Lingue tracio-daciche

Lingue tracio-daciche
Altri nomiLingue daco-traciche
Altre informazioni
ScritturaAlfabeto greco
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue indoeuropee
 Lingue proto-balcaniche?
  Lingue tracio-illiriche?
   Lingue tracio-daciche

Le lingue tracio-daciche sono un ipotetico sottogruppo delle lingue proto-balcaniche, a sua volta parte della famiglia linguistica indo-europea, che comprenderebbe le lingue appartenenti ai gruppi tracico e dacico.

Prove

L'idea di raggruppare le lingue daciche e traciche in un unico ramo della famiglia linguistica indoeuropea risale agli anni 1950 e da allora ha incontrato largo successo, essendo stata sostenuta negli anni da numerosi studiosi, quali Russu (1967), Solta (1980), Vraciu (1980), Crossland (1982), Rădulescu (1984), Trask (2000), McHenry (1993), Mihailov (2008). Secondo Crossland e Solta non esisterebbe una vera e propria divergenza tra le due lingue, che andrebbero piuttosto collocate in un continuum dialettale orientato da nord verso sud. Dello stesso orientamento risulta Rădulescu, che però accetta che il daco-mesiano possieda un certo grado di individualità dialettale.

Altre ipotesi interpretative

Negli anni 1950, il linguista Vladimir Georgiev, coadiuvato dal collega Ivan Duridanov, pubblicò uno studio nel quale collocava la lingua armena tra le lingue iraniche e, allo stesso modo, classificava la lingua misia all'interno di un ipotetico ramo linguistico daco-misiano, definendola come l'anello di congiunzione fra la lingua tracica e la lingua daco-mesiana.[1] Questa ipotesi poggiava principalmente sul fatto che la lingua daca e la lingua misia, nonostante presentino sistemi fonetici diversi, hanno, in genere, toponimi con desinenza in -dava, mentre i toponimi traci generalmente terminano i -para.[2] Nello stesso studio Georgiev sosteneva che tra le lingue daco-misiane andrebbe collocata anche la l'albanese, nonostante in questa siano quasi del tutto assenti toponimi con desinenza in -dava. In uno studio del 1982 Polomé si oppose alle conclusioni di Georgiev e Duridanov, sostenendo che le prove presentate dai due linguisti bulgari, sebbene consistenti, non fossero affatto sufficienti a concludere questa classificazione per il misio, solitamente accostato al frigio, così come l'esistenza di una cesura netta tra il daco e il tracico, dato che potrebbero essere sia due dialetti della stessa lingua che due lingue distinte.[3]

Critiche

Nonostante questa lunga tradizione di consenso, l'archeologo irlandese Mallory non sarebbe sostenibile una parentela così stretta tra le lingue traciche e le lingue daco-mesiane, in quanto solo una minoranza dei toponimi a nord del Danubio presenterebbe radici "pan-traciche".[4] A partire da un'epoca molto precoce fu avanzata l'ipotesi di un legame tra la lingua tracica e altre lingue indoeuropee geograficamente vicine, quali il greco antico,[5][6][7][8][9][10] il frigio e il proto-armeno.[11] Infatti, le somiglianze lessicali fra il tracico e il greco antico sono notevoli:[12] molti suffissi presentano somiglianze[13] e molti antroponimi e toponimi tradiscono un'influenza greca.[13][14] In particolare, Frederik Kortlandt ha sostenuto questa identificando tra queste lingue corrispondenze sonore e somiglianze grammaticali, soprattutto fra il tracico e il proto-armeno, e raggruppando la lingua daca con l'albanese. Tuttavia, questa ipotesi ha incontrato molte critiche e non è più ritenuta un'ipotesi sostenibile.[3][15][16][17]

Note

  1. ^ Rifacendosi alle affermazioni di Strabone, Georgiev sostiene una stretta parentela tra la popolazione traco-dacica dei mesi (in latino Moesi) e i misi dell'Anatolia (in greco antico: Μυσοί?, Mysoi), sottolineando come in altre fonti greche antiche entrambi i popoli vengano indicati come Mysoi. Tuttavia, la maggioranza dei tracologici[senza fonte], nonostante riconosca alcuni elementi traci in Misia, ritiene quest'ultime citazioni frutto di corruzioni posteriori alla redazione originale, sottolineando come nelle fonti antiche, tra cui lo stesso Strabone, i Misi non siano mai accostati ai traco-daci, bensì ai frigi o agli anatolici.
  2. ^ Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58.
  3. ^ a b Polomè 1982, pp. 887-888.
  4. ^ J. P. Mallory, Thracian language, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis, 1997.
  5. ^ (EN) George Buchanan, George Buchanan's Dialogue concerning the Rights of the Crown of Scotland translated into English; with two dissertations prefixed; one archeological, inquiring into the pretended identity of the Getes and Scythians, of the Getes and Goths, and of the Goths and Scots; and the other historical, vindicating the character of Buchanan as an historian and containing some specimens of his poetry in English verse., T. Cadell, Jun. & W. Davies, 1799, pp. 20.
  6. ^ (EN) John Wilkes, Encyclopaedia Londinensis, 1814, pp. 907.
  7. ^ (EN) Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Volume 4: 1819–1826: Notes, Princeton University Press, 6 agosto 2019, p. 4, ISBN 978-0-691-65599-4.
  8. ^ (EN) Ioannis Liritzis e Gregory N. Tsokas, Archaeometry in South Eastern Europe: Second Conference in Delphi, 19–21st April 1991, Council of Europe, 1995.
    «As an effect of the aforementioned association, Thracians used to speak the Greek language with particular idioms, barbarisms and solecisms.»
  9. ^ (EL) Nikolaos P. Andriōtēs, Anticharisma ston Kathēgētē Nikolao P. Andriōtē: anatypōsē 88 ergasiōn toy me tē phrontida epitropēs, Altintzēs, 1976, pp. 213.
    «Η γλώσσα που μιλούσαν οι αρχαίοι Θράκες ήταν, όπως είπαμε, ένδοευρωπαϊκή, αδελφή της Ελληνικής, όχι όμως ελληνική.»
  10. ^ (EN) Anna Avramea, Thrace, Idea Advertising-Marketing SA, 1994, pp. 49, ISBN 978-960-85609-1-8.
    «The Thracian language is a branch of the Indo-European linguistic trunk... It was related to the Greek language but was later alienated»
  11. ^ Frederik Kortlandt ”Phrygian Between Greek and Armenian” Academie Bulgare des Sciences Linguistique Balkanique LV (2016), 2–3
  12. ^ Sorin Mihai Olteanu – The Thracian Palatal (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 aprile 2009). (Accessed: February 26, 2009).
  13. ^ a b (EL) Αρχείον Θράκης, 32–33, Εταιρέια Θρακικών Μελετών – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1966, pp. 275–276.
    «Συνεχῆ λόγο δυστυχῶς στὴ Θρακικὴ γλῶσσα δὲν ἔχουμε, λέγει ὁ Μ. ̓Αποστολίδης, γιὰ νὰ γνωρίσουμε καὶ τὸ τυπικὸ καὶ τὴν σύνταξή της, τὰ δὲ καταληκτικὰ φαινόμενα καὶ στὶς λέξεις καὶ στὰ κύρια ὀνόματα καὶ τὰ τοπωνύμια, εἶναι ὅλα σχεδὸν Ἑλληνικά.»
  14. ^ (EN) Mediterranean Archaeology, 7–8, Department of Archeology, University of Sydney, 1994, pp. 20.
    «Thracian personal and place names are inscribed in Greek...»
  15. ^ C. Brixhe – Ancient languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge University Press, 2008 «We will dismiss, at least temporarily, the idea of a Thraco-Phrygian unity. Thraco-Dacian (or Thracian and Daco-Mysian) seems to belong to the eastern (satem) group of Indo-European languages and its (their) phonetic system is far less conservative than that of Phrygian.» (Brixhe & Panayotou 1994, §§3ff.
  16. ^ (BG) Траките и техният език (1977 В Георгиев)., p. 132, 183, 192, 204
  17. ^ Duridanov 1976.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) R.A. Crossland e John Boardman, "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period" in The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
  • (DE) Ivan Duridanov. Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen [Thracian and Dacian Baltic Language Contacts]. Other. Verlag der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia, 1969.
  • (BG) I. Duridanov, Ezikyt na Trakite, 1976.
  • (EN) Joachim Matzinger, Herkunft des Albanischen: Argumente gegen die thrakische Hypothese, in Bardh Rugova (a cura di), Studime për nder të Rexhep Ismajlit: me rastin e 65vjetorit të lindjes, Koha, 2012, pp. 635–649, ISBN 9789951417761.
  • (EN) Edgar Charles Polomé, Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian), in Cambridge Ancient History, III.1, 1982, pp. 866–888.
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