電熱

電熱(electric heating)或電加熱,是指將電能轉換為熱能的過程或工序。常見的應用包括有空間加熱英语space heating烹饪热水器工業生產上。电热器(electric heater)或电加热器,是一种将电流转换为热量的电气设备[1]。也是暖氣片是利用電產生熱能。

每種電熱裝置的內部都有簡單的加熱元件英语Heating element,它根據焦耳加熱原理在工作:電流流經電阻器時會產生熱。現代的電熱裝置使用鎳鉻合金線作為主動元件,合適的加熱元件材料是採用耐熱、耐火、電絕緣性佳的陶瓷材料來支撐鎳鉻合金線。

熱泵是利用電動馬達驅動冷凍循環(製冷循環)的高效能電加熱器。熱泵能從來源提取能量,例如地面或外部空氣,並引導它進入一個內部空間加熱。某些熱泵系統還可以顛倒,將熱空氣被排到地面或外部,而使內部空間冷卻。熱泵可以提供3到4的性能係數(COP),然而這與設備的效能,及室內室外的溫差有關。

空間加熱

空間加熱是指使建築物的內部暖和,空間加熱的方法有以下幾種。

空間加熱器

輻射加熱器英语Radiator (heating)內含可達到高溫的加熱元件,通常和反射器被封裝在附有外殼的玻璃燈管當中,以直接輸出能量給遠離加熱器的物體。這種元件發出的紅外線會穿透空氣或空間,直到由被加熱物體的表面所吸收並轉化為熱,且部分反射回來。這種加熱器是直接對空間裡的人或物加熱,而不是使空間裡的空氣變暖。這種加熱器在空氣不流通的空間特別有用,也是地下室車庫在有需要加熱時的理想選擇。

輻射加熱器最大的潛在危險,是因為其針對性的輸出與缺乏過熱保護,而引燃附近家具所導致的火災。 在英國,輻射加熱器有時也被稱為electric fires,因為他們原本是用來代替明火

對流加熱器

對流加熱器英语Convection heater是指利用電流通過加熱元件,使周圍空氣產生热传导的加熱器。當熱空氣較冷空氣的密度為小時,熱空氣由於浮力的關係會上升,而使更多的冷空氣流入加熱器所在的位置,以產生對流逐漸加熱周圍空間,至冷卻後再重複的循環。

有些加熱器會填充燃油英语Oil heater,就可以形成一個有效的熱庫。對流加熱器非常適合用於封閉空間的加熱,與輻射加熱器相比的起火風險較小,所以適合使用於長時間或無人看管時。

暖風機

暖風機,也稱為強制對流加熱器。暖風機的種類有很多,都包含有加快了空氣流通的電風扇熱阻能使加熱元件與其周圍的被動對流減少,從而使熱量能夠更迅速地轉移。

暖風機風扇運作時的噪音相當大,它的著火風險是中度。這種加熱器使用在封閉空間的快速加熱上是不錯的選擇,例如實驗室

蓄熱式

蓄熱式加熱器英语Storage heater是利用電價較低的時段(如英國的Economy 7英语Economy 7),在夜晚或者用電低需求時間通電發熱並儲存熱能,然後在有需要加熱時再釋出。儲存的材料通常是黏土等;也可以用來作為儲存熱的介質

家用電熱地板

地暖系統(或加熱地板、地板暖氣等),是輻射加熱英语Radiant heating的其中一種,無論是否有换热器(也稱為輻射器英语Radiator),或者電力驅動均屬。

而當家用電熱地板通電後時,加熱電纜電流通過導電的發熱材料,將熱空氣從地板到天花板由下往上形成對流,直到達到地面上自動調溫器所設定的溫度。

這種加熱器和其他加熱器所出的溫度相比最為一致。

照明系統

在大型的辦公大樓,照明系統整合了加熱和空調系統。螢光燈废热會被回收至這個系統。大型建築物的每年的加熱能量的主要是由照明系統供給。然而,這種餘熱在使用冷氣就時變成負擔。

熱泵

熱泵使用電力驅動的压缩机去起動一個冷凍循環。它從戶外的空氣、地面或地下水提取熱能,並提升它的溫度到足以使空間變暖。作用的流體於低溫沸騰,在戶外的换热器中吸收熱,然後從建築物內的冷凝器,將產生的蒸氣壓縮,並凝結液体。來自冷凝器的熱能會被建築物內的空氣吸收,所以有時也可用作家庭熱水。在夏季時,這個循環是可以逆轉的。氣候溫和時,熱泵也能從戶外的空氣獲得低檔熱能。

冬季平均溫度零度以下的區域,地源熱泵系統遠比空氣源熱泵系統英语Air source heat pumps更有效,因為它們能獲得储存在地下残留的太陽光熱量,比從冷空氣中提取可用的還溫暖。[2]

根據美国国家环境保护局的資料,地源熱泵系統比空氣源熱泵系統減少了44%,比電阻加熱器減少了72%的能源消耗。[3]但地源熱泵系統也比空氣源熱泵系統需要更高的購買價格。

流體加熱

浸入式加熱器

  • 家用浸入式加熱器
  • 工業用浸入式加熱器

環境和效率

經濟

工業電熱

另見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Electric Heater. Britannica.com. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. [2014-09-28]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-14). 
  2. ^ Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps. Icax.co.uk. [2013-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2014-09-28]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05). 

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