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Sistematika

Sistematika espezieen historia ebolutibotik (filogenia) abiatuta sailkatzeaz arduratzen den biologiaren eremu bat da. Dibertsitate biologikoaz arduratzen da, plano deskribatzaile eta interpretatibo batean.

Sailkapen osoa abiapuntutzat hartzen duen funtsezko batasuna espeziea da, kide guztiak elkarrekin elkartu eta ondorengo bideragarri eta emankorrak sortzeko gai diren izakien multzoa. Espezieak izendatzeko, Lineoren nomenklatura binomiala erabiltzen da, minuskulaz eta letra etzanez idatzitako bi hitzez osatua dago, lehenengoa beti generoari dagokio eta letra larriz hasten da eta bigarrena, osorik minuskulaz idatzia, espezieari dagokio (adibidez, Homo sapiens edo Quercus robur). Genero eta espezieen izenak beste tipografia batean agertzen dira beti, normalean testu tipografiaturako italikoak eta azpimarratuak eskuz idatzitako testu baten kasuan. Biologoek eta paleontologoek espeziearen izen osoaren atzean espeziea deskribatu zuen pertsonaren izena eta argitalpen-urtea jarri ohi dituzte.

1950eko hamarkadan, Willi Hennig entomologo alemaniarrak (kladistikaren sortzailea) izaki bizidunen historia ebolutiboan (filogenesia) oinarritutako taldekatze-sistema bat iradoki zuen. Sistema horretan, talde baten ezaugarri guztiak aztertu eta garapena markatzen ez dutenak baztertu ondoren, talde berri bat definitzen du, klado izenekoa, eta ohartarazi behar da ezaugarri nabarmenenek eta akusatuenek ez dutela nahitaez eboluzioaren garapena markatzen. Klado-multzokatze horrek arreta handiagoa jartzen die kladoak elkarren artean banatzen edo elkartzen diren puntuei, ezaugarri morfologikoen araberako multzokatzeari baino, ezaugarri horiek, kasu batzuetan, bigarren mailakoak izan baitaitezke eta logika desitxuratu baitezakete zuhaitz-eskemaren denboran.

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