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Climate change in Turkey

dried cracked mud with sparse metre-high green plants
Lake Marmara has completely dried out; lawsuits ongoing in 2023 allege that there is not enough rainfall for upstream irrigation dams.[1][2]

Droughts and heatwaves are the main hazards due to the climate of Turkey getting hotter.[3][4] The temperature has risen by more than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F),[5][1] and there is more extreme weather.[6]

Current greenhouse gas emissions are over 1% of the global total,[7] and energy policy includes subsidizing both fossil gas[8] and coal.[9] Annual per person emissions since the late-2010s have varied around six and a half tonnes,[10] which is about the global average.[11] However historical emissions are less than 1% of the global total.[12]

The Environment Ministry co-ordinates adaptation to climate change, which has been planned for water resources by river basin, and for agriculture. Climate change was recently added to school education.[13]

Greenhouse gas emissions

Coal-fired power stations, such as the ZETES power stations, are the largest source of greenhouse gas.[14]: 459 

Coal, cars and lorries vent more than a third of Turkey's six hundred million tonnes[15] of annual greenhouse gas emissions, which are mostly carbon dioxide and part of the cause of climate change in Turkey. The nation's coal-fired power stations emit the most carbon dioxide, and other significant sources are road vehicles running on petrol or diesel. After coal[16] and oil the third most polluting fuel is fossil gas; which is burnt in Turkey's gas-fired power stations, homes and workplaces. Much methane is belched by livestock; cows alone produce half of the greenhouse gas from agriculture in Turkey.

Economists say that major reasons for Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions are subsidies for coal-fired power stations,[17]: 18  and the lack of a price on carbon pollution.[18]: 1  The 2022 National Energy Plan forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030.[19]: 15  Even without a carbon price renewable electricity in Turkey is cheaper than electricity generated by coal and gas,[20] so the Chamber of Engineers says that without subsidies coal-fired power stations would be gradually shutdown. The Right to Clean Air Platform argues that there should be a legal limit on fine airborne dust, much of which comes from car and lorry exhaust. Low-emission zones in cities would both reduce local air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

Turkey's share of current global greenhouse gas emissions is 1.3%.[21] Annual per person emissions since the late-2010s have varied around six and a half tonnes,[22] which is about the global average.[23] Although greenhouse gas totals are reported some details, such as the split between cars and lorries, are not published. Turkey has not yet sent a long-term strategy to the UNFCCC.[24]

The government supports reforestation, electric vehicle manufacturing and low-carbon electricity generation; and is aiming for net zero carbon emissions by 2053. But it has no plan for coal phase out, and its nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement on limiting climate change is not to reduce emissions but instead an increase of over 30% by 2030.[25] Unless Turkey's climate and energy policies are changed the 2053 net zero target will be missed[26] and exporters of high carbon products, such as cement and electricity, will have to pay carbon tariffs.[27] In 2023 there was misinformation about a draft climate law which aims to keep the tariff money within the country by starting carbon emission trading.[28]

Impacts on the natural environment

not very sharp snow-capped mountain peak in the distance, under a blue sky with a few small clouds
Mount Ararat's glacier is retreating due to climate change,[29] and will be gone before the end of the century.[30]

There were two significant periods of climate change in the Bronze Age.[31] According to Boğaziçi University's Center for Climate Change and Policy Studies, human-caused climate change in Turkey started in the 1970s.[32] CMIP 6 models it well.[33] One example of climate change's impact will be on the distribution of rainfall: the descending edge of the Hadley cell (an area of circulation near the equator) may move northwards towards Turkey, whose southern border is around 36 degrees north, and this may reduce rainfall in the south of the country.[34]

Temperature and weather changes

Almost one hundred thin vertical stripes mostly bluer to the left and redder to the right
Warming stripes showing variation from the average temperature in Turkey over 120 years

As of 2020, the hottest year on record was 2010, second hottest 2018 and third 2020.[35] Turkey is forecast to be more severely affected than many other countries,[36][37] but effects vary considerably across the regions of the country.[38]

map of Turkey, roughly a horizontal rectangle, showing a complex pattern of climate types, including a far amount of cold especially in the north and east
Köppen climate classification map for Turkey (1980–2016)
map of Turkey, roughly a horizontal rectangle, showing a complex pattern of climate types, but much less cold than the other map
Predicted Köppen climate classification map for Turkey in the future (2071–2100)

Extreme rainfall has increased.[39] The weather is becoming more extreme,[6]and in 2021 there were extensive wildfires in the south and floods in the north. Wildfires in Turkey have increased[40] due to climate change,[41][42] and wind speed is predicted to increase throughout the Marmara region.[34] However, precipitation may increase in the north,[34] and more floods are predicted, due to rainfall replacing snow.[43] Seasonally, there may be more precipitation in the winter, but 50% less in spring and autumn.[35] Heatwaves[44] and droughts are increasing,[45][46] at least in some parts of the country.[47]

road with large cracks being washed away by a roiling brown river
Flash floods are predicted to become more frequent as here in Sinop.

Sea level rise

The Aegean rose by an estimated 4 mm a year in the early 21st century.[48] Over 200 thousand people live in areas at risk if sea level rises by 1 meter.[49] Tectonic uplift has decreased sea level rise between Samsun and Alanya, whereas several large river deltas have subsided.[50] Istanbul is at risk from sea level rise;[51] for example, Kadıkoy metro station is threatened with flooding.[43]

Water resources

Climate change has reduced rainfall in some regions and has made it less regular, which has put stress on hydroelectric power plants.[52] Between 1979 and 2019 annual precipitation fluctuated from over 60 cm to under 45 cm,[52] and average annual temperatures varied by 4 degrees.[52]

Turkey is already a water stressed country, because the amount of water per person is only about 1,500 m³ a year: and due to population increase and climate change it is highly likely the country will suffer water scarcity (less than 1,000 m³) by the 2070s.[34] Little change is forecast for water resources in the northern river basins, but a substantial reduction is forecast for the southern river basins.[34] Konya in central Turkey is also vulnerable.[53]

Producing beef in Turkey needs almost half as much again water as the global average,[54]: 109  but although climate change is causing droughts in Turkey,[55][47] the production of newborn calves is subsidized.[56]

Ecosystems

In coastal areas, highly affected land types are permanent wetlands, croplands and grassland.[52] Climate models predict that extreme weather events will increase in the Mediterranean.[37]: 151  Glaciers in Turkey are retreating:[57] the largest remaining are the glaciers on Mount Ararat and these are forecast to be gone by 2065,[58] as they are melting much faster than mountain glaciers in many other parts of the world.[30] Because the climate in the south is forecast to become hotter and drier it may be very difficult to keep the current southern forests in Turkey.[34] In 2020 there were more forest fires than normal. Soil erosion is forecast to increase.[59] The rise in sea surface temperature is one of the causes of marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara,[60] and is expected to further change marine life in Turkish waters.[61] The sea surface temperature of the Black Sea has increased by 2 degrees,[62] and there are concerns of bears not hibernating.[63]

Impacts on people

Economic impacts

Floods in 2020 caused billions of lira (hundreds of millions of dollars) in damages.[64] Environment Minister Murat Kurum estimated in 2021 that losses due to disasters caused by climate change would amount to billions of lira (hundreds of millions of dollars).[65] Loss in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person by 2100 is forecast in a 2019 study to be less than 1% if the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere is kept to Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6.[66] The World Bank has estimated the cost and benefits of stopping net carbon emissions, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning.[67] For companies which responded to the Carbon Disclosure Project in 2022 the main climate change risk to their businesses is carbon pricing, such as the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.[68]: 10 

Agriculture

large cylindrical bales in a field which has been cut, lit by a low golden sun
Wheat may be severely affected.[69]

Unless global emissions are greatly reduced agriculture in Turkey, such as wheat,[70][71] is expected to be severely affected after the late 2030s, especially in areas with rain fed agriculture.[72] Arid and semi-arid areas are at risk of desertification.[73] Water is lost through evaporation due to "old-fashioned" irrigation techniques used by the Southeastern Anatolia Project, increasing the risk of severe water shortage.[74]

Damage to agriculture[75] is predicted to greatly increase,[72] for example due to "false spring" germination or blossoming followed by a cold snap.[35] The increase in early blooming, which is happening due to climate change, can be a problem for crops such as fruit trees.[76] Vineyards in Thrace are being affected.[77] A significant decline in agricultural production is transmitted throughout the economy and reduces national welfare.[78] More agritech co-operation with the EU and UAE has been suggested.[79]

Hydropower

Reduced precipitation[80] and hydroelectricity in Turkey is forecast,[81] and Turkish dams in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins are reducing cross-border flow and exacerbating drought due to climate change in Iraq.[82] To conserve hydropower, solar power is being added next to the hydropower.[83]

Fisheries and aquaculture

small silver fish in open polystyrene boxes labelled "Karadeniz hamsi kilo 7 lira"
Anchovies may no longer grow properly in Turkish waters.[84]

Warming seas and invasive marine species, such as from the Red Sea, have received little media coverage. Fishing in the Black Sea is sensitive to the impacts of climate change,[85] and according to the Turkish Marine Research Foundation all Turkish seas will be affected.[86][87] Lake Van is shrinking due to climate change.[88]

Tourism

Tourism in Turkey may become too hot in the summer for some people, for example Antalya could become too hot for some visitors during some school holidays.[89] Development of ski resorts in the Central Taurus and eastern Black Sea region mountains may not be possible.[90]

Health impacts

Climate change may impact health in Turkey, for example due to increased heatwaves,[91][92] especially elderly and chronically ill people and children.[93] Wildfires in Turkey were the worst in the history of the republic in 2021 and killed several people and injured hundreds. Droughts risk mosquito borne diseases.[94] 1,350 people died because of floods between 1970 and 2014 in Turkey and about 2 million people were affected by those floods.[37]

Impacts on migration

There are over 3 million refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey.[95] But although severe droughts in Syria, such as those in 2007–2008 in the northeast, are made more likely by climate change in the Middle East,[96] according to academics it is very unlikely that this was a cause of the Syrian civil war.[97] According to the United Nations Development Programme, decreasing rainfall is exacerbating the wide social and regional disparities within Turkey, and the gap between south-eastern provinces and the rest of the country is widening.[98]

Impacts on housing

Environmentalists say that new highways and building concrete are hindering absorption of floodwater by the land.[99] Because of the increase in temperature, existing buildings will need more energy for cooling.[100]

Mitigation

Graph showing that most emissions are from energy and heat production, and they have increased a lot since 1990 but decreased in 2019 and 2020

Turkey's GHG emissions are not in line with the Paris Agreement objective to limit temperature rise to well below 2 °C. According to Climate Action Tracker, if all government targets were like Turkey's, global warming would exceed 4 °C by the end of the 21st century.[101]

A long-term climate change mitigation strategy is lacking as of 2023.[102]: 116  The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) says a faster decarbonisation is needed, and emissions per person per year would need to be cut by more than half to about 2–2.5 t CO2e by 2030.[103]: XXV  The government intended to complete its review of long-term (2030 to 2050) policy,[104]: 42 [a] and publish a new National Climate Change Action Plan with sector specific targets and monitoring mechanisms by 2023,[107] but it did not.[108] Turkey argues that as a developing country it should be exempt from net emission reduction targets, but other countries do not agree.[107]: 59 

Unless Turkey's energy policy is changed, European Union (EU) emissions per person are forecast to fall below Turkey's during the 2020s.[103]: 22  Since the EU is Turkey's main trading partner, a comparison with targets in the European Green Deal is important to help Turkish businesses avoid future EU carbon tariffs on exports such as steel[109] and cement.[110] Public and private sector working groups discussed the European Green Deal,[111] and the Trade Ministry published an action plan in response to its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.[112]

Adaptation

A national strategy and action plan for adaptation to climate change was published in 2012,[113] but as of 2023 Turkey has yet to submit a National Adaptation Plan to the UNFCCC.[114] The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is researching the effects of climate change and developing an adaptation strategy.[115] An adaptation report was written in 2021.[116]

The Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change coordinates activities to combat climate change in Turkey.[113] Agriculture Minister Bekir Pakdemirli said in 2023 that irrigation was being modernized and less thirsty crops were being changed to for agriculture in Turkey.[117]

The Twelfth Development Plan (2024–2028) mentions climate change.[118]: 217–220  Xeriscaping of green spaces in cities has been suggested,[119] and Istanbul has a climate change action plan.[120] A 2023 study suggested that local climate change plans should be better integrated with local spatial plans.[121] As of 2024 a climate change law has not been passed, although a draft was published in 2020.[122]

Society and culture

Activism

A 2007 climate change protest in Istanbul.

Muslim environmentalists and academics quote the Quran in support of their environmentalism.[123] In Istanbul in 2015, Islamic leaders urged the world's 1.6 billion Muslims to help defeat climate change.[124][125]

In 2020 first lady Emine Erdoğan said that “Every wrong step we take can be a disaster for future generations”.[126] In 2019 some Turkish schoolchildren joined the School Strike for Climate,[127] and Turkey's branch of Extinction Rebellion demonstrated for Turkey to ratify the Paris Agreement.[128]

Petition and lawsuits

Environmental activist Greta Thunberg and 15 other children filed a petition in 2019 protesting lack of action on the climate crisis by Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, and Turkey[129][130] saying that, amongst other dangers, more deadly heat waves would affect them and other children in future.[131]: 29  The petition challenged the five countries under the Convention on the Rights of the Child:[132] "Comparable emissions to Turkey's rate of emissions would lead to more than 4°C of warming."[131]: 66  If the petition is successful, the countries will be asked to respond; however, any suggestions are not legally binding.[133][134] In 2020, Turkey and 32 other countries were sued at the European Court of Human Rights by a group of Portuguese children.[135]

Article 56 of the constitution says that "Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution." Turkey has ratified the Paris Agreement and says that its greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2053, but the government has no plan to phase out coal.[136] As of 2023 there have been three climate cases.[137]

In 2020 and 2021 sixteen non government organizations filed lawsuits requesting the president shutdown 37 large coal-fired power stations and over 600 mines.[138][139] In addition to climate change arguments the plaintiffs alleged that cancer cases are increased and the COVID-19 pandemic was worsened by their air pollution.[140] The case was rejected by the 11th administrative court of Ankara for various reasons.[141] In 2022 a case was brought re Marmara Lake drying up. [142]

In 2023 young climate activists opened a case alleging that the nationally determined contribution was inadequate.[143][144] The three youth climate activists filed a lawsuit against President Erdoğan and the Ministry of Environment, Urban Planning and Climate Change because Turkey’s Nationally Determined Contribution is not to reduce greenhouse gas emmissons. They allege that there is no effective climate action plan for energy. They allege that these violate their human rights stated in the constitution, such as the environmental clause in the constitution. [145]

Media and arts

Müze Gazhane in Kadıköy is the first climate change museum in Turkey.

In the 1990s independent Açık Radyo (Open Radio) broadcast some of the first media coverage of climate change, and its founder Ömer Madra (in Turkish) emphasises "The three Y's in the fight on climate change: Yerel (local) Yatay (horizontal) and Yavaş (slow, no resort to violence)."[146] The station continues,[147] and İklim Haber (Climate News) also covers climate change issues in Turkish and English.[148] The climate impact of coal power is rarely discussed,[147] and nearly all Turkish media owners have financial interests in fossil fuels.[149]: 17, 20  The media covers climate change only during extreme weather events, with insufficient expert opinions or civil-society perspectives.[150]: 28  Some think tanks, such as Ember, are respected by both industry and environmentalists.[147] Ufuk Alparslan, Ember’s regional lead, says that readers are enthused by solar power increasing energy independence and reducing import costs, but are not much interested in the climate benefits.[147] The arts are raising awareness of climate change (although some are sponsored by companies whose environmental policies have been criticised[147]),[151] and education is supported by the EU.[152][153] Protests against opencast coal mining, such as at Akbelen Forest, have been covered by small media outlets such as Yeşil Gazete and Kaldıraç Magazine.[147]

Public perception

20231129 Survey - I expect to be displaced by climate change - Ipsos

Individual action on climate change is not properly understood (in a survey of primary school teachers many erroneously prioritised using less cosmetics) and neither are government choices on climate change mitigation (in the same survey only a minority correctly prioritised curbing fossil fuel use).[154] Future warming of seawater by Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is wrongly thought by some to be relevant to climate change,[38] and few know that geothermal power in Turkey might emit considerable CO2.[155]

İklim Haber (Climate News) and KONDA Research and Consultancy found in 2018 that over three-quarters of public opinion on climate change thinks that extreme weather has increased.[156] According to the latest report written in Turkish and prepared by another collaboration of İklim Haber and Konda Research in 2020, 51.5% of the public opinion believe that the climate crisis is a bigger threat than the coronavirus crisis.[157] Also, 71.4% of the public opinion acknowledge that current climate crisis is a result of human activities.[157] Some construction companies have been accused of greenwashing, advertising their buildings as environmentally friendly without obtaining any green building certificates.[158]

In a 2019 E3G poll of six Belt and Road Initiative countries (including Turkey), solar was the most popular energy source and coal the least popular.[159] Twenty-four Turkish cities committed to the Paris Agreement targets that year,[160] and the United Nations Development Programme partnered with the Turkish Basketball Federation in 2020 to raise public awareness of the fight against climate change.[161] A 2020 study found that the level of public support for a potential carbon tax does not depend on whether the proceeds are used for mitigation and adaptation.[162] In 2023 a draft law was proposed including public information and adding climate change to education in Turkey.[13]

International cooperation

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan with other country leaders at a meeting of the Mediterranean Climate Change Initiative in 2010.

According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, climate change is one of the world's biggest problems.[163] Turkey was the fifth-largest recipient of multilateral climate funds between 2013 and 2016, receiving $231 million through channels such as the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF).[164]

In 2021, Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement, with all parliamentary members voting to ratıfy.[165] Prior to this, it was one of the last few remaining countries, alongside neighboring country Iran, to not have ratified the agreement. It was the last of the G20 countries to ratify. Their reason for delay, according to the current presidency at the G20 summit in 2020, was the countries "negligible historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions (less than 1%)". Turkey is not party to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention).[166] In 2021 Turkey ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce production and use of hydrofluorocarbons.[167] It has no carbon tax or emissions trading scheme, therefore carbon capture and storage is not used as it is not economically viable.[168] Armenia says that dam construction in Turkey has combined with climate change to reduce flow in the Araks River basin.[169]

Turkey sent over a thousand representatives to the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference and joined various initiatives, such as decarbonizing cement production. However it was criticised for not voting to phase-out fossil fuels, with Umit Şahin at Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center saying that would be good for the economy as Turkey is a fossil fuel importer.[170]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In 2015, Turkey submitted its emissions target to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), "up to 21 percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions from the Business as Usual level by 2030" and aiming to emit 929 Mt of CO2 (before subtracting CO2 absorbed by forests) in 2030.[105] The country will probably meet this "unambitious" Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) which it submitted to the UNFCCC.[106]

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San Mauro di ParenzoSan Mauro (terzo a partire da sinistra) con la corona dei martiri tra le mani Vescovo e martire  NascitaIII secolo Morte305 circa Venerato daChiesa cattolica Santuario principaleBasilica Eufrasiana a Parenzo Ricorrenza21 novembre Patrono diCastagnole, Cavarzere, Maniago e Noventa di Piave Manuale Mauro di Parenzo (III secolo – 305 circa) è stato un vescovo romano, primo vescovo di Parenzo. È venerato come santo dalla chiesa cattolica. Storia Secondo la tradizion…

Umberto IV da Pirovanocardinale di Santa Romana Chiesa  Incarichi ricoperti Cardinale diacono di Sant'Angelo in Pescheria (1206-1211) Arcivescovo metropolita di Milano (1206-1211)  NatoXII secolo a Milano Nominato arcivescovo22 dicembre 1206 Creato cardinalemaggio 1206 da papa Innocenzo III Deceduto13 marzo 1211 a Milano   Manuale Umberto IV da Settala o Uberto IV Pirovano (Milano, XII secolo – Milano, 13 marzo 1211) è stato un cardinale italiano. Biografia Umberto IV, detto il…

Вінцентівська волостьЦентр ТелешівкаПлоща 15 708 (1886)Населення 8311 осіб (1886)Густота 48.4 осіб / км² Вінцентівська волость — історична адміністративно-територіальна одиниця Васильківського повіту Київської губернії з центром у селі Телешівка. Станом на 1886 рік скла…

Delegation in the Maryland General Assembly This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) The Baltimore County Delegation refers to the members of the Maryland House of Delegates who reside in or represent legislative districts that include parts of Baltimore County, Maryland in the United States of America. Three delegates are elected from each district, though some districts are divided into sub-districts. Current members As of 2023, the current members of the Baltimo…

American football player (1936–2021) American football player Ted BatesNo. 51, 81, 56Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn:(1936-09-22)September 22, 1936Baytown, TexasDied:April 17, 2021(2021-04-17) (aged 84)West Covina, CaliforniaHeight:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:219 lb (99 kg)Career informationCollege:Oregon StateNFL Draft:1959 / Round: 5 / Pick: 52Career history Chicago/St. Louis Cardinals (1959–1962) New York Jets (1963) Career NFL st…

Alat pendorong ion NASA 2.3 kW NSTAR untuk wahana antariksa Deep Space 1 selama uji penyalaan panas di Jet Propulsion Laboratory Tes mesin ion NEXIS (2005) Pendorong ion adalah bentuk propulsi listrik yang digunakan untuk propulsi wahana antariksa. Propulsi jenis ini menciptakan daya dorong dengan mempercepat kation dengan memanfaatkan listrik. Istilah ini mengacu secara ketat pada pendorong ion elektrostatis, dan sering kali secara keliru diterapkan pada semua sistem propulsi listrik termasuk p…

Dutch admiral (1577–1629) For the Danish mathematician and poet, see Piet Hein (scientist). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Piet HeinBirth namePiet Pietersen HeynBorn(1577-11-25)25 November 1577Delfshaven, County of HollandDied18 June 1629(1629-06-18) (aged 51)Allegiance&…

2011 edition of bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter GamesVenueMedeuDates2–6 February 2011Competitors48 from 3 nations Medeu stadium The final between Kazakhstan and Mongolia, which was attended by President Nursultan Nazarbayev Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games was held at Medeu in Almaty, Kazakhstan.[1] Medalists Event Gold Silver Bronze Mendetails  KazakhstanDmitriy NikitinNurlan UrazgaliyevPyotr GribanovVladislav Novozhilov…

Masked costume cosplay Animegao kigurumi cosplays of Kantai Collection and To Love Ru characters at Fancy Frontier 26. Animegao kigurumi is a type of masked cosplay that has its origins in the official stage shows of various Japanese anime but has also been adapted by hobbyists. In Japan, most performers refer to this kind of cosplay as 'kigurumi' (着ぐるみ) instead of 'animegao' (アニメ顔, meaning anime face), which has been used overseas in order to differentiate the cosplay from the o…

2001 film by Harry Baweja Mujhe Meri Biwi Se BachaaoDirected byHarry BawejaWritten byHarry BawejaAnees BazmeeProduced byPrakash MehraStarringRekhaNaseeruddin ShahArshad WarsiRelease date 29 June 2001 (2001-06-29) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao (translation:Save me from my wife) is a 2001 Indian film directed by Harry Baweja. It stars Rekha and Naseeruddin Shah. Cast Rekha as Kamini Mathur Naseeruddin Shah as Anand Mathur Arshad Warsi as Rocky Suman Ranganatha…

Russian politician (born 1967) Yelena ZlenkoЕлена ЗленкоMember of the Federation Council from the executive authority of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugIncumbentAssumed office 18 September 2018Preceded byYury Neyolov Personal detailsBornYelena Gennadyevna Zlenko (1967-06-20) 20 June 1967 (age 56)[1]Tyumen, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionPolitical partyUnited Russia Yelena Gennadyevna Zlenko (Russian: Елена Геннадьевна Зленко; born on 20 June 1967), is …

Bloodless military coup d'état in Venda in 1990 1990 Venda coup d'étatMap of Venda (red) within South Africa.Date5 April 1990; 33 years ago (1990-04-05)Location ThohoyandouTypeMilitary coupMotiveRegime changeTargetNPV–led government of Frank RaveleOrganised byGabriel RamushwanaParticipants Venda Defence Force (faction)OutcomeCoup succeeds The overthrow of government of President Ravele. The establishment of military rule under the Council of National Unity headed by Co…

Commander of the Israeli Navyמפקד זרוע היםIncumbentVice admiral David Saar Salamasince 12 September 2016 Israeli NavyMember ofThe General StaffReports toChief of the General StaffAppointerChief of the General StaffFormation17 March 1948First holderGershon ZakWebsitewww.idf.il/en/minisites/general-staff/ The Commander of the Israeli Navy is the head and highest-ranking officer of the Israeli Navy, and has operational control and is responsible for overall operations of the na…

CorsicaAsosiasiLigue Corse de FootballPelatih Jean-Michel Cavalli Warna pertama Pertandingan internasional pertama Prancis 0 - 2 Korsica (28 February 1967)Kemenangan terbesar Prancis 0 - 2 Corsica (28 February 1967) Korsica 2 - 0 Bretagne (19 May 2010)Kekalahan terbesar Corsica 0 - 1 Kamerun (14 May 1998) Tim nasional sepak bola Korsika (Prancis: Équipe de Corse de football) adalah tim nasional sepak bola tidak resmi asal pulau Korsika, Prancis. Tim ini telah tiga kali mengadakan pertanding…

Bangladeshi film director Matin Rahmanমতিন রহমানBorn (1952-03-18) 18 March 1952 (age 71)Naogaon District, BangladeshNationalityBangladeshiOccupation(s)Film director, teacherYears active1973–presentNotable workLal KajolSpouseNasima KhanomChildren3AwardsNational Film Awards Matin Rahman (Bengali: মতিন রহমান) is a Bangladeshi film director.[1][2] He is also known for being a film writer and actor.[1] His debut film was Lal …

High school in Palmerston, Ontario, CanadaNorwell District Secondary SchoolAddress135 Cumberland St.Palmerston, Ontario, N0G 2P0CanadaCoordinates43°50′2″N 80°50′36″W / 43.83389°N 80.84333°W / 43.83389; -80.84333InformationSchool typePublic, High schoolMottoQui se vincit fortiter stat(He who conquers himself stands strong)Founded1940School boardUpper Grand District School BoardSuperintendentMatt McCutcheonArea trusteeRobin RossSchool number931284PrincipalAdam R…

Abayomi Rotimi MightyBornMarch 29, 1985Notable workHe has composed 1,217 songs and developed 987 stories ready to be told and scripted into films and novels.AwardsGlobal New Leader for Tomorrow Award by Crans Montana Forum, Monaco. Abayomi Rotimi Mighty (born March 29, 1985) is Nigeria youth ambassador to the United Nations. Mighty is the current National Youth Leader of the Nigerian Intervention Movement (NIM) lead by Nigerian Human Right Activist Olisa Agbakoba.[1] He is also a member …

This article is about the chromium–hydrogen alloy. For the chemical compound, see Chromium(I) hydride and Chromium(II) hydride. Chromium hydrides are compounds of chromium and hydrogen, and possibly other elements. Intermetallic compounds with not-quite-stoichometric quantities of hydrogen exist, as well as highly reactive molecules. When present at low concentrations, hydrogen and certain other elements alloyed with chromium act as softening agents that enables the movement of dislocations th…

Supercopa Xerox 2006ゼロックス スーパーカップ2006 XIII Supercopa de Japón El Estadio Nacional de Tokio, sede de la final.Datos generalesSede Japón JapónCategoría Primera DivisiónFecha 25 de febrero de 2006Edición 13.ªOrganizador J. LeaguePalmarésCampeón Urawa Red DiamondsSubcampeón Gamba OsakaDatos estadísticosAsistentes 35 674Participantes 2 equipos Cronología 2005 2006 2007 [editar datos en Wikidata] La Supercopa de Japón 2006, también conocida como Sup…

1999 film by Rick Famuyiwa This article is about the 1999 film. For the suburb of Nelson, New Zealand, see The Wood, New Zealand. For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). The WoodTheatrical release posterDirected byRick FamuyiwaWritten byRick FamuyiwaTodd BoydProduced byAlbert BergerDavid GaleDouglas CurtisMomita SenguptaRon YerxaTodd BoydVan TofflerStarring Taye Diggs Omar Epps Richard T. Jones Sean Nelson CinematographySteven BernsteinEdited byJohn CarterMusic byRobert HurstProductioncompany…

The Pansy Craze was a prohibition-era popularization of drag queens within the LGBTQ community Pansy Crazelate-1920s–mid-1930sPainting of pansy performer Karyl Norman, titled The Creole Fashion Plate (1923)Location Mainly the United States Chicago Los Angeles New York City San Francisco Leader(s)Gene Malin Karyl Norman Ray Bourbon This article is part of a series on theHistory of the United States Timeline and periodsPrehistoric and Pre-Columbian Erauntil 1607Colonial Era 1607–17651776–178…

Pertempuran Sungai DriniumorBagian dari Kampanye NuginiSeorang prajurit AS mengarahkan pistolnya ke sebuah lobang di sebuah hutan saat memerintahkan seorang penembak Jepang yang ada di dalamnya untuk menyerah.Tanggal10 Juli – 25 Agustus 1944LokasiDekat Aitape, Teritorial NuginiHasil Kemenangan ASPihak terlibat  Amerika Serikat  JepangTokoh dan pemimpin Walter KruegerJulian W. Cunningham Hatazō AdachiKorban 440 tewas2,560 luka-luka 8,000–10,000 tewas dalam aksi atau wafat akibat pe…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: R. Talsorian Games – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Role-playing game book and accessory publisher R. Talsorian GamesIndustryRole-playing gamesFounded1985; 38 years ago…

T-shirt with three wolves howling at the Moon The original Three Wolf Moon T-shirt Three Wolf Moon is a T-shirt featuring three wolves howling at the Moon. The numerous satirical reviews for this on Amazon.com have become an Internet phenomenon. The T-shirt was designed by artist Antonia Neshev.[1] Origin Brian Govern, review author Antonia Neshev, creator of the Three Wolf Moon design The Three Wolf Moon T-shirt, created by The Mountain Corporation, gained popularity after attracting sa…

French-Italian actress, singer, and media personality (1945–2022) Catherine SpaakSpaak in Radiocorriere magazine (1975)Born(1945-04-03)3 April 1945Boulogne-Billancourt, FranceDied17 April 2022(2022-04-17) (aged 77)Rome, ItalyCitizenshipFrance[1]Italy[1]Occupation(s)Actress, singer, modelYears active1959–2020Spouses Fabrizio Capucci ​ ​(m. 1963; div. 1971)​ Johnny Dorelli ​ ​(m. 1972; di…

Family of gastropods Bathydorididae Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Nudipleura clade Nudibranchia clade Euctenidiacea clade Gnathodoridacea Superfamily: BathydoridoideaBergh, 1891 Family: BathydorididaeBergh, 1891 Genera See text. Synonyms Prodorididae Baranetz & Minichev, 1995 A species of Bathydoris nudibranch Bathydorididae is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gas…

Recurring magazine music ranking The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time is a recurring opinion survey and music ranking of the finest albums in history, compiled by the American magazine Rolling Stone. It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in a special issue of the magazine in 2003 and a related book in 2005.[1] Critics have accused the lists of lending disproportionate weight to artists of particular races and gen…

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