グルーのパラドックス

グルーのパラドックス: grue paradox)とは、帰納にまつわるパラドックス。アメリカの哲学者ネルソン・グッドマンによって「帰納法の新たな謎」(new riddle of induction)というタイトルの論文の中で発案された。書籍「Fact, fiction, and forecast」[1](和訳著書は「事実・虚構・予言」[2])の第三章に収録されている。

パラドックスの概要

グルー(grue)とは、緑を意味する英語グリーン(green)と、青を意味する英語ブルー(blue)から作った言葉で、たとえば、「2049年12月31日までに初めて観察された緑(green)のものと2050年1月1日以降に初めて観察された青(blue)のものを指す言葉」と定義される。グルーは、緑と青の切れ目にどの時点をとるかで無数の定義がありうるが、この言葉は「2049年12月31日までは緑、2050年1月1日以降は青を意味する言葉」と定義されたわけではないので、時間経過によって変化するような定義を与えたわけではない。このとき「エメラルドは緑である」という命題について考えると、2000年の段階でわれわれが持つ証拠はすべて、同時に「エメラルドはグルーである」という命題の証拠でもあることから、この2つの命題は同じくらい強く検証されている。しかしながら、2050年以降に初めて観察されるエメラルドがどういう色を持つかについてはこの2つの命題はまったく異なる予測をすることになる。

このパラドックスはヒューム懐疑主義をうけて、その深刻さを示すものである。ヒューム的な懐疑を避けるために斉一性原理(すでに観察したものはまだ観察していないものと似ている)を認めたとしても、どういう斉一性を想定するか(エメラルドは緑だという斉一性か、エメラルドはグルーだという斉一性か)によって、事実上あらゆる予測が斉一性原理と両立してしまう、ということを示している。

われわれは、無意識に投射可能(projectible)な述語(緑はこちらに分類される)とそうでない述語(グルーはこちらに分類される)を分け、投射可能な述語のみを帰納に使う。しかし、投射可能性を正確に定義することも投射可能な述語だけが帰納に使えると考える根拠を示すことも非常に困難である。

脚注

出典

  1. ^ Goodman, Nelson (1955). Fact, Fiction, and Forecast. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-29071-6 
  2. ^ ネルソン・グッドマン『事実・虚構・予言』勁草書房、1987年。ISBN 978-4326198771 

参考文献

関連項目

Read other articles:

Matius 3Lembaran Papirus 101 yang memuat Injil Matius 3:10-12, dibuat sekitar tahun 250 M.KitabInjil MatiusKategoriInjilBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian BaruUrutan dalamKitab Kristen1← pasal 2 pasal 4 → Matius 3 (disingkat Mat 3) adalah pasal ketiga Injil Matius pada Perjanjian Baru dalam Alkitab Kristen yang dipercayai ditulis berdasarkan kesaksian rasul Matius, salah seorang dari dua belas murid utama Yesus Kristus.[1][2] Teks Codex Sinaiticus (~330-360 M), Matiu...

 

Wilayah India yang dijajah oleh Britania dan negara-wilayah kerajaan pada tahun 1909 Pada masa ketika India meraih kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1947, wilayahnya terbagi menjadi dua jenis daerah, yaitu daerah yang dikendalikan langsung oleh Britania dan wilayah kerajaan yang tunduk kepada Britania tetapi penguasanya masih dapat mengatur urusan dalam negeri. Selain itu, terdapat koloni-koloni kecil yang dikuasai oleh Prancis dan Portugal. Integrasi politik wilayah-wilayah tersebut dinyatakan sebag...

 

No debe confundirse con biatlón. Zona de transición entre la carrera a pie y con bicicleta en duatlón. El duatlón es un deporte individual o por equipos, y de resistencia, que reúne dos disciplinas deportivas: atletismo y ciclismo. Se aplica el orden siguiente: carrera a pie, ciclismo y carrera a pie. Tiene una variante que es el duatlón de montaña, realizada en caminos no asfaltados y con una BTT y no debe confundirse con el biatlón. En duatlón el evento de mayor exigencia física s...

1941 film by John Ford How Green Was My ValleyTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn FordScreenplay byPhilip DunneBased onHow Green Was My Valley 1939 novelby Richard LlewellynProduced byDarryl F. ZanuckStarring Walter Pidgeon Maureen O'Hara Donald Crisp Anna Lee Roddy McDowall Narrated byIrving PichelCinematographyArthur C. MillerEdited byJames B. ClarkMusic byAlfred NewmanDistributed byTwentieth Century-Fox Film CorporationRelease date October 28, 1941 (1941-10-28) Running ...

 

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Антарктика (значення). Провінція Антарктика-Чилена ісп. Provincia de la Antártica Chilena Адм. центр Пуерто-Вільямс Країна Чилі Регіон область Магальянес і Чилійська Антарктика Межує з: сусідні адмінодиниці Магальянес Тьєрра-дель-

 

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Basil Dickey – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Basil DickeyLahir(1880-11-23)23 November 1880Chicago, IllinoisMeninggal17 Juni 1958(1958-06-17) (umur 77)Long Beach, CaliforniaTahun ...

Indian civil servant (1916–2012) Govind Narain3rd Governor of KarnatakaIn office2 August 1977 – 15 April 1983Preceded byUma Shankar DikshitSucceeded byA. N. Banerji Personal detailsBorn(1916-05-05)5 May 1916Mainpuri, British RajDied3 April 2012(2012-04-03) (aged 95)New Delhi, India Govind Narain, ICS (5 May 1916 – 3 April 2012) was an Indian civil servant who was member of the Indian Civil Service and served as the 3rd Governor of Karnataka. He formerly served as 1...

 

Bahasa Ciguayo Siwayo Dituturkan diRepublik DominikaWilayahSemenanjung SamanáEtnisCiguayoKepunahanAbad ke-16Rumpun bahasaBelum diklasifikasi; Tola ?(salah satu bahasa pra-Arawak di Antilia Raya) Kode bahasaISO 639-3Tidak ada (mis)LINGUIST List0yvGlottologTidak ada Status konservasi Punah EXSingkatan dari Extinct (Punah)Terancam CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis) SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat) DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Teran...

 

Foguete Delta L O Delta L foi um foguete espacial estadunidense que prestou serviço entre 1969 e 1972.[1][2] Características O Delta L foi um foguete leve da família de foguetes Delta que foi usado duas vezes entre 1969 e 1972 para lançar os satélites Pioneer E e TTS-3 (que resultou em fracasso) e o HEOS-2.[1][2] Histórico de lançamentos Voo[2][1] Data[2][1] Plataforma de lançamento[2][1] Carga[2][1] Resultado[2][1] Notas[2][1] 540/D-73 27 de agosto de 1969 Plataforma LC-17A do Cabo C...

Battle of NajafgarhPart of the Indian rebellion of 1857British troops clash with Sepoy mutineers at the 1857 Battle of Najafgarh.Date25 August 1857LocationNajafgarh, 18 miles (29 km) west of Delhi, IndiaResult British–EIC victoryBelligerents  United Kingdom East India Company Mughal EmpireCommanders and leaders John Nicholson Bakht KhanStrength 2,50016 guns approx. 600013 gunsCasualties and losses 25 killed70 wounded approx. 800 killed13 guns captured vteIndian Rebellion of 1857 1...

 

113 Bank Indonesia Halte TransjakartaHalte Bank Indonesia temporer sisi timur yang khusus melayani perjalanan ke Blok MLetakKotaJakarta PusatDesa/kelurahanGambir, GambirKodepos10110AlamatJalan M.H. ThamrinKoordinat6°10′58″S 106°49′23″E / 6.1827°S 106.823°E / -6.1827; 106.823Koordinat: 6°10′58″S 106°49′23″E / 6.1827°S 106.823°E / -6.1827; 106.823Desain HalteStruktur BRT, median jalan bebas 2 tepi Pintu masukRampa di J...

 

2011 novel by Chris d'Lacey This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fire World AuthorChris d'LaceyCover artistAngelo RinaldiCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Last Dragon ChroniclesSubjectDragonsGenreFantasy novelPublisherOrchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc.Publication dateHardback: 6 Januar...

Overview of the presence and role of Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism in IndonesiaA puja ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, Indonesia.Total population 4,692,548 (2022)[1] 1.69% of populationRegions with significant populationsBali3,682,484Central Kalimantan155,595West Nusa Tenggara128,600Lampung127,903Central Sulawesi109,308East Java107,971North Sumatra88,346West Java17,017ReligionsHinduismBalinese Hinduism, revival of Javanese Hinduism (majority)and traditional indigenous religions id...

 

Speed skatingat the XXI Olympic Winter GamesVenueRichmond Olympic OvalDates13–27 February 2010No. of events12Competitors177 from 24 nations← 20062014 → Speed skating at the2010 Winter Olympics500 mmenwomen1000 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenTeam pursuitmenwomenvte Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, British Columbia, between 13 and 27 February 2010.[1] Notes Haralds Sil...

 

Obilićev Venac (Serbian Cyrillic: Обилићев венац), a pedestrian and shopping zone, is located in the city center of Belgrade, Serbia, within the Knez Mihailova Street spatial unit protected by law, and contains a number of residential and office buildings dating from 1900 to 2000. The Obilićev Venac area – origin of the street Obilićev Venac is without a doubt one of the oldest and most valuable city monument areas in Belgrade. Connected to Knez Mihailova Street, Kosančiće...

Traditional symbol of the municipality of Cape Town The arms of Cape Town The coat of arms of Cape Town is the traditional symbol of the municipality of Cape Town. The original arms from the 20th century are no longer in official use, though no new arms have yet been adopted. History The original seal, depicting the arms of the city's founder, Jan van Riebeeck, supported by an anchor symbolising the Cape of Good Hope, was granted to the city by the Commissioner-General of the Batavian Republi...

 

1981 aviation accident Somali Airlines Flight 40The accident aircraft before delivery.AccidentDate20 July 1981SummaryStructural failure due to loss of control in extreme turbulence.SiteBalad, SomaliaAircraftAircraft typeFokker F27-600 FriendshipOperatorSomali AirlinesRegistration6O-SAYFlight originMogadishu International Airport, Mogadishu, SomaliaDestinationHargeisa International Airport, Hargeisa, SomaliaPassengers44Crew6Fatalities50Survivors0 Somali Airlines Flight 40 was a scheduled ...

 

Western Alignment of the China Pakistan Economic CorridorThe Western Alignment of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor is depicted by the red line.Route informationLength1,153 km (716 mi)Major junctionsNorth endBrahma Bahtar Interchange near Hasan Abdal, Punjab provinceSouth endGwadar Port LocationCountryPakistan Highway system Roads in Pakistan The Western Alignment refers to the portions of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which are located in the Pakis...

Christianity in Serbia it's the main religion and dominant This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2012) Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade, one of the largest Orthodox church buildings in the world Christianity is the predominant religion in Serbia. The Constitution of Serbia defines it as a secular state with guaranteed religious f...

 

1976 single by Carly SimonHalf a ChanceSingle by Carly Simonfrom the album Another Passenger B-sideLibbyReleased1976Recorded1976GenrePop, rockLength2:55 (album version)LabelElektraSongwriter(s)Carly Simon, Jacob BrackmanProducer(s)Ted TemplemanCarly Simon singles chronology It Keeps You Runnin' (1976) Half a Chance (1976) Nobody Does It Better (1977) Half a Chance is a song written by Carly Simon and Jacob Brackman, performed by Simon, and produced by Ted Templeman. The song served as the sec...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!