コルンブ石

鉄コルンブ石
Columbite-(Fe)
分類 酸化鉱物
シュツルンツ分類 04.DB.35
化学式 Fe2+Nb2O6
結晶系 斜方晶
ヘルマン・モーガン記号: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
空間群: Pcan
晶癖 大型または粒状結晶、表面は火山岩様。結晶面または劈開面に平行な横紋がみられる。
へき開 [010]面で明瞭
断口 亜貝殻状、脆くやや湾曲した面をなして割れる
モース硬度 6
光沢 亜金属光沢
黒色、褐黒色
条痕 黒褐色
比重 5.3–7.3、平均 6.3
光学性 双軸性 (+), b=2.29–2.4
その他の特性 放射性なし、蛍光なし
文献 [1][2]
プロジェクト:鉱物Portal:地球科学
テンプレートを表示

コルンブ石 (Columbite) はニオブ石 (Niobite) とも呼ばれるマンガンニオブ複酸化物鉱物で、組成式 [(Fe, Mn)Nb2O6] で表される。黒色・亜金属光沢を持ち、密度が高い。アメリカ合衆国コネチカット州のハダムで発見された。ニオブ鉱石として重要であるが、実際にはニオブとタンタルが任意の割合で固溶した状態で産出するためコルンブ石-タンタル石系をなし、ニオブが多いものをコルンブ石、タンタルが多いものをタンタル石と呼び分ける(区別する必要がない場合は総称してコルタンと呼ぶ)。また、鉄やマンガンの割合によって鉄タンタル石やマンガンコルンブ石などさまざまなアナログを持つ。時にスズタングステンを含む。また、モザンビークではイットリウムを含み放射性を持つものが発見され、イットロコルンブ石 (Yttorocolumbite) と呼ばれている(組成式 (Y,U,Fe)(Nb,Ta)O4)。

2023年国際鉱物学連合により[3]「コルンブ石スーパーグループ」[4]が定義され、「コルンブ石グループ」[5]、「イクシオ石グループ」[6]、「サマルスキー石グループ」[7]、「ウォジナ石グループ」[8]、「鉄マンガン重石グループ」[9]が組み入れられた。

コルンブ石はタンタル石とともに斜方晶系に属している。結晶構造は同じであるが比重は大きく異なり、コルンブ石が5.2であるのに対してタンタル石は8.0以上にもなる[10]

コルンブ石はタピオライトともよく似ている。化学組成は近いが結晶構造は異なっており、コルンブ石が斜方晶なのに対してタピオライトは正方晶である[11]。これまでに報告された最大のコルンブ石の単結晶は縦76センチメートル、横61センチメートル、厚さ6ミリメートルの板状のものである[12]

歴史と語源

アメリカ合衆国におけるコルンブ石の存在は、コネチカット植民地の初代知事で熱心な鉱石収集家でもあったジョン・ウィンスロップ(1606–1676)が集めた標本によって知られることとなった。600点あまりの標本は、同名の孫 ジョン・ウィンスロップ(1681–1747)が1737年に王立協会フェローに選ばれた際に、当時王立協会会長であったハンス・スローンに寄贈された[13]

1801年に チャールズ・ハチェット がコルンブ石の標本からニオブを発見した[14]。彼はアメリカ大陸を発見したクリストファー・コロンブスを記念した鉱物名にちなみ、新元素をコロンビウムと名付けた(このため、英米圏では現在でもニオブをコロンビウムと呼ぶ)[15]

持続可能な開発

コンゴ民主共和国ではコルタンの違法採掘が環境面・経済面でさまざまな問題を引き起こしている[16][17]

関連項目

脚注

  1. ^ Columbite-(Fe) Mineral Data
  2. ^ Columbite-(Fe) on Mindat.org
  3. ^ Chukanov, N., Pasero, M., Aksenov, S., Britvin, S., Zubkova, N., Yike, L., & Witzke, T. (2023). Columbite supergroup of minerals: Nomenclature and classification. Mineralogical Magazine, 87(1), 18-33. doi:10.1180/mgm.2022.105
  4. ^ Columbite Supergroup, mindat.org
  5. ^ Columbite Group, mindat.org
  6. ^ Ixiolite Group, mindat.org
  7. ^ Samarskite Group, mindat.org
  8. ^ Wodginite Group, mindat.org
  9. ^ Wolframite Group, mindat.org
  10. ^ mindat.org Tantalite
  11. ^ P. Cerny et al. "The tantalite-tapiolite gap: natural assemblages versus experimental data" Canadian Mineralogist 30 (1992) 587 free download
  12. ^ P. C. Rickwood (1981). “The largest crystals”. American Mineralogist 66: 885–907. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf. 
  13. ^ Winthrop, John (1844年). “Art. V. Selections from an Ancient Catalogue of objects of Natural History, formed in New England more than one hundred years ago”. The Amer. J. Science and Arts 47. New Haven: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 282. 12 February 2015閲覧。 “... (p.282:) Mr. Winthrop was grandson of the first governor of Connecticut, great grandson of the first governor of Massachusetts ... (p.290:) A black mineral ... Is this the Columbite? ... it appeared that it had been sent ... to Sir Hans Sloane, by Mr. Winthrop of Massachusetts. ...'”
  14. ^ Charles Hatchett FRS (1765–1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium”. The Annals of Philosophy. New Series. July to December 1824.. London: The Royal Society Publishing. p. 359 (22 September 2003). 12 February 2015閲覧。 “... In 1800–01, while he was arranging some minerals at the British Museum in Bloomsbury, he became particularly interested in a specimen which was described in Sir Hans Sloane’s catalogue of the ‘Metalls’, no. 2029 from his collection, as ‘a very heavy black stone with golden streaks ... from Nautneague. From Mr. Winthrop’ ... The donor was probably John Winthrop (1681–1747), a great-grandson of the founder of Massachusetts Bay colony. When Winthrop was elected FRS in 1734 he gave Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Society, a collection of about 600 minerals. ...'”
  15. ^ Jameson, Robert (1805). System of Mineralogy, Vol. II.. Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute (et al.). p. 582. https://books.google.de/books?id=UL8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA582&hl=de 15 February 2015閲覧. "... Mr Hatchett found it to contain a metal, which, from its properties, could not be referred to any hitherto known; hence he was of opinion that it should be considered as a new genus, to which he gave the name Columbium, in honour of the discoverer of America. ...'" 
  16. ^ Coltan, Gorillas and cellphones. Cellular-news.com (2001-04-03). Retrieved on 2011-10-30.
  17. ^ The Coltan Scandal. Geology.about.com (2010-07-04). Retrieved on 2011-10-30.

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