption allegations
[96]
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (disputed)
Georgia
1993
No
Defeat in the Georgian Civil War
[97] [98]
Dipendra
Nepal
2001
Yes
Unknown: had just killed nine family members
[99]
Carlos Roberto Reina
Honduras
2003
No
Ill-health
[100]
Milan Babić
Serbian Krajina
2006
Hanging
Imprisonment over war crimes
[101]
Roh Moo-hyun
South Korea
2009
Jumped off a cliff
Corruption allegations
[102]
Alan García Pérez
Peru
2019
Gunshot
Allegations of corruption
[103]
Heads of government
See also
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