Suur-Bolgaria

Suur-Bolgaria oli bolgaarialaiskansoien [1] valtiomuodostelma 600-luvulla Kaspianmeren ja Azovanmeren välissä Etelä-Venäjällä.

570-luvulla kasaarit, suvaarit ja bolgaarit olivat joutuneet läntisen turkkilaisen kaanikunnan alaisuuteen, kun turkkilaisen kaanikunnan läntisen osa oli valloittanut alueita Pohjois-Kaukasiasta ja Mustanmeren itäpuolelta. Alistetut kansat koettivat kuitenkin saada vapautensa takaisin, ja vuonna 619 bolgaarit lähestyivät avun pyynnöin myös Bysantin valtakuntaa. Bolgaarit ottivat vastaan kristinuskon, mutta käytännössä uusi uskonto ei saanut jalansijaa.

Kun Kubrat tuli bolgaarien johtajaksi, hän kokosi turkinsukuiset bolgaarit, kasaarit, suvaarit sekä alaanit yhteen. Tämä heimoliitto onnistui karistamaan turkkilaisen kaanikunnan vallan. Suur-Bolgaria muodostui 630- ja 640-luvulla, kun nämä heimot valloittivat suuria alueita Azovanmeren ja Kaspianmeren väliltä.

Suur-Bolgarian pääkaupungiksi tuli Fanagorian muinainen kaupunki, jonka hunnit olivat tuhonneet 300-luvulla. Kun Kubrat kuoli 660, Suur-Bolgaria jakaantui kahtia. Kubratin pojista Batbai sai itäisen osan ja Asparuk läntisen osan.

Myös kasaarit olivat muodostaneet oman kaanikunnan, joka oli alistanut myös suvaarit. Kohteena olivat myös bolgaarit, jotka ratkaisivat ongelman siirtymällä muualle. Batbai johti itäisen bolgaariryhmän pohjoiseen, johon myöhemmin muodostui Volgan Bolgaria. Asparuh sen sijaan johti läntisen ryhmän länteen ja saapui 675 Tonavan alajuoksulle. Siellä Asparuh muodosti valtion, joka on nykyisen Bulgarian alku.

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