Jamna kultura

Indoevropljani
Indoevropski jezici
Albanski | Anadolijski | Armenski
Baltički | Keltski | Dački | Germanski
Grčki | Indoiranski | Italski
Slavenski | Trački | Toharski
Indoevropski narodi
Albanci | Anadolci | Armenci
Balti | Kelti | Germani
Grci | Indoarijci | Iranski narodi
Italski narodi | Slaveni | Tračani | Tohari
Praindoevropljani
Jezik | Društvo | Religija
Kurgan | Jamna | Svezana keramika
Teorije o migracijama
Kurganska | Anadolska | Pravedski kontinuitet
Paleolitski kontinuitet
Indoevropski studiji

Jamna (od ruske riječi яма "jama") ili kultura jamnog groba ili Kultura okernog groba je kultura kasno bakarnog doba/ranog brončano doba smještena oko oblasti rijeka Bug/Dnjestar/Ural (Pontske stepe), koja datira između 36.23. vijeka pne. Kultura je bila pretežno nomadska, uz nešto poljoprivrede koja se koristila uz obale rijeka te nešto utvrđenih brežuljaka.

Karakteristika kulture su pogrebi u kurganima, (grobni humak) odnosno u jamnim grobovima gdje su tijelima bila savijana koljena. Tijela su se pokrivala okerom. Više grobova je pronađeno u pojedinim kurganima, često dodatno iskopani. Značajno da su se u grobovima nalazile i ritualne žrtve (goveda, svinje, ovce, koze i konji), što je običaj koji se povezuje s Proto-Indoevropljanima ili Proto-Indoirancima.

Procijenjeni raspon kulture cca. 3200-2300. pne.
Jamna kultura u Evropi 4. milenijuma pne.

Pretpostavlja se da je nastala u srednjem toku rijeke Volge Hvaljinska kultura odnosno srednjem toku Dnjepara kultura Srednji Stog. Na njenom zapadnom rubu ju je naslijedila Kultura katakombi; na istoku su je naslijedile kultura Poltavka i kultura Srubna.

Jamna kultura se identificira s kasnim Proto-Indoevropljanima (PIE) u kurganskoj hipotezi Marije Gimbutas. Indoeuropljani nisu narod i ovaj se termin nikako ne može koristiti kao bilo kakva etnička ili rasna odrednica, kako se to često radilo tokom posljednjeg stoljeća i nerijetko se još uvijek radi u političke svrhe, već se može koristiti isključivo kao lingvistička odrednica, za govornike indoevropskog prajezika, ili kao odrednica za populacije koje su naseljavale prostor na kojemu nalazimo kulture čiju materijalnu ostavštinu tumačimo kao indoevropsku.[1]

Predstavlja jednog od kandidata za Urheimat (pradomovinu) proto-indoevropskog jezika, zajedno s kulturom Srednji Stog koja joj je prethodila. Najstariji ostaci kotača, odnosno kola u Istočnoj Evropi, pronađeni u "Storožovoj mohili" kurganu kraj (Dnjepra u Ukrajini i iskopani od O.I. Trenožkina, se povezuju s Jamnom kulturom.

Međutim, prema hipotezi o egzodusu iz Indije, Jamnu kulturu su stvorili Proto-anadolci koji su se kretali na zapad, prešli Kaspijsko more i stigli na Balkan oko 3000-2000. pne..[2]

Drugu alternativnu teoriju predložio je britanski arheolog Colin Renfrew, koji pradomovinu Indoeuropljana vidi u Anadoliji. U srži njegove anadolske teorije, jest insistiranje na što manje migracija. Vremenski, pradomovina Indoevropljana smještena je ne kasnije od 6500. godine pne, čime su Praindoevropljani izjednačeni s nosiocima neolitizacije te se prema toj teoriji indoevropski jezik u Europu širio zajedno s neolitičkim paketom. Renfrew proces neolitizacije vidi kao jedinu temeljnu i sveobuhvatnu kulturnu i ekonomsku promjenu u prahistoriji Evrope koja bi mogla objasniti širenje indoevropskih jezika.[1]

Lista eneolitskih kultura

Jamna Ruske stepe 3300 pne 2600 pne
Vrpčasta keramika Evropa 2900 pne 2350 pne
Baden Srednja Evropa 3600 2800
Amfore Evropa 3400 pne 2800 pne
Kostolac Podunavlje, Balkan 3250 3000
Vučedol[3] Podunavlje, Balkan 3000 2400
Zvonasti pehari Širom Evrope 2800 1800

Literatura

J. P. Mallory, "Yamna Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.

Reference

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