石膏

石膏
基本資料
類別硫酸鹽礦物
化学式CaSO
4
 · 2H2O
IMA記號Gp[1]
施特龙茨分类7.CD.40
戴納礦物分類29.6.3.1
晶体分类棱柱體 (2/m)
H-M記號:(2/m)
晶体空间群I2/a
晶胞a = 5.679(5), b = 15.202(14)
c = 6.522(6) Å; β = 118.43°; Z = 4
性質
分子量172.16 g·mol−1
顏色無色(在透射光中)到白色;由於雜質經常染上其他色調,可能是黃色、棕褐色、藍色、粉紅色、深棕色、紅棕色或灰色
晶体惯态團塊狀,平坦狀,細長且通常為棱柱形的晶體
晶系單斜
雙晶{110}很常見
解理{010}完美,{100}清晰
断口{100}貝殼狀,[001]平行分裂
韌性/脆性柔韌、無彈性
莫氏硬度1.5–2(定義礦物)
光澤玻璃到絹絲、珍珠或蠟狀光澤
條痕白色
透明性透明到半透明
比重2.31–2.33
光學性質雙軸 (+)
折射率nα = 1.519–1.521
nβ = 1.522–1.523
nγ = 1.529–1.530
双折射δ = 0.010
多色性
2V夹角58°
熔性5
溶解度熱稀HCl
參考文獻[2][3][4]
主要品種
纖維石膏珍珠光澤纖維團塊
透石膏透明和刀片狀晶體
雪花石膏質地細膩,略顯色

石膏(英語:Gypsum)是一種由二水合硫酸鈣組成的軟硫酸鹽礦物,化學式為CaSO
4
 · 2H2O。[4]它被廣泛開採並用作肥料,並作為多種形式的灰泥粉筆石膏板的主要成分。雪花石膏是一種細膩的白色或淺色石膏品種,已被許多文化用於雕塑,包括古埃及美索不達米亞古羅馬拜占庭帝國等。 石膏也可結晶為透石膏的半透明晶體。它以蒸發岩礦物和硬石膏的水合產物形式形成。

基於劃痕硬度比較的莫氏硬度標度將值2定義為石膏。

物理性質

石膏晶體足夠柔軟,可以在手的壓力下彎曲。樣品在洛桑州地質博物館展出。

石膏具有中等水溶性(在25°C時約為2.0–2.5g/L)[5],並且與大多數其他鹽相比,它表現出逆溶解度,在較高溫度下更難溶解。當石膏在空氣中加熱時,它會失去水分並首先轉化為燒石膏(半水合硫酸鈣),若進一步加熱,則轉化為硬石膏(無水硫酸鈣)。與硬石膏一樣,石膏在鹽溶液和鹽水中的溶解度也有很大程度上取決於NaCl的濃度。 [5]

石膏的結構由鈣層 (Ca2+)和硫酸根層(SO2−
4
)離子緊密結合在一起。 這些層由结晶水分子層通過較弱的氫鍵鍵合,從而使晶體沿平面(在{010}平面中)完美解離。[4][6]

晶體品種

石膏在自然界中以扁平的形式存在,通常是孿晶,以及稱為透石膏的透明、可裂解的物質。透石膏的英文「Selenite」以古希臘語中的月亮一詞命名。

透石膏也可能以絲狀纖維形式出現,在這種情況下,它通常被稱為纖維石膏。一種非常細膩的白色或淺色石膏被稱為雪花石膏,因各種裝飾用途而備受推崇。在乾旱地區,石膏可以以花狀形式出現,通常不透明並含有沙粒,被稱為沙漠玫瑰。它還形成了自然界中發現的一些最大的晶體,長達12米,以透石膏的形式存在。[7]

發現

石膏是一種常見的礦物,具有與沈積岩相關的厚而廣的蒸發岩床。石膏從湖水和海水中沉積,也從溫泉火山蒸汽和礦脈中的硫酸鹽溶液中沉積。礦脈中的熱液硬石膏通常在近地表暴露處被地下水水合成石膏。它通常與礦物岩鹽有關。石膏是最常見的硫酸鹽礦物。[8]純石膏是白色的,但作為雜質發現的其他物質可能會給局部沉積物帶來多種顏色。

因為石膏會隨著時間的推移溶解在水中,所以石膏很少以沙子的形式出現。 然而,美國新墨西哥州白沙國家公園的獨特條件造就了710平方公里的白色石膏砂,足以為美國建築業提供1000年的石膏板[9]

來自火星偵察軌道衛星(MRO)的軌道圖片表明,火星北極地區存在石膏沙丘,[10]後來由火星探測漫遊者(MER)機遇號在地面上證實。[11]

用途

石膏作品,来自巴伦西亚民族学博物馆
俄亥俄州北部的石膏礦床地圖,黑色方塊表示礦床的位置,來自“俄亥俄州地理”,1923年

石膏有多種應用:

建造業

  • 石膏板主要用作牆壁和天花板的飾面,在建築中被稱為石膏板或乾壁。石膏為這些材料提供了一定程度的耐火性,並且將玻璃纖維添加到它們的成分中以突出這種效果。石膏的導熱性很小,因此石膏板具有一定的絕緣性能。[12]
  • 石膏砌塊在建築施工中像混凝土塊一樣使用。
  • 石膏砂漿是一種古老的用於建築施工的砂漿。
  • 波特蘭水泥的一種成分,用於防止混凝土閃凝(過快硬化)。

農業

  • 肥料:石膏提供兩種次生植物的常量營養素:鈣和硫。與石灰石不同,它通常不會影響土壤的pH值。[13]
  • 其他土壤改良劑用途:石膏可降低酸性土壤中的鋁和硼毒性。它還可以改善土壤結構,提高吸水性和通氣性。[13]
  • 古代世界的木材替代品:由於青銅時代克里特島的森林砍伐,木材變得稀缺時,石膏被用於以前使用木材的地方的建築施工。[14]
  • 土壤水勢監測:可以將石膏塊插入土壤中,測量其電阻以得出土壤水分。[15]

造型、雕塑和藝術

飲食

  • 豆腐的凝結劑,使其最終成為膳食鈣的重要來源。[19]
  • 將用於釀造的水提高硬度[20]
  • 在烘焙中用作麵團改良劑、降低粘性,以及作為膳食鈣的烘焙食品來源。[21]是礦物酵母食品的主要成分。[22]

醫藥和化妝品

  • 石膏可用於手術夾板。[23]
  • 作為牙科中的印模。[24]

其他

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320 [2022-11-26]. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. (原始内容存档于2021-12-13). 
  2. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (编). Gypsum (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. 2003 [2022-11-26]. ISBN 978-0962209703. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-08). 
  3. ^ Gypsum页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Mindat
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr., Manual of Mineralogy需要免费注册 20th, John Wiley: 352–353, 1985, ISBN 978-0-471-80580-9 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Bock, E. On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sulphate and of gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride at 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C. Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 1961, 39 (9): 1746–1751. doi:10.1139/v61-228. 
  6. ^ Mandal, Pradip K; Mandal, Tanuj K. Anion water in gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and hemihydrate (CaSO4·1/2H2O). Cement and Concrete Research. 2002, 32 (2): 313. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00675-5. 
  7. ^ García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel; Villasuso, Roberto; Ayora, Carlos; Canals, Angels; Otálora, Fermín. Formation of natural gypsum megacrystals in Naica, Mexico (PDF). Geology. 2007, 35 (4): 327–330 [2022-11-26]. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..327G. doi:10.1130/G23393A.1. hdl:10261/3439可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-23). 
  8. ^ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals. London: Longman. 1966: 469. ISBN 978-0-582-44210-8. 
  9. ^ Abarr, James. Sea of sand. The Albuquerque Journal. 7 February 1999 [27 January 2007]. (原始内容存档于30 June 2006). 
  10. ^ High-resolution Mars image gallery页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). University of Arizona
  11. ^ NASA Mars Rover Finds Mineral Vein Deposited by Water页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), NASA, 7 December 2011.
  12. ^ Bonewitz, Ronald. Rock and Gem: The Definitive Guide to Rocks, Minerals, Gems, and Fossils. United States: DK. 2008: 47 (英语). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Gypsum as an agricultural product | Soil Science Society of America. www.soils.org. [2022-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-18). 
  14. ^ Hogan, C. Michael. Knossos fieldnotes. Modern Antiquarian. 2007 [2022-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-08). 
  15. ^ Durner, W.; Or, D. Anderson, M.G. , 编. Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2006. ISBN 978-0471491033. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-16) 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助);
  16. ^ Rapp, George. Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials. Archaeomineralogy. Natural Science in Archaeology. 2009: 121–142. ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_6. 
  17. ^ Kloppmann, W.; Leroux, L.; Bromblet, P.; Le Pogam, P.-Y.; Cooper, A. H.; Worley, N.; Guerrot, C.; Montech, A. T.; Gallas, A. M.; Aillaud, R. Competing English, Spanish, and French alabaster trade in Europe over five centuries as evidenced by isotope fingerprinting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 7 November 2017, 114 (45): 11856–11860. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411856K. PMC 5692548可免费查阅. PMID 29078309. doi:10.1073/pnas.1707450114可免费查阅. 
  18. ^ Brown, Michelle. Understanding illuminated manuscripts : a guide to technical terms. Los Angeles, California. 1995: 58. ISBN 9780892362172. 
  19. ^ Shurtleff, William. Tofu & soymilk production : a craft and technical manual. Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods Center. 2000. ISBN 9781928914044. 
  20. ^ Palmer, John. Water Chemistry Adjustment for Extract Brewing. HowToBrew.com. [15 December 2008]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-16). 
  21. ^ Calcium sulphate for the baking industry (PDF). United States Gypsum Company. [1 March 2013]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于4 July 2013). 
  22. ^ Tech sheet for yeast food (PDF). Lesaffre Yeast Corporation. [1 March 2013]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于November 2014). 
  23. ^ Austin, R.T. Treatment of broken legs before and after the introduction of gypsum. Injury. March 1983, 14 (5): 389–394. PMID 6347885. doi:10.1016/0020-1383(83)90089-X. 
  24. ^ Drennon, David G.; Johnson, Glen H. The effect of immersion disinfection of elastomeric impressions on the surface detail reproduction of improved gypsum casts. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. February 1990, 63 (2): 233–241. PMID 2106026. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(90)90111-O. 
  25. ^ Govender, Desania R.; Focke, Walter W.; Tichapondwa, Shepherd M.; Cloete, William E. Burn Rate of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate–Aluminum Thermites. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 20 June 2018, 10 (24): 20679–20687. PMID 29842778. S2CID 206483977. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b04205. hdl:2263/66006. 
  26. ^ Astilleros, J.M.; Godelitsas, A.; Rodríguez-Blanco, J.D.; Fernández-Díaz, L.; Prieto, M.; Lagoyannis, A.; Harissopulos, S. Interaction of gypsum with lead in aqueous solutions (PDF). Applied Geochemistry. 2010, 25 (7): 1008 [2022-11-26]. Bibcode:2010ApGC...25.1008A. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.007. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-30). 
  27. ^ Rodriguez, J. D.; Jimenez, A.; Prieto, M.; Torre, L.; Garcia-Granda, S. Interaction of gypsum with As(V)-bearing aqueous solutions: Surface precipitation of guerinite, sainfeldite, and Ca2NaH(AsO4)2⋅6H2O, a synthetic arsenate. American Mineralogist. 2008, 93 (5–6): 928. Bibcode:2008AmMin..93..928R. S2CID 98249784. doi:10.2138/am.2008.2750. 
  28. ^ Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Jiménez, Amalia; Prieto, Manuel. Oriented Overgrowth of Pharmacolite (CaHAsO4⋅2H2O) on Gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O). Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7 (12): 2756–2763. doi:10.1021/cg070222+. 

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 Ácido pimélico Nombre IUPAC ácido heptanodioicoGeneralOtros nombres ácido pentano-1,5-dicarboxílicoFórmula estructural HOOC-(CH2)5-COOHFórmula molecular C7H12O4IdentificadoresNúmero CAS 111-16-0[1]​ChEBI 30531ChEMBL CHEMBL1235351ChemSpider 376DrugBank 01856UNII BZQ96WX25FKEGG C02656 InChIInChI=InChI=1S/C7H12O4/c8-6(9)4-2-1-3-5-7(10)11/h1-5H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)Key: WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propiedades físicasDensidad 1280 kg/m³; 1,28 g/cm³Masa molar 16...

 

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