Operación Torch

A Operación Torch ("Operación facho") foi unha operación levada a cabo o 8 de novembro de 1942 durante a segunda guerra mundial, e que supuxo a invasión angloestadounidense da África do Norte francesa.

Historia

A Unión Soviética viña apremando ós Estados Unidos e a Gran Bretaña para comezar as operacións en Europa e abrir unha segunda fronte para reducir a presión do exército alemán sobre as tropas soviéticas. Mentres os xenerais norteamericanos favorecían a Operación Sledgehammer, un desembarco na Europa ocupada o máis axiña posible, os británicos crían que iso podería conducir ó desastre. Entrementres propúxose un ataque á África do norte francesa, o que lle daría o control naval do Mediterráneo ós aliados e prepararía a invasión do sur de Europa que se efectuou en 1943.

Mapa da Operación Torch.

A decisión do desembarco tomouse finalmente o 24 de xullo de 1942, escolleuse o nome clave Torch (Facho) e Dwight Eisenhower foi nomeado o 14 de agosto comandante en xefe da operación. Para a posibilidade que España entrase en guerra do lado de Alemaña ou as tropas alemás entrasen en España estaba previsto o Plan Backbone que suporía a ocupación do protectorado español de Marrocos. Os aliados lanzaron unha campaña de desinformación para que o Eixe pensara que a invasión ía ser sobre Dakar.

O mando da frota encargada do desembarco foi encargado a Andrew Cunningham, ó mando das forzas aéreas estaban William Welsh e James Doolite. Finalmente o 8 de novembro produciuse o desembarco en Safi, Casablanca, Port Lyautey, Fedala, Orán, Alxer e Buxía. Supuxo a maior operación anfibia da historia, máis de 500 buques, incluídos 130 de guerra, desembarcaron no Marrocos francés 35.000 homes apoiados por 252 tanques ó mando de George Patton, en Alxeria, 38.500 homes con 300 tanques mando de Kenneth Anderson. Henri Giraud traído desde Francia en submarino púxose á fronte dos soldados da Francia Libre.

As tropas coloniais francesas estaban formadas por 200.000 soldados, con 200 avións e tiñan a orde de resistir. A superioridade aeronaval aliada fixo que os franceses pediran o alto o fogo primeiro en Alxer e logo no resto, algunhas gornicións mantiveron a loita ata o día 11. Morreron 49 militares aliados e 1346 franceses.

A derrota francesa levou á invasión alemá da Francia de Vichy e a que os franceses destruíran a súa frota en Tolón para evitar que caera en mans alemás.

Véxase tamén

Ligazóns externas


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