Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted crime and illicit economies such as organised crime, terrorism, street crime, online crime, illegal markets and smuggling, human and wildlife trafficking, slavery, robberies and burglaries.

The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime has stated in a policy brief in March 2020 that while understanding the long-term impact at these early stages of the pandemic is difficult, some things are clear: the pandemic has caused a decrease in some organized-criminal activities, while providing new opportunities in other areas, causing a change in the "organized-criminal economy" that may be long term.[1][2] The report states that some criminal organisations could take advantage of the situation by expanding activities, with a possibility of "the emergence of criminal groups as suppliers and 'partners' of the state in maintaining order".[2]

Consistent with these findings, researchers have found that the COVID19 lockdowns have also reduced violence by terrorists and other armed groups, which often fund their activities through illicit activities.[3]

Crime

COVID-19 caused a reduction in many types of crime around the world.[4] A report by USA Today on 4 April 2020 showed a decrease in criminal incidents (in America) since 15 March in nineteen out of twenty police agencies examined.[5] However, the report also noted an increase in domestic violence.[5] Some police departments are intentionally arresting fewer people to prevent potential spread of coronavirus in jails; tackling the issues in alternative ways rather than making "physical arrests".[5] Associated Press reported that in Chicago drug arrests fell 42% since the lockdowns, compared with the same period in 2019.[6] Overall, crime in Chicago declined 10% following the outbreak of the pandemic.[4] This decrease is being seen across cities globally as restrictions were increased to contain the virus.[4]

A detailed examination for one UK police force found variation in the onset of change by crime type when compared to 5-year averages.[7] Some types of crime declined immediately from ‘global pandemic’ announcement from the World Health Organisation on 11 March 2020, others later.[7] Incidence of assault was inelastic but responsive to reduced workplace mobility.

Following an increase in movement restrictions across nations, there are fewer people on the streets, causing a decrease in street crime.[8] And with a larger population staying indoors at home, thefts and residential burglaries have decreased.[9][10] In Colombia and El Salvador, following the lockdowns, many types of crime saw a decrease.[11] In Peru, crime levels fell 84% in March.[4] Alleged Serbian drug lord Dragoslav Kosmajac died of COVID-19.[12] Karachi, one of "Asia's most crime-ridden cities", saw an entire week in March go by without any car thefts.[13] In New York City, grand larceny declined by over 50% in April compared to the same period last year; however, the city saw a rise in commercial burglaries despite the overall fall of ~29% in major crimes.[14] In Mexico, amid the pandemic, some criminal groups were seen handing out food supplies, while in other places in Mexico some criminals were facing unemployment.[15] In Australia, border police found methamphetamine (crystal meth/ ice) being smuggled into the country in hand sanitizer bottles.[16]

Counterfeiting and fraud

Counterfeiting and fraud directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic has also been uncovered.[17] In the beginning of March 2020, over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks were seized by law enforcement authorities worldwide as part of Operation Pangea,[18] supported by Interpol and Europol.[17] Police in India seized thousands of fake N95 masks, raided shops selling overpriced masks and sanitizers, and initiated a case against hoarders of personal protective equipment (PPE).[19][20][21] In the United States, individuals were arrested after impersonating doctors and demanding payments for treatment.[22]

Operation Stolen Promise was enacted with aid from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Food and Drug Administration, the US Postal Inspection Service, the US Secret Service, the Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Five Eyes Law Enforcement Working Group, an intelligence coalition formed by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The operation investigated and seized shipments of "mislabeled, fraudulent, unauthorized, or prohibited" COVID-19-related items.[23]

Cybercrime

With more people staying at home and spending more time online, cyber crime has increased.[24] With remote work increasing, more and more corporate data is being accessed from homes that may not have the same level of computer security as office systems.[25] The World Health Organization published a cyber security notice warning people of fraudsters imitating WHO[26] employees.[27]

Another cyber fraud in America resulted in money that was meant for the unemployed being redirected to fraudulent accounts.[28] The scale of it involves millions of dollars and it appears that the cyber-criminals are Nigerian.[29]

According to government data, as of February 2021, one in three workers in the UK were engaging in remote work due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, which has resulted in an increase in the cyber-attacks on employees. The lack of knowledge about cyber-attacks and cyber-security has been claimed as a prime reason behind rising cyber-crime in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.[30]

Domestic violence

Amid the reported global increase in domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, the United Nations called for a domestic violence "ceasefire".[31]

In Peru, the number of women reported missing has surged from five per day from before COVID-19 to eight during the lock-downs. In total, 915 women in Peru were reported missing and feared dead during the three months quarantine.[32]

Hate crimes

An intelligence report compiled by the FBI's Houston branch warned against the likely increase of hate crime incidents against Asian Americans, based on the assumption that a portion of the US public associate the pandemic with China and Asian American populations. They also referenced multiple incidents of hate crimes already perpetrated across the country such as three Asian American family members stabbed by an individual who claimed that the family was Chinese and spreading the virus.[33]

Terrorist attacks

In its magazine Al-Naba, ISIL recommended that its members exploit the pandemic in order to carry out terrorist attacks. Some extremists regard the virus as being divine punishment for human sins, both in the West and in Muslim countries. The International Crisis Group said that the pandemic would harm international counterterrorism efforts.[34] However, academic research suggests that this has not borne out. Brancati, et al. find that lockdowns associated with the pandemic lead to decreased violence by ISIL.[35]

In April in India, an advisory was circulated among Delhi police staff of a potential ISIL attack on police personnel in the field, in the form of a lone wolf attack or "stabbing, firing or hitting by vehicles".[36] Between January and May 2020, Indian security forces conducted 27 counterterrorism operations in Jammu and Kashmir in which more than 64 terrorists were killed.[37] Out of these, at least 18 were killed during the COVID-19 lockdown in India.[38] In the first week of May, five Indian Army special forces para commandos were killed by terrorists.[39] Riyaz Naikoo, a commander of the terrorist organization Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, in his last audio message in April 2020, told his followers to follow health safety guidelines that health experts were sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic. He was killed shortly after.[40]

Also in May a series of attacks in Afghanistan resulted in the deaths of 56 people. The targets included a hospital's maternity ward and a funeral, resulting in the deaths of babies, hospital staff, and people at the funeral.[41][42]

Use of COVID-19 as a weapon

A railway worker from London contracted COVID-19 and died after a man assaulted her and a coworker. The man said he had the virus and proceeded to spit and cough in the women's faces before running away.[43] Police responding to a domestic incident in Durham, England, were spat on by a teenager who shouted at officers that he hoped he had COVID-19; he was charged with assaulting an emergency worker.[44] Between April 1 and June 6, 2020, the Irish police were purposefully spat or coughed on by individuals on 93 occasions, causing the department to increase their use of spit hoods by 70%.[45][46] On April 24, 2021, Spanish police arrested a man suspected of infecting 22 people, eight directly and 14 indirectly, with the virus, saying he made no efforts to quarantine himself or wear a facemask despite showing symptoms and having done a test.[47]

In the United States, multiple police departments documented individuals coughing or spitting on responding officers and saying that they had COVID-19. Charges that could be filed against these individuals range from second-degree assault or terrorist threatening.[48] A New Jersey woman spat on a police officer and told responding officers that she was positive for COVID-19 while they were arresting her.[49] Similar cases were reported in Florida,[50] Colorado,[51] Michigan,[52] Ohio,[53] and other states.[a 1]

In India, the Tablighi Jamaat religious event hosted by an Islamic missionary group became the country's largest super-spreader, resulting in various type of criminal charges being filed against the attendees for not heeding lockdown restrictions.[54][55] More than 800 foreigners who attended the event were tracked down and their visas blacklisted.[56] Indian media reported that those who were quarantined by the government spat on healthcare personnel among other things,[57][58][59] resulting in numerous charges under the Indian Penal Code.[60] The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, in a television interview, said that "to hide a disease which is infectious is definitely a crime. And this crime has been done by those associated with the Tablighi Jamaat". The National Security Act and murder charges were filed against some of the Tablighi Jamaat attendees.[61]

Policing

In New Delhi, India, new guidelines were circulated among the police with relation to policing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 11-page order included guidelines such as "maintaining six feet distance from the victim at a crime spot" and "sanitizing weapons".[62] Israel allowed its domestic security agency to secretly collect cellphone data to track carriers of coronavirus. The same technology was being used for counterterrorism and had not been disclosed publicly before its implementation for COVID-19.[63]

In Italy and Spain, there has been a redeployment of carabinieri and military troops, respectively.[64] The pandemic has also impacted the criminal justice system.[65] In the United Kingdom, as part of contingency plans, murder investigations may be limited due to the additional workload the pandemic has created.[66][67] Brazil has put anti-slavery enforcement operations on indefinite hold.[68][69]

The pandemic has added to the workload of various police agencies. Acknowledging the increased workload, Polish police lightheartedly wrote in a tweet on 19 March, "Please stop all criminal activities until further notice", a message that was directed at criminals, adding, "we will appreciate the expected cooperation related to refraining from committing crimes".[70] In the Indian state of Bihar, an additional director general of police admitted that the police were more focused on enforcing the lockdown, but that policing was also being done, thereby increasing their workload significantly.[71]

The pandemic caused a disruption to various transnational operations such as a long-planned joint operation by six countries (Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime against organized crime and drug traffickers in the region.[72] A reduction in legal cross-border traffic and restrictions on international air traffic made long-distance smuggling more difficult.[9]

There has also been impact based on the potential for law enforcement officials to make contact with individuals confirmed or suspected to have COVID-19, although the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers the immediate health risk to be low. In the case of contact with an individual with COVID-19, CDC recommends that law enforcement officials follow the same guidelines as emergency medical technicians.[73]

Judicial systems

The Crown Prosecution Service of United Kingdom has advised out of court disposals for less serious crimes.[74] In the United States, the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel has been reduced because of the pandemic situation.[75]

Governments in Iran and Afghanistan have reduced the number of prisoners to limit the spread of the virus.[64] The Supreme Court of India directed all Indian state governments to consider releasing some prisoners, resulting in as many as 34,000 being temporarily released.[76][77] The United States and Indonesia also released prisoners.[78]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While there are multiple incidents for some states, only one will be linked per state.

References

  1. ^ "Crime and Contagion: The impact of a pandemic on organized crime". Global Initiative. 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  2. ^ a b (March 2020) Crime and Contagion: The impact of a pandemic on organized crime. POLICY BRIEF. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved on 12 April 2020.
  3. ^ Brancati, Dawn (2023). "Locking Down Violence: The COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Non-State Actor Violence". American Political Science Review. January (1): 1327–1343. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001423.
  4. ^ a b c d Lederer, Edith M. (11 April 2020). "Crime Rates Plummet Around the World as the Coronavirus Keeps People Inside". Time. AP. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  5. ^ a b c Phillips, Kenny Jacoby, Mike Stucka and Kristine. "Crime rates plummet amid the coronavirus pandemic, but not everyone is safer in their home". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2020-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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[1]COVID-19 will lead to increased Crime Rates in India

Further reading

  1. ^ Stickle, Ben; Felson, Marcus (16 June 2020). "Crime Rates in a Pandemic: the Largest Criminological Experiment in History". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 45 (4): 525–536. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09546-0. PMC 7297511. PMID 32837162.

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Army Air Forces general (1898–1943) For other people of the same name, see Kenneth Walker (disambiguation). Kenneth WalkerBrigadier General Kenneth N. WalkerBirth nameKenneth Newton WalkerNickname(s)KenBorn(1898-07-17)17 July 1898Los Cerillos, New Mexico TerritoryDied5 January 1943(1943-01-05) (aged 44)Rabaul, New BritainPlaces of Burial(markers only) Arlington National Cemetery Manila American Cemetery, Philippines Allegiance United States of AmericaService/branchAviation Section...

 

Federasi Sepak Bola BeninCAFDidirikan1935Bergabung dengan FIFA1962Bergabung dengan CAF1969PresidenMoucharafou AnjorinWebsitewww.febefoot.net Federasi Sepak Bola Benin (Prancis: Fédération Béninoise de Football (FBF) adalah badan pengendali sepak bola di Benin. Kompetisi Badan ini menyelenggarakan beberapa kompetisi di Benin, yakni: Liga Utama Benin Liga Divisi Dua Benin Piala Benin Tim nasional Badan ini juga merupakan badan pengendali dari tim nasional pria Benin. Pranala luar (Pranci...

Finkbine-Guild Lumber CompanyFinkbine Lumber Company letterhead (1907)Founded1901FounderW.O. Finkbine, E.C. Finkbine, W.E. GuildDefunct1927SuccessorWilbe Lumber CompanyHeadquartersWiggins, MississippiJackson, MississippiProductsLongleaf pineSubsidiariesMississippi Farms CompanyAmerican Pickle and Canning Company The Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company was established to harvest and market the virgin longleaf pine (Pinus palustris L.) stands of southern Mississippi during the early 20th century. The...

 

鄭在詠男演员本名鄭智賢(정지현)原文名정재영国籍 韩国出生 (1970-11-21) 1970年11月21日(53歲) 韩国首爾特別市语言韓語教育程度首爾藝術大學演劇系出道日期1996年经纪公司Leesoo E&MOuter Korea Management 鄭在詠諺文정재영 汉字鄭在詠 鄭在詠[1](韓語:정재영,1970年11月21日—),韓國男演員。2004年以《實尾島風雲》獲得第25屆青龍電影獎男子配角獎,2010年以�...

 

Dos dez filmes de super-heróis de maior bilheteria, oito foram produzidos pela Marvel Studios, nomeadamente, por Kevin Feige. Abaixo segue uma lista de filmes de super-heróis de maior bilheteria de todos os tempos, as franquias de super-heróis de maiores bilheterias e os fins de semana de abertura mundial de maiores bilheterias de filmes de super-heróis. Os números não estão ajustados pela inflação.[nota 1] O gênero de filmes de super-heróis recebeu grande interesse do público a p...

Запрос « 9-1-1» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Эта статья — о списке телефонных номеров. О физическом объекте см. Телефон экстренной связи. Внедрение в мире двух утверждённых МСЭ номеров телефонов экстренных служб:[1]     1-1-2...

 

Horse equipment that fits in the mouth and is used to direct the horse For other uses, see bit (disambiguation). A horse wearing an English bridle with a snaffle bit, the end of which can be seen just sticking out of the mouth. The bit is not the metal ring. Horse skull showing the large gap between the front teeth and the back teeth. The bit sits in this gap, and extends beyond from side to side. The bit is an item of a horse's tack. It usually refers to the assembly of components that conta...

 

Photography using a long-duration shutter speed A long-exposure photograph of a street in Carson, California, 1986. The trails along the street are from headlights and taillights, while the circles in the sky are from a police helicopter. The central square of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany, during blue hour. Notice how a long exposure blurs moving vehicles and pedestrians while buildings retain sharp focus. In this 45-minute exposure taken on a dark clear night at Paranal Observatory, the...

Phil Collins discographyPhil Collins performing with Genesis in 1981Studio albums8Live albums1Compilation albums5Video albums18Music videos41EPs1Singles50Soundtrack albums2Box sets2Remix albums2 English musician Phil Collins has released 8 studio albums, 1 live album, 5 compilation albums, 2 remix albums, 2 soundtrack albums, 2 box sets, 50 singles, 18 video albums, and 41 music videos. A Grammy and Academy Award-winning solo artist, Collins has sold more than 34.5 million albums in the Unite...

 

American biochemist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Pl...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!