阿布哈兹的局势自1980年代末以来一直紧张,当时格鲁吉亚的反苏反对派开始要求脱离苏联独立。1989年3月,阿布哈兹民族主义者在《雷赫尼宣言》中要求正式建立一个单独的苏维埃社会主义共和国(1925年至1931年期間存在一個以阿布哈兹人為主的阿布哈兹苏维埃社会主义共和国)並邀請苏呼米国立大学(英语:Sukhumi State University)校长在宣言上签署。该大学的格鲁吉亚族学生對此不滿並發起抗议,然而学生们的抗议活动被格鲁吉亚政府下令禁止,他们的集会也遭到了阿布哈兹人的袭击。[17]格鲁吉亚反苏维埃运动組織对这一事件感到愤怒,并将格鲁吉亚族学生反对阿布哈兹独立的口号列入第比利斯数千名格鲁吉亚示威者的口号清单中。作为对抗议的回应,蘇聯當局派出苏联军队前往第比利斯镇压抗议,导致了4月9日惨案。後來格鲁吉亚政府又決定在苏呼米国立大学(英语:Sukhumi State University)格鲁吉亚語系的基礎上成立第比利斯国立大学苏呼米分校。 阿布哈兹人强烈反对這個決定,并把它看作是格魯吉亞當局扩大统治地位的工具。尽管苏联最高苏维埃认为格鲁吉亚政府創辦新分校的做法不合法,但該分校的入学考试还是定于7月15日举行。7月16日至17日,阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚人在苏呼米发生了第一次武装冲突。据官方报道,此次衝突共造成18人死亡,至少448人受伤,他们当中有302人是格鲁吉亚人。作为回应,政府派出部队来平息骚乱。
1990年7月,由于格鲁吉亚和阿布哈茲在军事上都没有足够實力来解决阿布哈茲分裂問題,格鲁吉亚与阿布哈兹的对立在很大程度上需要由立法机构來解決。不過此時苏联政府本身就处于崩溃的边缘,所以蘇聯當局在預防民族冲突方面几乎没有什麼作為。而此時格魯吉亞的立法機構席位分配是在1991年阿布哈兹新联盟条约公投(英语:1991 Abkhazian New Union Treaty referendum)之前確立的,这导致了格魯吉亞議會席位分配不能准确反映格魯吉亞人口的民族構成。因此在格魯吉亞議會65个席位中,阿布哈兹人(占人口的17%)获得了28个席位;格鲁吉亚人(45%),获得了26个;其余11個席位分配給格魯吉亞境內的其他群体(亚美尼亚人、俄罗斯人;后者占人口的33%)。 [18]
Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
Blair, Heather. Ethnic Conflict as a Tool of Outside Influence: An Examination of Abkhazia and Kosovo., Young Experts' Think Tank (YETT)
McCallion, Amy. Abkhazian Separatism, Young Experts' Think Tank (YETT)
Lynch, Dov, The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy. Royal Institute of International Affairs, February 1998.
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^Helen Krag and Lars Funch. The North Caucasus: Minorities at a Crossroads. (Manchester, December 1994)
^Abkhazia Today. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The 國際危機組織 Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 5. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. Free registration needed to view full report
^ 21.021.1G. Amkuab, T. Illarionova, Abxazija: Xronika neobjavlennoj vojny. Chast' I. 14 avgusta – 14 sentiabria 1992 goda. Moskva, 1992, p. 128, retrieved from Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement, 1998, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
^Червонная С.М. Абхазия – 1992: посткоммунистическая Вандея. Москва, 1993
^ 23.023.123.223.323.423.5Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994
^Shevardnadze Edward, Thoughts on Past and Future, , p 121
^Goltz, Thomas. Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, pp. 140-141
^Goltz Thomas. Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet, p 153
^ 38.038.138.238.3U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp 877, 881, 891
^White Book of Abkhazia. 1992–1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences. Moscow, 1993.
^Goltz, Thomas. Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, p. 153. "Troops may have arrived aboard the aircraft, but no one was going to depart in them again, ever."
^58 ITAR-TASS World Service, 22 September 1994, cited in FBIS-SOV-92-187, 25 September 1992, p. 53., acknowledged in the HRW VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT report
^See Dale, op. cit., Small Arms World Report, August 1993, p. 39.
^ 52.052.1Svante E. Cornell (2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 347–9. Routledge, ISBN0-7007-1162-7.
^ 53.053.1Robert Seely (2001), Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace, p. 191-192. Routledge, ISBN0-7146-4992-9.
^Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow. p. 28. Gothic Image Publications, 1994
^Mukhin, Aleksey; Pribylovsky, Vladimir. Казачье движение в России и странах ближнего Зарубежья (1988–1994) [Cossack movement in Russia and the countries of Near Abroad]. Moscow: Panorama. 1994: 94–96. ISBN 5-85895-009-4(俄语).
^ 70.070.1MacFarlane, S.N., "On the front lines in the near abroad: the CIS and the OSCE in Georgia' s civil wars", Third World Quarterly, Vol 18, No 3, pp 509- 525, 1997.,
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