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Jakob Nielsen
Jakob Nielsen
	Nielsen in 2002
Born	5 October 1957 (age 66); Copenhagen, Denmark
Alma mater	Technical University of Denmark (PhD)
Occupation	Web usability consultant

Jakob Nielsen (born 5 October 1957) is a Danish web usability consultant, human–computer interaction researcher, and co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group.^[1]^[2] He was named the “guru of Web page usability” in 1998 by The New York Times and the “king of usability” by Internet Magazine.^[3]^[4]

Background

Jakob Nielsen was born 5 October 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[5]^[6] He holds a Ph.D. in 1988 in human–computer interaction from the Technical University of Denmark.^[5]

Nielsen's earlier affiliations include Bellcore (now known as Telcordia Technologies, formally Bell Communications Research), teaching at the Technical University of Denmark, and the IBM User Interface Institute at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.^[7]^[8]^[when?]

Career

Sun Microsystems

From 1994 to 1998, he was a Sun Microsystems Distinguished Engineer.^[3]

Nielsen Norman Group

After his regular articles on his website about usability research attracted media attention, he co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) of Fremont, California in 1998 with fellow usability expert Donald Norman.^[5]^[9]^[10] The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, as experts and pioneers in the field of usability.^[9]

Other activities

Nielsen is on the editorial board of Morgan Kaufmann Publishers' book series in Interactive Technologies.^{[citation needed]}

Nielsen writes a fortnightly newsletter, Alertbox, on web design matters and has published several books on the subject of web design.^[5]^[8]

Contributions

Nielsen founded the usability engineering movement for efficient and affordable improvements of user interfaces and he has invented several usability methods, including heuristic evaluation. He holds more than a thousand United States patents,^[11]^[12] mainly on ways of improving usability for technology.

In the early 1990s, Nielsen popularized the principle that five test users per usability test session is enough, allowing numerous tests at various stages of the development process.^[13] His argument is that "elaborate usability tests are a waste of resources." Once it is found that a few people are totally confused by a home page, little is gained by watching more people suffer through the same flawed design."^[13]

Jakob's law

Users will anticipate what an experience will be like, based on their mental models of prior experiences on websites.^[14]^[15] When making changes to a design of a website, try to minimize changes in order to maintain an ease of use.^[15]

Nielsen's usability heuristics

Nielsen's list of ten heuristics is probably the most-used usability framework for user interface design. An early version of the heuristics appeared in two papers by Nielsen and Rolf Molich published in 1989-1990.^[16]^[17] Nielsen published an updated set in 1994,^[18] and the final set still in use today was published in 2005:^[19]

Visibility of system status
Match between system and the real world
User control and freedom
Consistency and standards
Error prevention
Recognition rather than recall
Flexibility and efficiency of use
Aesthetic and minimalist design
Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
Help and documentation

In his book Usability Engineering (1993), Nielsen also defined the five quality components of his "Usability Goals":^[20]

Learnability
Efficiency
Memorability
Errors (as in low error rate)
Satisfaction

Windows 8 usability

Nielsen has been quoted in the computing and the mainstream press for his criticism of Microsoft's Windows 8 (2012) user interface.^[21]^[22]^[23] Tom Hobbs, creative director of the design firm Teague, criticized what he perceived to be some of Nielsen's points on the matter, and Nielsen responded with some clarifications.^[24] The subsequent short and troubled history of Windows 8, released on October 26, 2012, seems to have confirmed Nielsen's criticism: the sales of Windows-based systems plummeted after the introduction of Windows 8;^[25] Microsoft released a new version, Windows 8.1, on Oct 18,2013, to fix the numerous problems identified in Windows 8, and later released Windows 10, a complete overhaul, in July 2015.

Recognition and awards

In 2010, Nielsen was listed by Bloomberg Businessweek among 28 "World's Most Influential Designers".^[26]

In recognition of Nielsen's contributions to usability studies, in 2013 SIGCHI awarded him the Lifetime Practice Award.^[27]

Criticisms

As Nielsen's newsletter and website grew, and with his use of "acronomic platitudes" to describe his concepts, it has been thought by some that much of Nielsen's work was more about marketing himself than rooted in research.^[8]^[28]

Nielsen's usability heuristics

In 1990, when the Nielsen heuristic evaluation guidelines were created (Nielsen and Molich, 1990), user interface was less complicated than it is in present-day.^[29]^[30] There has never been any research-based validation of Nielsen's heuristics.^[30] The University of Calgary published an article in 2008, questioning if the Nielsen heuristics were an oversimplification.^[31]

Nielsen has been criticized by some visual designers and graphic designers for failing to balance the importance of other user experience considerations such as typography, readability, visual cues for hierarchy and importance, and eye appeal.^[32]^[33]

Responsive design

Nielsen's 2012 guidelines, "Repurposing vs Optimized Design" that web sites made for mobile devices be designed separately from their desktop-oriented counterparts has come under fire from Webmonkey's Scott Gilbertson,^[34] as well as Josh Clark writing in .net magazine,^[35] and Opera's Bruce Lawson, writing in Smashing Magazine,^[36] and other technologists and web designers who advocate responsive web design.^[37]^[38] In an interview with .net magazine, Nielsen explained that he wrote his guidelines from a usability perspective, not from the viewpoint of implementation.^[39]

Nielsen has been accused of taking a "puritanical" approach to usability, and not being able to keep up his usability evaluations in step of technological changes.^[8]

Bibliography

Books

Nielsen's published books include:

Nielsen, Jakob (1993). Usability Engineering. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780125184069.
Nielsen, Jakob (1995). Hypertext and Hypermedia. San Diego, California: Academic Press Professional, Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-518410-6.
Nielsen, Jakob (1999). Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. Landmark Series. New Riders. ISBN 978-1562058104.
Nielsen, Jakob; Snyder, Carolyn; Molich, Rolf; Farrell, Susan (2001). E-Commerce User Experience. Nielsen Norman Group. ISBN 978-0970607201.
Nielsen, Jakob; Tahir, Marie (2001). Homepage Usability: 50 Websites Deconstructed. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0735711020.
Nielsen, Jakob; Loranger, Hoa (2006). Prioritizing Web Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321350312.
Nielsen, Jakob; Pernice, Kara (2009). Eyetracking Web Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321498366.
Nielsen, Jakob; Budiu, Raluca (2012). Mobile Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321884480.

Articles

This is a select list of Nielsen's published research, which includes:

Nielsen, Jakob; Landauer, Thomas K. (May 1993). "A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93. pp. 206–213. doi:10.1145/169059.169166. ISBN 0897915755. S2CID 207177537.
Nielsen, Jakob (April 1994). "Usability inspection methods". Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '94. pp. 413–414. doi:10.1145/259963.260531. ISBN 0897916514. S2CID 52808881.
Nielsen, Jakob (April 1994). "Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems celebrating interdependence - CHI '94. pp. 152–158. doi:10.1145/191666.191729. ISBN 0897916506. S2CID 1562556.