密蘇里州民兵部隊在現今被稱為豪恩斯磨坊大屠殺的事件中屠殺了摩門教徒。他們被迫從該州驅逐,導致一百多人死於曝露、飢餓和相應的疾病。教會創始人約瑟夫·史密斯在伊利諾伊州卡薩奇被約200名男子的暴民殺害,其中幾乎全部是伊利諾伊州民兵的成員,包括一些被派去保護他的民兵成員。摩門教徒經歷了柏油和羽毛的折磨,他們的土地和財產屢次被奪走,遭受了襲擊、虛假監禁,美國派遣軍隊前往犹他解决“摩門問題”,在犹他战争中,由約翰·D·李(John D. Lee)領導的一群摩門教徒在山谷屠殺了定居者,這就是山谷屠殺事件。
穆斯林學者伊本·提米亞曾是一位著名的伊斯蘭法學家,他否定了德魯茲教徒的穆斯林身份。[39]他的法律裁定指出,德魯茲教徒“不屬於『經典之民』(People of the Book),也不是『多神論者』(polytheists)。相反,他們是最邪惡的『不信道者』... 他們的婦女可以被視為奴隸,他們的財產可以被沒收...每當找到他們時都應當殺死,並咒罵他們,如他們所描述的那樣...應當殺死他們的學者和宗教人物,以防止他們誤導他人”[40] ,這在那個情境下將合法化對他們的叛教者進行暴力行為。[41][42]奥斯曼帝国通常依賴伊本·提米亞的宗教裁定來合理化對德魯茲教徒的迫害。[43]
联合国(法语:Organisation des Nations unies,缩写作 ONU;英语:United Nations,缩写作 UN 或 U.N.),是一个由主权国家组成的政府间国际组织,致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权、公民自由、政治自由、民主及实现持久世界和平方面的合作。
创立联合国的另一个目的就是维护人权。第二次世界大战中所发生的惨无人道的大屠杀与种族灭绝令国际社会认识到,新的国际组织必须防止在未来发生类似的事件。早期的目标是建立一个法律框架,以讨论并回应有关侵犯人权方面的投诉。
^Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 89.
^The Maha-Bodhi by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)
^The Maha-Bodhi by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 205)
^Islam at War: A History By Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda (p. 226)
^Roerich, G. 1959. Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 61–62, 64, 98.
^Philpott, Daniel, Pope Francis and Religious Freedom, Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, [2022-05-24], (原始内容存档于2015-07-24)
^Swayd, Samy. Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015: 132. ISBN 9781442246171. Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes
^K. Zartman, Jonathan. Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. ABC-CLIO. 2020: 199. ISBN 9781440865039. Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected “People of the Book,” a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.
^J. Stewart, Dona. The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. 2008: 33. ISBN 9781135980795. Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
^Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne. The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. 2014: 142. ISBN 9780199862634. While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is consider distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
^De McLaurin, Ronald. The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. 1979: 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
^Parsons, L. The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. 2000: 2. ISBN 9780230595989. With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the mihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...
^C. Tucker, Spencer C. Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2019: 364–366. ISBN 9781440853531.
^Taraze Fawaz, Leila. An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. p.63.
^Goren, Haim. Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East. p.95-96.
^C. Tucker, Spencer C. Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2019: 364. ISBN 9781440853531.
^Zabad, Ibrahim. Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Routledge. 2017. ISBN 9781317096726.
^Roald, Anne Sofie. Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation. BRILL. 2011: 255. ISBN 9789004207424. Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...
^Zabad, Ibrahim. Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Taylor & Francis. 2017: 126. ISBN 9781317096733.
^S. Swayd, Samy. The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. 2009: 37. ISBN 9780810868366. Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...
^S. Swayd, Samy. The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography. University of Michigan Press. 2009: 25. ISBN 9780966293203.
^ 44.044.144.2Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor. First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: E.J.Brill's 2. BRILL. 1936: 100. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. 9789004097964.
^Shahmardan, Rashid, History of Zoroastrians past Sasanians: 125
فيليم الثاني، أمير أورانج معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 مايو 1626[1][2][3][4][5] لاهاي الوفاة 6 نوفمبر 1650 (24 سنة) [1][2][3][4][5] لاهاي سبب الوفاة جدري مواطنة جمهورية هولندا الزوجة ماري، الأميرة ملكية (12 مايو 1641–6 نوفمبر 1650) ا...
DukonoTitik tertinggiKetinggian1.335 m (4.380 kaki)[1]Koordinat1°41′N 127°53′E / 1.68°N 127.88°E / 1.68; 127.88 GeografiLetakPulau Halmahera, IndonesiaGeologiJenis gunungComplex volcanoLetusan terakhir2022 (berlanjut) Gunung Dukono terletak di utara Pulau Halmahera. Gunung Dukono terdiri dari beberapa kawah berapi dengan aktivitas tinggi. Pada letusan pada tahun 1550, letusan lava mengisi selat di antara Pulau Halmahera dan lereng utara dari Gunun...
علم القومية السلافية المعتمد في مؤتمر براغ السلافي عام 1848. كما كان علم يوغوسلافيا من عام 1918 حتى عام 1939 تتكون ألوان الوحدة السلافية من ثلاثة ألوان هي الأزرق والأبيض والأحمر حسبما جرى تعريفها من قبل مؤتمر براغ السلافي عام 1848، استنادًا على رمزية ألوان علم روسيا، الذي ظهر في أوا
← 2015 • • 2018 → Elecciones estatales delEstado de México de 2017Gobernador Fecha domingo 4 de junio de 2017 Tipo Ordinaria Período 6 años Duración de campaña 3 de abril a 31 de mayo de 2017 Debate (s) 25 de abril9 de mayo Demografía electoral Hab. registrados 11 317 686 Votantes 6 080 214 Participación 53.7 % 7.2 % Votos válidos 5 904 986 Votos nulos 175 228 Resultados Alfred...
Tekyeh Dowlat di kompleks Istana Golestan sebelum dihancurkan. Tekyeh Dowlatتکیه دولتLukisan ruang utama Tekyeh Dowlat oleh Kamal-ol-MolkLokasiTeheran, Persia (Iran)Koordinat35°40′42.65″N 51°25′15.93″E / 35.6785139°N 51.4210917°E / 35.6785139; 51.4210917PemilikPersia (Dinasti Qajar dan Dinasti Pahlavi)GenreGedung kesenian Tempat pertunjukan teater duka cita (Takziah) Pusat pertunjukan milik kerajaanKonstruksiDibuka1873Ditutup1933Dihancurkan1946Arsit...
Tim Kleindienst im Trikot des 1. FC Heidenheim (2017) Personalia Geburtstag 31. August 1995 Geburtsort Jüterbog, Deutschland Größe 194 cm Position Sturm Junioren Jahre Station FC Viktoria Jüterbog 0000–2013 FC Energie Cottbus Herren Jahre Station Spiele (Tore)1 2013–2014 Energie Cottbus II 4 0(0) 2013–2015 Energie Cottbus 37 (13) 2015–2019 SC Freiburg 33 0(2) 2015–2019 SC Freiburg II 11 0(3) 2016–2017 → 1. FC Heidenheim (Leihe) 27 0(7) 2019–2020 1. FC H...
American politician Scott McCallum43rd Governor of WisconsinIn officeFebruary 1, 2001 – January 6, 2003LieutenantMargaret FarrowPreceded byTommy ThompsonSucceeded byJim Doyle41st Lieutenant Governor of WisconsinIn officeJanuary 5, 1987 – February 1, 2001GovernorTommy ThompsonPreceded byJames FlynnSucceeded byMargaret FarrowMember of the Wisconsin Senatefrom the 18th districtIn officeJanuary 6, 1977 – January 5, 1987Preceded byWalter G. HollanderSucceed...
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Outubro de 2011) Ácido neuramínicoAlerta sobre risco à saúde Nome IUPAC (4S,5R,6R,7S,8R)-5-amino-4,6,7,8,9-pentahydroxy-2-oxo-nonanoic acid Identificadores Número CAS 114-04-5 PubChem 513472 ChemSpider 447972 MeSH Neuraminic+Acids ChE...
IndexTokoh A Certain Magical Indexdan A Certain Scientific RailgunPenampilanperdanaNovel: Volume 1 (Index)Manga: Bab 1 (Index)Anime: Episode 1 (Index)Episode 17 (Railgun)PenciptaKazuma KamachiPengisi suara Yuka Iguchi[1] Monica Rial[2]BiodataSpesiesManusiaJenis kelaminPerempuanKemampuanMencegat Mantra (強制詠唱 (スペルインターセプト)code: ja is deprecated , Kyōsei Eishō (Superu Intāseputo))StatusHidupUsia14-15 Index Librorum Prohibitorum (禁書目録code:...
Nota: Para outros significados, veja Ideologia (desambiguação). Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Outubro de 2020) Política Poderes Executivo Judiciário Legislativo Moderador Formas de governo Anarquia Despotismo Estratocracia Monarquia República Regimes e siste...
Politics of the Isle of Man Lord of Mann Charles III Lieutenant governor John Lorimer Deputy governor Andrew Corlett Isle of Man Government Council of Ministers Chief minister Alfred Cannan Departments Statutory Boards Offices Other Agencies Tynwald Act of Tynwald List President of Tynwald Laurence Skelly Legislative Council President President of Tynwald ex officio House of Keys Speaker Juan Watterson Members (MHKs) Officials of state Judiciary Local government Parish captains Elections Hous...
Realm of KingsCover of Realm of Kings 1 (January 2010 )Featuring Quasar (center, front) and an alternate version of the Avengers, art by Clint LangleyPublisherMarvel ComicsPublication dateNovember 2009 – March 2010Genre Science fiction, superhero Crossover Title(s)Realm of Kings (one-shot)Realm of Kings: Imperial Guard #1-5Realm of Kings: Inhumans #1-5Guardians of the Galaxy (vol. 2) #20-24Nova (vol. 4) #31-35Realm of Kings: Son of Hulk #1-4 Main character(s)Shi'arIn...
Indian snack food PanipuriPanipuriAlternative namesSanskrit name - Jalapatra Paani patashi/Pani puri (Maharashtra , Gujarat, Sindh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh)Golgappa, gol gappay or gol gappa (Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, Karachi or other Urdu-speaking regions of Pakistan)Fuchka/Phuchka/Phuska/Puska/Fuska (Bengal, [Bangladesh and West Bengal] Bihar, Nepal, North Odisha and Assam)Gupchup (Odisha, Southern Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh)TypeSnackPlace of originIndian subcontinent [1]Region o...
Colombian telenovela The GirlGenreDramaCreated byJuana UribeWritten by Yamile Daza Diego Osorio Ricardo Aponte Leonardo Sardi Directed by Camilo Vega Rodrigo Triana Creative directorGonzalo MartínezStarringSee listTheme music composerBegner Vásquez AnguloOpening themeTe invito performed by Herencia de TimbiquíCountry of originColombiaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of episodes86ProductionExecutive producerAna PiñeresProducerClara María OchoaProduction locations Bogotá Meta Cundinamarca Acac...
American dental company Kool Smiles, PCTypePrivateIndustryDentistryFoundedEast Lake, Atlanta, U.S. in 2002FounderDr. Tu Tran, Dr. Thien Pham[1]HeadquartersMarietta, GA, U.S.Number of locations100+Area servedUnited StatesServicesDentistryOwnerDr. Tu Tran[1]Websitemykoolsmiles.com Kool Smiles Houston-Aldine dental clinic in unincorporated Harris County, Texas Kool Smiles is a dental services provider, based in the United States. Its headquarters are in the Kool Smiles Patient Su...
DoD agencies that provide tactical support to the US military during combat operations This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Combat support agency – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) DoD organization, including CSA desi...
Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party; Scottish Justice Secretary Keith BrownMSPOfficial portrait, 2021Depute Leader of the Scottish National PartyIncumbentAssumed office 8 June 2018LeaderNicola SturgeonHumza YousafPreceded byAngus RobertsonCabinet Secretary for Justice and VeteransIn office20 May 2021 – 29 March 2023First MinisterNicola SturgeonPreceded byHumza YousafSucceeded byAngela ConstanceCabinet Secretary for Economy, Jobs and Fair WorkIn office18 May 2016 ...
A Lotus Mark VIII - 1955 The Lotus Mark VIII car was Colin Chapman’s first fully enclosed aerodynamic design. Chapman's basic requirements for the design were for a car of 1100 lbs powered by an 85 bhp engine and a maximum speed of 125 mph. Work began on this design in late 1953[1] and Chapman was assisted in the design of the body by the aerodynamicist Frank Costin, who was the brother of Mike Costin, his main collaborator. The spaceframe chassis for the Mark VIII ha...
Filipina feminist organizer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Mercado and the second or maternal family name is Realonda. Trinidad RizalBornTrinidad Rizal y Alonso(1868-06-06)6 June 1868Calamba, Laguna, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish EmpireDied9 May 1951(1951-05-09) (aged 82)Manila, PhilippinesNationalityFilipinoParent(s)Francisco Rizal Mercado (father) Teodora Alonso Realonda (mother)RelativesJosé Rizal (brother) Paciano Rizal (brother) Satur...