탄트라(/ˈtæntrə/ ; 산스크리트어: तन्त्र, lit. 'loom, weave, warp')는 힌두교와 불교 모두에서 CE 1천년 중반부터 인도 아대륙에서 발전한 난해한 요가 전통을 의미한다.[1]인도 전통에서 탄트라라는 용어는 체계적으로 광범위하게 적용할 수 있는 "문헌, 이론, 체계, 방법, 도구, 기술 또는 관행"을 의미하기도 하다.[2][3] 이러한 전통의 주요 특징은 만트라를 사용하는 것이므로 일반적으로 힌두교에서는 만트라마르가("만트라의 길")라고 하며 불교에서는 만트라야나("만트라 차량") 및 구야만트라("비밀 만트라")라고 한다.[4][5]
푸자와 같은 비베다 숭배의 특정 방식은 개념과 의식에서 탄트라로 간주된다. 힌두 사원 건물도 일반적으로 탄트라의 도상학을 따른다.[7][3] 이러한 주제를 설명하는 힌두교 텍스트를 탄트라, 아가마 또는 삼히타라고 한다.[7][8] 불교에서 탄트라는 인도의 역사적인 동굴 사원과 동남아시아의 예술뿐만 아니라 티베트와 동아시아 불교의 예술과 도상학에 영향을 미쳤다.[9][10][11]
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