Conferenze di Natale della Royal Institution

Michael Faraday durante una conferenza di Natale nel 1856.

Le Conferenze di Natale della Royal Institution sono una serie di conferenze su un singolo argomento ciascuna, che si tengono presso la Royal Institution di Londra ogni anno dal 1825, scomparse dal 1939 al 1942 a causa della seconda guerra mondiale. Le lezioni presentano argomenti scientifici a un pubblico generale, compresi i giovani, in modo informativo e divertente. Michael Faraday ha avviato la serie di conferenze di Natale nel 1825, in un momento in cui l'istruzione organizzata per i giovani era scarsa. Faraday ha presentato in tutto diciannove serie di conferenze.

Storia

Immagine ravvicinata di una candela che mostra lo stoppino e le varie parti della fiamma; Michael Faraday ha tenuto una conferenza su "La storia chimica di una candela".

Le Conferenze di Natale della Royal Institution furono tenute per la prima volta nel 1825,^[1] e da allora sono continuate su base annuale, tranne durante la seconda guerra mondiale.^[2] Sono state tenute ogni anno presso la stessa Royal Institution, tranne nel 1929 e tra il 2005-2006, ogni volta a causa di lavori di ristrutturazione dell'edificio.^[3] Sono state create da Michael Faraday, che in seguito ha partecipato alla stagione delle conferenze in diciannove occasioni. Il premio Nobel William Bragg ha tenuto le lezioni di Natale in quattro occasioni, e suo figlio Lawrence Bragg le ha tenute due volte. Altri importanti docenti che hanno tenuto le lezioni sono: Desmond Morris (1964), Eric Laithwaite (1966 e 1974), Sir George Porter (1969 e 1976), Sir David Attenborough (1973), Heinz Wolff (1975), Carl Sagan (1977), Richard Dawkins (1991), la baronessa Susan Greenfield (1994), Dame Nancy Rothwell (1998), Monica Grady (2003), Sue Hartley (2009), Alison Woollard (2013), Danielle George (2014) e Saiful Islam (2016).^[4][5][6]

Gli oggetti di scena per le lezioni sono progettati e creati dal tecnico dimostrativo scientifico della RI, incarico che Faraday aveva precedentemente ricoperto. Un tecnico popolare, con l'avvento della televisione, in servizio dal 1948 al 1986, fu Bill Coates. Il tecnico viene informato dell'argomento generale delle lezioni durante la primavera, ma i dettagli non sono definiti fino a settembre, con le registrazioni effettuate a metà dicembre.^[4] Nel 2009, le lezioni si erano estese a una serie di cinque sessioni all'anno. Tuttavia, nel 2010 la Royal Institution ha ridotto i costi poiché aveva avanzato oltre 2 milioni di sterline di debito. Queste misure di riduzione dei costi includevano il budget assegnato alle Lezioni di Natale. Ciò ha comportato una riduzione da cinque sessioni a tre.^[7]

Televisione

Le lezioni di Natale furono trasmesse per la prima volta in televisione nel 1936 sul nascente servizio televisivo della BBC.^[8] Sono state trasmesse su BBC Two dal 1966 al 1999 e Channel 4 dal 2000 al 2004. Nel 2000 una delle conferenze è stata trasmessa per la prima volta in diretta. Dopo la fine del contratto di Channel 4 per trasmettere le lezioni, si temeva che potessero semplicemente essere eliminate dalla programmazione poiché il canale stava negoziando con la Royal Institution su potenziali modifiche al formato, mentre la BBC ha annunciato che "non mostrerà le lezioni di nuovo, perché sembra che l'ambiente di trasmissione sia cambiato negli ultimi quattro anni."^[9] Channel Five ha successivamente accettato di mostrare le lezioni dal 2005 al 2008, un annuncio che è stato accolto con derisione da parte degli accademici.^[10] Le lezioni sono state trasmesse su More4 nel 2009. Nel 2010, le lezioni sono tornate alla BBC dopo un'assenza di dieci anni dall'emittente e da allora sono state trasmesse su BBC Four ogni anno.^[11]

Nel 1994, la professoressa Susan Greenfield è diventata la prima scienziata a presentare le lezioni di Natale. Il primo docente di scienze non bianco è stato Kevin Fong nel 2015 e nell'agosto 2020 è stato annunciato che il professor Christopher Jackson avrebbe presentato congiuntamente la serie di conferenze del 2020, diventando così il primo scienziato nero a farlo.^[12]

Elenco delle lezioni di Natale

Dal 1825 al 1965

Il seguente è un elenco completo delle Lezioni di Natale dal 1825 al 1965:

Anno	Relatore/i	Titolo della serie
1825	John Millington	Natural Philosophy
1826	John Wallis[13]	Astronomy
1827	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1828	J. Wood	Architecture
1829	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1830	Thomas Webster	Geology
1831	James Rennie	Zoology
1832	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1833	John Lindley	Botany
1834	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry
1835	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1836	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry of the Gases
1837	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1838	John Wallis[13]	Astronomy
1839	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and the Ocean
1840	John Frederic Daniell	The First Principles of Franklinic Electricity
1841	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1842	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements
1843	Michael Faraday	First Principles of Electricity
1844	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Gases
1845	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1846	John Wallis[13]	The Rudiments of Astronomy
1847	William Thomas Brande	The Elements of Organic Chemistry
1848	Michael Faraday	The Chemical History of a Candle
1849	Robert Walker	The Properties of Matter and the Laws of Motion
1850	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of Coal
1851	Michael Faraday	Attractive Forces
1852		Chemistry
1853		Voltaic Electricity
1854		The Chemistry of Combustion
1855		The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals
1856		Attractive Forces
1857		Static Electricity
1858		The Metallic Properties
1859		The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other
1860		The Chemical History of a Candle
1861	John Tyndall	Light
1862	Edward Frankland	Air and Water
1863	John Tyndall	Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion
1864	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of a Coal
1865	John Tyndall	Sound
1866	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of Gases
1867	John Tyndall	Heat and Cold
1868	William Odling	The Chemical Changes of Carbon
1869	John Tyndall	Light
1870	William Odling	Burning and Unburning
1871	John Tyndall	Ice, Water, Vapour and Air
1872	William Odling	Air and Gas
1873	John Tyndall	The Motion and Sensation of Sound
1874	John Hall Gladstone	The Voltaic Battery
1875	John Tyndall	Experimental Electricity
1876	John Hall Gladstone	The Chemistry of Fire
1877	John Tyndall	Heat, Visible and Invisible
1878	James Dewar	A Soap Bubble
1879	John Tyndall	Water and Air
1880	James Dewar	Atoms
1881	Robert Stawell Ball	The Sun, the Moon and the Planets
1882	John Tyndall	Light and the Eye
1883	James Dewar	Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science
1884	John Tyndall	The Sources of Electricity
1885	James Dewar	The Story of a Meteorite
1886		The Chemistry of Light and Photography
1887	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1888	James Dewar	Clouds and Cloudland
1889	Arthur Rücker	Electricity
1890	James Dewar	Frost and Fire
1891	John Gray McKendrick	Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine
1892	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1893	James Dewar	Air: Gaseous and Liquid
1894	John Ambrose Fleming	The Work of an Electric Current
1895	John Gray McKendrick	Sound, Hearing and Speech
1896	Sylvanus Phillips Thompson	Light, Visible and Invisible
1897	Oliver Lodge	The Principles of the Electric Telegraph
1898	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1899	Charles Vernon Boys	Fluids in Motion and at Rest
1900	Robert Stawell Ball	Great Chapters from the Book of Nature
1901	John Ambrose Fleming	Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether
1902	Henry Selby Hele-Shaw	Locomotion : On the Earth, Through the Water, in the Air
1903	Edwin Ray Lankester	Extinct Animals
1904	Henry Cunynghame	Ancient and Modern Methods of Measuring Time
1905	Herbert Hall Turner	Astronomy
1906	William Duddell	Signalling to a Distance
1907	David Gill	Astronomy, Old and New
1908	William Stirling	The Wheel of Life
1909	William Duddell	Modern Electricity
1910	Sylvanus Phillips Thompson	Sound: Musical and Non-Musical
1911	Peter Chalmers Mitchell	The Childhood of Animals
1912	James Dewar	Christmas Lecture Epilogues
1913	Herbert Hall Turner	A Voyage in Space
1914	Charles Vernon Boys	Science in the Home
1915	Herbert Hall Turner	Wireless Messages from the Stars
1916	Arthur Keith	The Human Machine Which All Must Work
1917	John Ambrose Fleming	Our Useful Servants : Magnetism and Electricity
1918	D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson	The Fish of the Sea
1919	William Henry Bragg	The World of Sound
1920	John Arthur Thomson	The Haunts of Life
1921	John Ambrose Fleming	Electric Waves and Wireless Telephony
1922	Herbert Hall Turner	Six Steps Up the Ladder to the Stars
1923	William Henry Bragg	Concerning the Nature of Things
1924	Francis Balfour-Browne	Concerning the Habits of Insects
1925	William Henry Bragg	Old Trades and New Knowledge
1926	Archibald Vivian Hill	Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move
1927	Edward Andrade	Engines
1928	Alexander Wood	Sound Waves and their Uses
1929	Stephen Glanville	How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt
1930	Arthur Mannering Tyndall	The Electric Spark
1931	William Henry Bragg	The Universe of Light
1932	Alexander Oliver Rankine	The Round of the Waters
1933	James Hopwood Jeans	Through Space and Time
1934	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1935	Charles Edward Kenneth Mees	Photography
1936	Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	Ships
1937	Julian Huxley	Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life
1938	James Kendall	Young Chemists and Great Discoveries
1939–1942	Interrotte per lo scoppio della Seconda guerra mondiale
1943	Edward Andrade	Vibrations and Waves
1944	Harold Spencer Jones	Astronomy in our Daily Life
1945	Robert Watson-Watt	Wireless
1946	Hamilton Hartridge	Colours and How We See Them
1947	Eric Keightly Rideal	Chemical Reactions: How They Work
1948	Frederic Bartlett	The Mind at Work and Play
1949	Percy Dunsheath	The Electric Current
1950	Edward Andrade	Waves and Vibrations
1951	James Gray	How Animals Move
1952	F. Sherwood Taylor	How Science Has Grown
1953	John Ashworth Ratcliffe	The Uses of Radio Waves
1954	Frank Whittle	The Story of Petroleum
1955	Harry W. Melville	Big Molecules
1956	Harry Baines	Photography
1957	Julian Huxley and James Fisher	Birds
1958	John Ashworth Ratcliffe, James M. Stagg, Robert L. F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, George E. R. Deacon, Gordon de Quetteville Robin	International Geophysical Year
1959	Thomas Allibone	The Release and Use of Atomic Energy
1960	Vernon Ellis Cosslett	Seeing the Very Small
1961	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1962	R. E. D. (Richard Evelyn Donohue) Bishop	Vibration
1963	Ronald King	Energy
1964	Desmond Morris	Animal Behaviour
1965	Bernard Lovell, Francis Graham-Smith, Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish	Exploration of the Universe

Dal 1966

Quello che segue è un elenco delle lezioni di Natale trasmesse in televisione dal 1966 in poi:

Anno	Relatore/i	Titolo della serie	Titolo della lezione	Rete
1966	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer in Wonderland[14]	1. The White Rabbit 2. Only the Grin was Left 3. The Caucus Race 4. Curiouser and Curiouser 5. If only I were the right size to do it 6. It's the Oldest Rule in the Book	BBC Two
1967	Richard L. Gregory	The Intelligent Eye[15]	1. Ancient Eyes and Simple Brains 2. Learning to See Things 3. Playing with Illusions 4. How Illusions Play Games with Us 5. Human Eyes in Space 6. The Future-Machines that See?
1968	Philip Morrison	Gulliver's Laws: The Physics of Large and Small[16]	1. The World of Captain Gulliver 2. Meat and Drink Sufficient... 3. A Prodigious Leap? 4. Lilliput and Brobdingnag since the Industrial Revolution 5. Dwarf and Giant Numbers 6. Beyond the Map
1969	George Porter	Time Machines[17]	1. In the Beginning... 2. Clockwork Harmony 3. The Tick of the Atom 4. Big Time, Little Time 5. Faster, Faster 6. To the Ends of Time
1970	John Napier	Monkeys Without Tails: A Giraffe's Eye-view of Man[18]	1. Man has a very short neck and no tail 2. Man comes in several different sizes and shapes 3. Fancy having to climb trees in order to eat 4. Man chooses a sensible place to live at last 5. Why choose to walk on two legs when it is much safer on four? 6. What's the idea of shooting at us?
1971	Charles Taylor	Sounds of Music: The Science of Tones and Tune[19]	1. Making and Measuring the Waves 2. From Small Beginnings 3. Growing and Changing 4. Craftsmanship and Technology 5. On the Way to the Ear 6. The End of the Journey
1972	Geoffrey G. Gouriet	Ripples in the Ether: The Science of Radio Communication[20]	1. How It All Began 2. Getting Rid of the Wires 3. The Sound of Broadcasting 4. Pictures With and Without Wires 5. But Electrons aren't Coloured! 6. Vision of the Future
1973	David Attenborough	The Language of Animals	1. Beware! 2. Be Mine 3. Parents and Children 4. Simple Signs and Complicated Communications 5. Foreign Languages 6. Animal Language, Human Language
1974	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer Through the Looking Glass	1. Looking Glass House 2. Tweedledum and Tweedledee 3. Jam Yesterday, Jam Tomorrow 4. The Jabberwock 5. The Time has come the Walrus said 6. It's my own Invention
1975	Heinz Wolff	Signals from the Interior	1. You as an engine 2. Pumps pipes and flows 3. Spikes and waves 4. Probes, sondes and sounds 5. Looking through your skin 6. Signals from the mind
1976	George Porter	The Natural History of a Sunbeam[21]	1. First Light 2. Light and Life 3. A Leaf from Nature 4. Candles from the Sun 5. Making Light Work 6. Survival Under the Sun
1977	Carl Sagan	The Planets	1. The Earth as a Planet 2. The Outer Solar System and Life 3. The History of Mars 4. Mars before Viking 5. Mars after Viking 6. Planetary Systems Beyond Our Sun
1978	Erik Christopher Zeeman	Mathematics into Pictures	1. Linking and Knotting 2. Numbers and Geometry 3. Infinity and Perspective 4. Games and Evolution 5. Waves and Music 6. Catastrophe and Psychology
1979	Eric M. Rogers	Atoms for Engineering Minds: A Circus of Experiments[22]	1. Getting to Know Atoms 2. Molecules in Motion 3. Electrified Atoms 4. Atoms that Explode 5. Atoms and Energy 6. Seeing Atoms at Last
1980	David Chilton Phillips with Max Perutz in Lecture 5	The Chicken, the Egg and the Molecules	1. What are chickens made of? 2. Machine tools of life 3. Muscle power 4. Eggs, genes and proteins 5. Haemoglobin: the breathing molecule 6. Molecules at work
1981	Reginald Victor Jones	From Magna Carta to Microchip[23]	1. Principles, Standards and Methods 2. The Measurement of Time 3. More and More About Less and Less 4. Onwards to the Stars 5. Measurement and Navigation in War 6. Some Impacts of Measurement on Life: And Can We Take it too Far?
1982	Colin Blakemore	Common Sense[24]	1. Making Sense 2. The Sound of Silence 3. The Sixth Sense - and the Rest 4. Show Me the Way to Go Home 5. Vive la différence 6. Enchanted Loom
1983	Leonard Maunder	Machines in Motion[25]	1. Driving Forces 2. Gathering Momentum 3. Vibration 4. Under Control 5. Fluids and Flight 6. Living Machines
1984	Walter Bodmer	The Message of the Genes[26]	1. We're All Different 2. The Spice of Life 3. Genetic Engineering 4. Bodies and Antibodies 5. Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 6. When Will Pigs Have Wings?
1985	John David Pye	Communicating[27]	1. No Man is an Island 2. Animal Talk 3. The Bionic Bat 4. The Pace of Technology 5. The Integrated Body 6. Computers
1986	Lewis Wolpert	Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life[28]	1. First Take an Egg... 2. The Medium and the Message 3. The Right Stuff 4. Genes and Flies 5. Chain of Command 6. Growing Up and Growing Old
1987	John Meurig Thomas and David Phillips	Crystals and Lasers	1. Introducing the characters 2. The architecture of crystals 3. Semiconductors, superconductors and catalysts 4. Constructing a laser 5. Applications of lasers 6. Crystals, lasers and the human body
1988	Gareth Roberts	The Home of the Future[29]	1. Appliance Science 2. Home, Safe Home 3. Electronics for Pleasure 4. Home, Smart Home 5. Mixers, Meters and Molecules
1989	Charles Taylor	Exploring Music[30]	1. What Is Music? 2. The Essence of an Instrument 3. Science, Strings and Symphonies 4. Technology, Trumpets and Tunes 5. Scales, Synthesisers and Samplers
1990	Malcolm Longair	Origins[31]	1. The Grand Design 2. The Birth of the Stars 3. The Origin of Quasars 4. The Origin of the Galaxies 5. The Origin of the Universe
1991	Richard Dawkins	Growing Up in the Universe	1. Waking Up in the Universe 2. Designed and Designoid Objects 3. Climbing Mount Improbable 4. The Ultraviolet Garden 5. The Genesis of Purpose
1992	Charles J. M. Stirling	Our World Through the Looking Glass	1. Man in the Mirror 2. Narwhals, Palindromes and Chesterfield Station 3. The Handed Molecule 4. Symmetry, Sensation and Sex 5. In the Hands of Giants
1993	Frank Close	The Cosmic Onion	1. A is for Atoms 2. To the Centre of the Sun 3. Invaders from Outer Space 4. Anti-Matter Matters 5. An Hour to Make the Universe
1994	Susan Greenfield	Journey to the Centre of the Brain[32][33]	1. The Electric Ape 2. Through a Glass Darkly 3. Bubble Bubble Toil and Trouble 4. The Seven Ages of the Brain 5. The Mind's I
1995	James Jackson	Planet Earth, An Explorer's Guide	1. On the Edge of the World 2. Secrets of the Deep 3. Volcanoes: Melting the Earth 4. The Puzzle of the Continents 5. Waterworld
1996	Simon Conway Morris	The History in our Bones[34]	1. Staring into the Abyss 2. The Fossils Come Alive 3. The Great Dyings: Life after Death 4. Innovations And Novelty 5. Feet on the Ground, Head in the Stars: The History of Man
1997	Ian Stewart	The Magical Maze	1. Sunflowers and Snowflakes 2. The Pattern of Tiny Feet 3. Outrageous Fortune 4. Chaos and Cauliflowers 5. Fearful Symmetry
1998	Nancy Rothwell	Staying Alive	1. Sense and Sensitivity 2. Fats and figures 3. Chilling out 4. Times of our lives 5. Pushing the limits
1999	Neil F. Johnson	Arrows of Time[35]	1. Back to the Future 2. Catching the Waves 3. The Quantum Leap 4. Edge of Chaos 5. Shaping the Future
2000	Kevin Warwick	Rise of the Robots[36]	1. Anatomy of an Android 2. Things That Think 3. Remote Robots 4. Bionic Bodies 5. I, Robot	Channel 4
2001	John Sulston	The Secrets of Life[37]	1. What is life? 2. How do I grow? 3. What am I? 4. Can we fix it? 5. Future of life?
2002	Tony Ryan	Smart Stuff[38]	1. The Spider that Spun a Suspension Bridge 2. The Trainer That Ran Over The World 3. The Phone that Shrank the Planet 4. The Plaster that Stretches Life 5. The Ice Cream that Will Freeze Granny
2003	Monica Grady	Voyage in Space and Time[39]	1. Blast Off 2. Mission to Mars 3. Planet Patrol 4. Collision Course 5. Anybody Out There?
2004	Lloyd Peck	Antarctica[39]	1. Ice People 2. Ice Life 3. Ice World
2005	John Krebs	The Truth About Food	1. The ape that cooks 2. Yuck or yummy? 3. You are what you eat 4. When food goes wrong 5. Food for the future	Channel Five
2006	Marcus du Sautoy	The Num8er My5teries[40]	1. The curious incident of the never-ending numbers 2. The quest to predict the future 3. The story of the elusive shapes 4. The case of the uncrackable code 5. The secret of the winning streak
2007	Hugh Montgomery	Back from the Brink: The Science of Survival	1. Peak Performance 2. Completely Stuffed 3. Grilled and Chilled 4. Fight, Flight and Fright 5. Luck, Genes and Stupidity
2008	Christopher Bishop	Hi-tech Trek	1. Breaking the Speed Limit 2. Chips with Everything 3. The Ghost in the Machine 4. Untangling the Web 5. Digital Intelligence
2009	Sue Hartley	The 300-Million-Year War	1. Plant Wars 2. The Animals Strike Back 3. Talking Trees 4. Dangerous to Delicious 5. Weapons of the Future	More4
2010	Mark Miodownik	Size Matters	1. Why Elephants Can't Dance but Hamsters Can Skydive 2. Why Chocolate Melts and Jet Planes Don't 3. Why Mountains Are So Small	BBC Four
2011	Bruce Hood	Meet Your Brain[41]	1. What's in your head? 2. Who's in charge here anyway? 3. Are you thinking what I'm thinking?
2012	Peter Wothers	The Modern Alchemist	1. Air: the elixir of life 2. Water: the fountain of youth 3. Earth: the philosopher's stone
2013	Alison Woollard	Life Fantastic	1. Where do I come from? 2. Am I a Mutant? 3. Could I live forever?
2014	Danielle George	Sparks will fly: How to Hack your Home	1. The light bulb moment 2. Making contact 3. A new revolution
2015	Kevin Fong	How to survive in space	1. Lift off! 2. Life in Orbit 3. The next frontier
2016	Saiful Islam	Supercharged: Fuelling the future	1. Let there be light! 2. People Power 3. Fully charged
2017	Sophie Scott	The Language of Life	1. Say it with Sound 2. Silent Messages 3. The Word
2018	Alice Roberts Aoife McLysaght	Who am I?[42]	1. Where Do I Come From? 2. What Makes Me Human? 3. What Makes Me, Me?
2019	Hannah Fry	Secrets and Lies: The Hidden Power of Maths[43]	1. How to Get Lucky 2. How to Bend the Rules 3. How Can We All Win?
2020	Christopher Jackson Helen Czerski Tara Shine	Planet Earth: A user's guide[44]
2021	Jonathan Van-Tam	Going viral: How Covid changed science forever[45]

Note

1. Rupert Cole, Science and Christmas: a forgotten Victorian romance, in The Guardian, 14 dicembre 2012. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
2. Copia archiviata, su rigb.org. URL consultato il 22 aprile 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 giugno 2017).
3. Roger Highfield, Through the keyhole of the Royal Institution, in The Daily Telegraph, 16 luglio 2007. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 settembre 2009).
4. Elizabeth Baxter, The secrets behind the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, in The Daily Telegraph, 18 dicembre 2009. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
5. Professor from Newcastle becomes only sixth woman to present Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, Newcastle Chronicle, 2014-08-19
6. [1], The Royal Institution, 2018-10-02
7. Ian Sample, Cash-strapped Royal Institution scales back Christmas lectures, in The Guardian, 12 agosto 2010. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
8. genome.ch.bbc.co.uk, http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/6424a3e20cf3442aa89fe74b6b6f4859 Titolo mancante per url url (aiuto).
9. David Adam, Christmas lectures threat, in The Guardian, 26 marzo 2004. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
10. Anna Fazackerley, Academics scorn TV lecture move, in Times Higher Education, 4 febbraio 2005. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
11. Science lectures back on BBC, in The Scotsman, 17 agosto 2010. URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2012.
12. (EN) Nicola Davis, 'I'm up for the fight': Chris Jackson to be first black scientist to give Christmas lecture, in The Guardian, 22 agosto 2020. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2020.
13. Frank A. J. L. James, Christmas at the Royal Institution, World Scientific, 2007, p. xvii.
14. genome.ch.bbc.co.uk, http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/bbctwo/england/1966-12-27#at-17.00 Titolo mancante per url url (aiuto). URL consultato il 20 marzo 2017.
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Collegamenti esterni

• Christmas Lectures online (The Ri Channel)