PROFILBARU.COM

O fundamentalismo é uma tendência entre certos grupos e indivíduos que se caracteriza pela aplicação de uma interpretação literal estrita às escrituras, dogmas ou ideologias, juntamente com uma forte crença na importância de distinguir o grupo interno e o grupo externo,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] o que leva a uma ênfase em alguma concepção de "pureza" e a um desejo de retornar a um ideal anterior do qual os defensores acreditam que os membros se desviaram. O termo é geralmente usado no contexto da religião para indicar um apego inabalável a um conjunto de crenças irredutíveis (os "fundamentos").^[5]

O termo "fundamentalismo" é geralmente considerado pelos estudiosos da religião como referindo-se a um fenômeno religioso amplamente moderno que, embora seja uma reinterpretação da religião conforme definida pelos parâmetros do modernismo, reifica a religião em reação contra as tendências modernistas, liberais e ecumênicas que se desenvolvem na religião e a sociedade em geral que ela percebe como estranha a uma tradição religiosa particular. Dependendo do contexto, o rótulo "fundamentalismo" pode ser uma caracterização pejorativa em vez de neutra, semelhante às maneiras pelas quais chamar perspectivas políticas de "direita" ou "esquerda" pode ter conotações negativas.^[6]^[7]

História

Protestantes americanos

O fundamentalismo surgiu como um movimento nos Estados Unidos, começando entre os conservadores teólogos presbiterianos no Seminário Teológico de Princeton no final do século XIX. Isto logo se espalhou entre conservadores da batistas e outras denominações por volta de 1910-1920. O propósito do movimento era de reafirmar antigas crenças dos cristãos Protestantes que zelosamente a defendem contra o teologia liberal, alto criticismo, darwinismo, e outros movimentos que consideram como ameaçadores ao cristianismo.

A primeira formulação das crenças do fundamentalismo americano podem ser ligadas à Conferência Bíblica de Niagara e, em 1910, à Assembleia Geral da Igreja Presbiteriana cuja doutrina se gerou o que ficou conhecido como os "cinco fundamentos":^[8]

A inspiração da Bíblia pelo Espírito Santo e a inerrância das escrituras como resultado disto.
O nascimento virginal de Cristo.
A crença de que a morte de Cristo foi a redenção para o pecado.
A Ressurreição de Jesus.
A realidade histórica dos milagres de Jesus.

Fundamentalismo islâmico

Os conflitos religiosos entre os Xiitas e os Sunitas desde o século VII criaram ideologistas radicais, como Ali Shariati (1933–77), mesclando conservadorismo social com fundamentalismo islâmico.^[9]

Ver também

Fundamentalismo de livre mercado

Referências

↑ Altemeyer, B.; Hunsberger, B. (1992). «Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice». International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
↑ Kunst, Jonas R.; Thomsen, Lotte; Sam, David L. (junho de 2014). «Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians: Late Abrahamic reunion». European Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (4): 337–348. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2014
↑ Kunst, J. R.; Thomsen, L. (2014). «Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations». The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 25 (4): 293–306. doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.937965. hdl:10852/43723
↑ Hunsberger, B (1995). «Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism». Journal of Social Issues. 51 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x. ... the fundamentalism and quest relationships with prejudice are especially meaningful in light of an association with right‐wing authoritarianism.... In the end, it would seem that it is not religion per se, but rather the ways in which individuals hold their religious beliefs, which are associated with prejudice.
↑ Nagata, Judith (junho de 2001). «Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism"». American Anthropologist. 103 (2): 481–498. doi:10.1525/aa.2001.103.2.481. Once considered exclusively a matter of religion, theology, or scriptural correctness, use of the term fundamentalism has recently undergone metaphorical expansion into other domains [...].
↑ Harris, Harriet (2008). Fundamentalism and Evangelicals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953253-7. OCLC 182663241
↑ Boer, Roland (2005). «Fundamentalism» (PDF). In: Tony Bennett; Lawrence Grossberg; Meaghan Morris; Raymond Williams. New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-0-631-22568-3. OCLC 230674627. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2008. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 10 de setembro de 2008. Widely used as a pejorative term to designate one's fanatical opponents – usually religious and/or political – rather than oneself, fundamentalism began in Christian Protestant circles in the eC20. Originally restricted to debates within evangelical ('gospel-based') Protestantism, it is now employed to refer to any person or group that is characterized as unbending, rigorous, intolerant, and militant. The term has two usages, the prior one a positive self-description, which then developed into the later derogatory usage that is now widespread.
↑ Origin Arquivado em 18 de fevereiro de 2006, no Wayback Machine. of "five fundamentals" documented at Presbyterian conference of 1910
↑ Reading Past the Myth: The Public Teachings of Abu Bakar Bashir, February 2003, p.7

Bibliografia

Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01497-5
Armstrong, Karen (2001). The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39169-1
Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92244-5
Caplan, Lionel. (1987). "Studies in Religious Fundamentalism". London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law, SUNY Press, 1988.
Kay, David N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation (em inglês). [S.l.]: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-29765-3
Keating, Karl (1988). Catholicism and Fundamentalism. San Francisco: Ignatius. ISBN 0-89870-177-5
Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. New York: The Free Press.
Hindery, Roderick. 2001. Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought? Mellen Press: aspects of fundamentalism, pp. 69–74.
Lawrence, Bruce B. Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
Marsden; George M. (1980). Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 Oxford University Press.
Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.). The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- (1991). Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed. ISBN 0-226-50878-1
- (1993). Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society. ISBN 0-226-50880-3
- (1993). Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State. ISBN 0-226-50883-8
- (1994). Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms. ISBN 0-226-50885-4
- (1995). Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended. ISBN 0-226-50887-0
Noll, Mark A. A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.
Ruthven, Malise (2005). "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8
Schaik, Sam van (28 de junho de 2011). Tibet: A History (em inglês). [S.l.]: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15404-7
Torrey, R.A. (ed.). (1909). The Fundamentals. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now Biola University). ISBN 0-8010-1264-3
"Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm (Ed.) (2003). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003 (38th ed.), p. 218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0-917360-22-2.

Ligações externas

Wikcionário

O Wikcionário tem o verbete fundamentalismo.

The Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family, book by Andrew Himes
Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist?Article by Terry Mattingly via Scripps Howard News Service
Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalismby Simon Watson, published in Anthropoetics XV,2 Spring 2010
Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism
www.blessedquietness.coma conservative Christian website, maintained by Steve van Natten
Women Against Fundamentalism (UK)
Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism
Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations, Harvard University, November 7, 2007.
The Fundamentalist Distortion of the Islamic Messageby Syed Manzar Abbas Saidi, published in Athena Intelligence Journal
Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug.17, 2012.

[1] Altemeyer, B.; Hunsberger, B. (1992). «Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice». International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5

[academia.edu-2] Kunst, Jonas R.; Thomsen, Lotte; Sam, David L. (junho de 2014). «Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians: Late Abrahamic reunion». European Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (4): 337–348. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2014

[3] Kunst, J. R.; Thomsen, L. (2014). «Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations». The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 25 (4): 293–306. doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.937965. hdl:10852/43723

[4] Hunsberger, B (1995). «Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism». Journal of Social Issues. 51 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x. ... the fundamentalism and quest relationships with prejudice are especially meaningful in light of an association with right‐wing authoritarianism.... In the end, it would seem that it is not religion per se, but rather the ways in which individuals hold their religious beliefs, which are associated with prejudice.

[5] Nagata, Judith (junho de 2001). «Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism"». American Anthropologist. 103 (2): 481–498. doi:10.1525/aa.2001.103.2.481. Once considered exclusively a matter of religion, theology, or scriptural correctness, use of the term fundamentalism has recently undergone metaphorical expansion into other domains [...].

[6] Harris, Harriet (2008). Fundamentalism and Evangelicals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953253-7. OCLC 182663241

[7] Boer, Roland (2005). «Fundamentalism» (PDF). In: Tony Bennett; Lawrence Grossberg; Meaghan Morris; Raymond Williams. New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-0-631-22568-3. OCLC 230674627. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2008. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 10 de setembro de 2008. Widely used as a pejorative term to designate one's fanatical opponents – usually religious and/or political – rather than oneself, fundamentalism began in Christian Protestant circles in the eC20. Originally restricted to debates within evangelical ('gospel-based') Protestantism, it is now employed to refer to any person or group that is characterized as unbending, rigorous, intolerant, and militant. The term has two usages, the prior one a positive self-description, which then developed into the later derogatory usage that is now widespread.

[8] Origin Arquivado em 18 de fevereiro de 2006, no Wayback Machine. of "five fundamentals" documented at Presbyterian conference of 1910

[9] Reading Past the Myth: The Public Teachings of Abu Bakar Bashir, February 2003, p.7

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]