熱河龍屬

热河龙属
化石时期:白堊紀前期, 126 Ma
熱河龍的骨架模型
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 鸟臀目 Ornithischia
科: 热河龙科 Jeholosauridae
属: 热河龙属 Jeholosaurus
Xu et al., 2000
模式種
上園熱河龍
Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis

Xu et al., 2000

熱河龍屬名:Jeholosaurus)是鳥臀目恐龍的一屬,生存於白堊紀早期的中國。熱河龍是小型、原始的鳥腳類恐龍,屬於熱河龍科

目前已經發現兩個標本,化石發現於遼寧省北票市上園鎮的陸家屯,該地屬於義縣組,地質年代約1億2500萬年前,相當於阿普第階早期。這些化石位於凝灰岩層,被推測遭到火山爆發的火山灰所掩埋,火山灰覆蓋半徑50到60公里的範圍。模式種上園熱河龍J. shangyuanensis),在2000年由徐星汪筱林尤海魯等人根據兩個部份骨骼來敘述、命名。屬名意為「熱河蜥蜴」,以中國的前行政區劃熱河省為名,化石發現處過去曾經被劃分於熱河省。種名則是以化石發現處所在的上園鎮為名[1]

特徵

上園熱河龍的頭顱骨化石(編號 IVPP V12530)

熱河目前已經發現兩個標本,都屬於幼年個體,其中一個可能已達亞成年個體[2]正模標本(編號 IVPP V 12529)曾遭到擠壓,體型較大,包含:一個不完整顱骨、下頜、頸椎尾椎股骨脛骨腓骨、第一到第四蹠骨、以及趾骨。第二個標本(編號 IVPP V 12530)是一個不完整顱骨與頸椎,保存狀態較好,體型可能較小。

科學家根據這些骨頭,推測正模標本在生前的身長為71.1公分,其中尾巴佔了35.6公分,不完整的顱骨長6.3公分,下頜則為5.9公分,前肢長25.4公分,後肢長33公分,股骨長9公分,脛骨長10.7公分[1]

這兩個頭顱骨相當不完整。這些標本的眼眶/顱骨比例相當大,眼眶長度約是頭顱骨長度的40%;口鼻部短,約是頭顱骨長度的40%,顯示這些標本可能是幼年個體。前上頜骨有6顆牙齒,上頜骨有至少13顆牙齒。上頜骨的頰齒略為平坦,如同其他草食性動物;前上頜骨的牙齒長而狹窄,較類似肉食性動物。綜合以上兩點,有些古生物學家認為熱河龍是雜食性動物,同時以植物昆蟲、小型動物為食。上頜骨的下緣位於內側深處,顯示熱河龍在生前可能具有肉質的頰部,位於嘴部的兩側。鼻骨的後背側有大型鼻骨孔(Nasal foramina)。沒有發現眼瞼骨方顴骨接鄰一個大型洞孔,直徑約有方顴骨的1/4長度。方顴骨的高度少於顱骨高度的30%。齒骨的長度是前齒骨的1.5倍。齒骨向後延伸,後緣幾乎與隅骨後緣平行[1]

股骨呈弓形,前粗隆部的位置略低於大粗隆部,第三粗隆部與大粗隆部同寬,第四粗隆部向外突出。股骨髁與股骨之間沒有明顯溝痕。目前已發現四個蹠骨。第一蹠骨呈條狀,位置較後。第三蹠骨最長,長約5.5公分,位置較前。雖然頸椎尾椎被保存下來,但無法得知詳細數量[1]

分類

熱河龍是種鳥臀目恐龍,具有典型的鳥臀目骨盆恥骨腸骨向前方平行延伸,恥骨與坐骨向後方平行延伸,呈現一個四端分岔的結構[1]

徐星等人命名熱河龍時,並沒有將牠們歸類於任何一科,只歸類於鳥臀目的分類未定屬。熱河龍常被歸類於稜齒龍科(或稱稜齒龍類),這是一群原始鳥腳類恐龍組合而成的並系群,根據以下特徵:

  1. 前上頜骨相當長,往鼻骨方向有個圓錐狀骨突,稜齒龍也有類似的特徵。
  2. 前上頜骨有6顆牙齒,與更原始的賴索托龍相同。但是熱河龍的前上頜齒較修長、彎曲,沒有邊緣小齒,與稜齒龍類的西風龍奇異龍相同。
  3. 上頜有個眶前的小孔,長度是顱骨的14%,後方另有一個洞孔,類似稜齒龍類。
  4. 顴骨的後突長,類似鹽都龍
  5. 眶後骨額骨具有典型的原始稜齒龍類特徵。

熱河龍的前上頜骨沒有接觸淚骨、頜部關節位置高、前上頜骨與上頜骨位於水平位置,這些則是原始特徵。但是,熱河龍也具有進階型鳥腳類的特徵,例如股骨大粗隆部與前粗隆部的形狀。熱河龍的下頜聯合處癒合,顯示牠們可能與頭飾龍類有關係[1]

以下演化樹取自於尤海魯等人在2009年的畸齒龍科研究[3]

鳥臀目

皮薩諾龍

unnamed

畸齒龍科

頜齒類

裝甲类

角足龙类

斯托姆博格龍

unnamed

靈龍

unnamed

何信祿龍

稜齒龍科

奧斯尼爾龍

稜齒龍

熱河龍

鹽都龍

unnamed

奔山龍

西風龍

以下演化樹來自於彼得·馬克維奇的鳥腳類研究[4]

鳥臀目

皮薩諾龍

畸齒龍科

始奔龍

頜齒類

賴索托龍

裝甲类

新鳥臀類

斯托姆博格龍

靈龍

何信祿龍

角足龙类

頭飾龍類

鳥腳下目

奔山龍

何耶龍

長春龍

熱河龍

稜齒龍

禽龍類

在2012年,長春龍被歸類於新建立的熱河龍科,這個演化支還包含何耶龍長春龍,可能還有韓國龍越龍[5]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Xu, Wang and You, 2000. A primitive ornithopod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 38(4)318-325.
  2. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 275
  3. ^ Zheng, X-.T., You, H.-L., Xu, X. and Dong, Z.-M. (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures." Nature, 458(19): 333-336.
  4. ^ Makovicky, Peter J.; Brandon M. Kilbourne, Rudyard W. Sadleir, and Mark A. Norell. A new basal ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (3): 626–640 [2012-05-24]. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.557114. (原始内容存档于2019-07-10). 
  5. ^ Han, Feng-Lu; Paul M. Barrett, Richard J. Butler, and Xing Xu. Postcranial anatomy of Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2012, 32 (6): 1370–1395 [2013-01-06]. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694385. (原始内容存档于2019-07-10). 

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