I

Not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter Palochka (Ӏ) or Dotted І (І).

This article is about the Latin/Roman letter. For the English word, see I (pronoun). For the number, see Imaginary unit. For the calendar year, see AD 1. For other uses, see I (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with İ or ¡.

I
I i
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[i] [iː] [ɨ] [j] [ɪ] [ɯ] /aɪ/ (English variations)
Unicode codepoint	U+0049, U+0069
Alphabetical position	9
History
Development	Ιι 𐌉 I i
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	• Î  • J  • Ɉ  • İ ı  • Tittle  • ꟾ  • ꟷ  • ᛁ  • ᴉ
Sisters	І י ي ܝ ی ࠉ 𐎊 ዪ Ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ☞ ☚
Other
Other letters commonly used with	i(x), ij, i(x)(y)
Writing direction	Left-to-Right

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is i (pronounced /ˈaɪ/), plural ies.^{[1][better source needed]}

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long I" sound, pronounced /ˈaɪ/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨i⟩ in European languages

History

Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ	Phoenician Yodh	Western Greek Iota	Etruscan I	Latin I

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.^[2]

Typographic variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase ⟨I⟩ may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. The uppercase I does not have a dot while the lowercase i does in most Latin-derived alphabets. The dot can be considered optional, and is usually removed when applying other diacritics. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted and dotless. In Turkish, dotted İ and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs () and without serifs (). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Standard Chinese (Pinyin)	/i/
English	/ɪ/, /aɪ/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /aɪə/, /j/
Esperanto	/i/
French	/i/, /j/
German	/ɪ/, /iː/, /i/
Italian	/i/, /iː/, /j/
Kurmanji (Hawar)	/ɪ/
Portuguese	/i/, /j/
Spanish	/i/, /ʝ/
Turkish	/ɯ/ for dotless ⟨I, ı⟩
	/i/ for dotted ⟨İ, i⟩

English

In Modern English spelling, ⟨i⟩ represents several different sounds, either the diphthong /aɪ/ ("long" ⟨i⟩) as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ⟨ee⟩ sound /iː/ in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" ⟨i⟩ in traditional English grammar.^{[citation needed]}

The letter ⟨i⟩ is the fifth most common letter in the English language.^[3]

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced /aɪ/ and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase ⟨i⟩ acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

The capitalized "I" first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.

Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England "until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus "avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts."^[4]

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, ⟨i⟩ is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨i⟩ represents the close front unrounded vowel. The small caps ⟨ɪ⟩ represents the near-close near-front unrounded vowel.

Other uses

Main article: I (disambiguation)

• The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.^[5][6]
• In mathematics, a lowercase "i" is used to represent the unit imaginary number,^[7] while an uppercase "I" serves to denote an identity matrix.^[8]

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ^[9] Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ^[9]
• İ i and I ı : Latin letters dotted and dotless I
• IPA-specific symbols related to I: ɪ ɨ
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:^[10]
  • U+1D35 ᴵ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I
  • U+1D62 ᵢ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I
  • U+1D09 ᴉ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED I
  • U+1D4E ᵎ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED I
• Other variations used in phonetic transcription: ᵻ^[9] ᶤ^[9] ᶦ^[9] ᶧ^[9] 𝼚^[11][12]
• ⁱ : Superscript small i is used for computer terminal graphics^[13]
• Ꞽ ꞽ : Glottal I, used for Egyptological yod^[14]
• Ɪ ɪ : Small capital I
• ꟾ : Long I
• ꟷ : Sideways I

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
    • Ⲓ ⲓ : Coptic letter Yota
    • І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
    • 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
      • ᛁ : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
    • 𐌹 : Gothic letter iiz

Other representations

Computing

See also: Dotted and dotless I in computing

Character information

Preview	I		i		ı		Ｉ		ｉ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I		LATIN SMALL LETTER I		LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I		FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I		FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER I
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	73	U+0049	105	U+0069	305	U+0131	65321	U+FF29	65353	U+FF49
UTF-8	73	49	105	69	196 177	C4 B1	239 188 169	EF BC A9	239 189 137	EF BD 89
Numeric character reference	I	I	i	i	ı	ı	Ｉ	Ｉ	ｉ	ｉ
Named character reference					ı, ı
EBCDIC family	201	C9	137	89
ASCII^1	73	49	105	69
ISO 8859-3	73	49	105	69	185	B9
ISO 8859-9	73	49	105	69	253	FD

¹Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other

NATO phonetic	Morse code
India	▄ ▄ ^ⓘ

Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-24 Unified English Braille

See also

• Tittle

References

1. Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
   Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is.
2. Calvert, J. B. (8 August 1999). "The Latin Alphabet". University of Denver. Archived from the original on Sep 21, 2022.
3. "Frequency Table". Cornell University. Archived from the original on Jun 17, 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
4. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?". Grammarphobia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
5. Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
6. King, David A. (2001). The Ciphers of the Monks. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 282. ISBN 9783515076401. In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
7. Svetunkov, Sergey (2012-12-14). Complex-Valued Modeling in Economics and Finance. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461458760.
8. Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (2018). Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-108-56961-3.
9. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
10. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
11. Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
12. Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
13. Cruz, Frank da (2000-03-31). "L2/00-159: Supplemental Terminal Graphics for Unicode". Unicode.
14. Suignard, Michel (2017-05-09). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF). Unicode.

External links

• Media related to I at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of I at Wiktionary