种子植物

种子植物总门
化石时期:376–0 Ma
泥盆纪至今
買麻藤綱中的百歲蘭
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 有胚植物 Embryophyta
演化支 多孢植物 Polysporangiophyta
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 真维管植物 Eutracheophyta
演化支 真叶植物 Euphyllophytes
演化支 放射状植物 Radiatopses
演化支 木質植物 Lignophytes
总门: 种子植物总门 Spermatophyta

種子植物(英语:Spermatophyte,或Seed Plant),是由可產生種子植物所組成的有胚植物的一個子類群。分為裸子植物被子植物兩大類,又稱顯花植物(phanerogams)。此外,顯花植物與開花植物(flowering plants)在意義上不同。

種子植物依當今的生物分類法,稱作種子植物總門(Spermatophyta),是所有植物中最進化的一群物種,在物種數量和地理分布也是最多最廣的。現存的種子植物可以分為五大類群:

關係和命名

種子植物分為裸子植物被子植物兩大類,兩者都是利用種子來繁衍的。其中,裸子植物包含了包含了苏铁门銀杏門松柏門買麻藤門被子植物則細分出更多的。被子植物是有胚植物中種數最多且最為人所知的一類,是植物界最多樣化的類群,约有304000[1][2]。不過,被子植物現在被認為演化自裸子植物,這使得裸子植物若包含已滅絕的物種時,會變成一個並系群。然而,即使裸子植物已不再被視作單系群,但仍被廣泛地用以概括除被子植物之外的四類非開花種子植物。

分子系统发生学反駁了基於形態學所提出來的「現存和已滅絕的裸子植物可以組成一個單系群」的推論。一些形態學上的資料推論說買麻藤門是被子植物演化支的姐妹群,但分子系統發生學已普遍地顯示,包括買麻藤門在內的裸子植物分支會是松柏門的姐妹群。

傳統的分類,是將種子植物放在一個門下,並將其下的五個類群放置在五個下,即蘇鐵綱、銀杏綱、松柏綱、買麻藤綱和被子植物綱。

除上述類群外,化石記錄亦顯示有許多種已滅絕的種子植物類群。種子蕨是陸生植物最早成功的類群之中的其中一類,且以種子蕨為主的森林在古生代晚期時遍布全球,舌羊齒屬即為二叠纪時期冈瓦纳大陆上最普遍的樹木。三叠纪以後,種子蕨在生態上的重要性開始被裸子植物取代,直到晚白垩纪開花植物開始興起為止。

現今較多的分類方案將這些類群分成單獨的門(有時在「裸子植物總門」下):

 种子植物 

 †Moresnetiopsida Doweld, 2001

 †Lyginopteridopsida Novák, 1961 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal, 2007

 †皱羊齿目 Pachytestopsida Doweld, 2001

 †华丽木目 Callistophytales Rothwell, 1981 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal, 2007

 †盾籽目 Peltaspermopsida Doweld, 2001

 †Umkomasiales Doweld, 2001

 †Phasmatocycadopsida Doweld, 2001

 †Pentoxylopsida Pant ex Doweld, 2001

 †Dictyopteridiopsida Doweld, 2001

 †Cycadeoideopsida Scott, 1923

 †开通目 Caytoniopsida Thomas ex Frenguelli, 1946 

 被子植物 Angiosperms

末端裸子植物

 苏铁门 Cycadophyta

 银杏门 Ginkgophyta

 买麻藤门 Gnetophyta

 松柏门 Pinophyta

 Acrogymnospermae 

參考文獻

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