亚当·福格森

亚当·福格森
出生1723年6月20日(格里历) 编辑维基数据
羅澤雷特 编辑维基数据
逝世1816年2月22日 编辑维基数据 (92歲)
圣安德鲁斯 编辑维基数据
母校
职业哲學家圖書館員历史学家军人散文家经济学家作家神职人员社會學家、大學教師、随行神职人员 编辑维基数据
配偶Catherine Burnett 编辑维基数据
儿女Sir Adam Ferguson、John Ferguson、Isabella Fergusson、Mary Fergusson、Margaret Fergusson、Joseph Fergusson 编辑维基数据

亞當·福格森(Adam Ferguson,1723年—1816年)是蘇格蘭哲學家歷史學家,是蘇格蘭啟蒙運動中最具影響力的人物之一。他曾任軍牧,後來成為爱丁堡大学心智哲學(當時稱為pneumatics)與道德哲學教授(1764-85)。1767年他的《文明社會史論》(Essay on the History of the Civil Society)出版,引起了廣大的迴響,並被翻譯成歐陸多種語文。

《文明社會史論》運用了古典時代作家以及當代的遊歷記述來分析現代商業社會,並且批評這個社會捨棄了市民社會的美德。本書的主題為:公民、衝突、遊藝、政治參與以及軍事武勇。他強調替他人設身處地思考之能力,並且指出「同胞情感」,就是「人性的一部分」,也就是「我們這個物種的特質」。就像他的朋友亞當史密斯與大衛休姆和其他蘇格蘭文人,佛格森強調自然而然所形成的秩序,也就是完整且有效的成果必定是來自許多人之間非規劃好的行動。[1][2]

福格森的貢獻主要在於他把在他之前的哲學思想作了一綜合,他並不是特別有原創性的思想家,但他在當時代的影響卻是巨大的,尤其是對德國的思想家,如黑格爾馬克思

福格森認為社會的發展是偶然而自發的,並非出於上帝或人的設計。「群眾的每一步,每一動,即使是在所謂的啟蒙時代,都是出於對未來一樣的盲目;而國家的建構跌跌撞撞,固然是出於人們的行動,但並不是按著任何人的設計而執行的。」[3]

福格森認為社會分工能創造更大的利益,是社會必然的發展。但他對社會分工抱持著疑慮的態度,他認為社會分工「扯斷了社會的連繫,把藝術的創造力變成了徒俱形式和規則,使人們遠離了工作的常識,而不再有工作時心智的快樂感受。」[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ Kettler, The Social and Political Thought of Adam Ferguson (1965)
  2. ^ Herman, A., The Scottish Enlightenment, Harper Perenial
  3. ^ Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society, pt. 3, sec. 2.
  4. ^ Ferguson, Essay, pt. 5, sec. 3.

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