Koobas

Lechuguilla koobas, New Mexico.
Acsibi koobas, Argentina.
Piusa koopad, Eesti

Koobas on maa-alune looduslik või inimtekkeline tühemik. Enamasti loetakse koopaiks vaid neid maa-aluseid tühemikke, mis on nii suured, et sinna saab siseneda inimene.

Koopad tekivad geoloogiliste protsesside tagajärjel. Enamik koopaid on lubjakivi happelises põhjavees lahustumise tagajärjel tekkinud karstikoopad. Liivakivides esinevad koopad tekivad sufosiooniliselt ehk siis, kui põhjavesi liivateri kaasa viies kivimisse tühemikke tekitab. Koopaid esineb ka rannikuil, kus lainete abradeeriv tegevus tekitab murrutuskulpaid. Vulkaanilistes piirkondades võivad esineda basaldist seintega laavatunnelid. Liustiku sulamise tõttu võivad tekkida liustikusisesed koopad.

Koobaste uurimisega tegelevat teadusharu nimetatakse speleoloogiaks.

Elustik

 Pikemalt artiklis Koopaelustik

Koobaste elustik on alati liigivaene, kui välja arvata koopasuu, kuhu vahel langeb päikesevalgus. Kaugemal ei saa valguse puudumise tõttu toimuda fotosüntees ja sellepärast seal rohelisi taimi ei kasva. Sellegipoolest elavad mitmed loomaliigid koobastes ja isegi eelistavad neid teistele kohtadele.

Tüüpilised koopaloomad on käsitiivalised, kes kasutavad koopaid nii igapäevasteks puhkepaikadena kui ka talvitumiseks. Kajalokatsioonivõime tõttu suudavad nahkhiired lennata kõige kaugematesse, eraldatumatesse ja raskemini ligipääsetavatesse koopasoppidesse, orienteerudes käigustikus, isegi labürintides, suurepäraselt.

Lisaks nahkhiirtele elavad koobastes mõned putukaliigid, ämblikud (Neoleptoneta myopica), vähid, krevetid (Palaemonias alabamae), salamandrid ja kalad (Amblyopsidae). Koobastes elavad liigid on kohastunud eluks täielikus pimeduses ja kaotanud nägemise. Sageli on need liigid väga haruldased, endeemsed.

Koopad Päikesesüsteemis

Koopaid on avastatud lisaks Maale ka Kuul ja Marsil.

Koopaid

Eestis

Välismaal

Maailma sügavamad koopad[1]

Koobas Sügavus, m Pikkus, m Asukoht
1 Kruberi –2191[2] 13 232 Abhaasia, Gruusia
2 Snežnaja -1753[3] 24 080 Abhaasia, Gruusia
3 Lamprechtsofen -1632 50 000 Austria
4 Mirolda -1626 13 000 Prantsusmaa
5 Gouffre Jean-Bernard -1602 20 536 Prantsusmaa
6 Torca Del Cerro -1589 7060 Hispaania
7 Sarma -1543 6370 Abhaasia, Gruusia
8 Pantjuhhinskaja -1508 5530 Abhaasia, Gruusia
9 Sima de la Cornisa -1507 6445 Hispaania
10 Čehi 2 -1502 5291 Sloveenia

Maailma pikimad koopad[4]

Koobas Pikkus, m Sügavus, m Asukoht
1 Mammutikoobas 590 629 -115 USA
2 Optimistitšeskaja 230 140 -15 Ukraina
3 Jewel Cave 225 405 -193 USA
4 Wind Cave 208 651 -197 USA
5 Lechuguilla 201 232 -489 USA
6 Hölloch 194 511 -939 Šveits
7 Fisher Ridge koopad 180 026 -108 USA
8 Ox Bel Ha koopad 172 320 -33 Mehhiko
9 Sac Actuni koopad 158 326 -72 Mehhiko
10 Siebenhengste-Hohgant-Höhle 154 000 -1340 Šveits

Vaata ka

Viited

  1. ↑ "Worlds deepest caves, Compiled by: Bob Gulden". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 28. oktoober 2017. Vaadatud 3. juulil 2009.
  2. ↑ Cavers Mailing List № 10148, 25.09.2007
  3. ↑ Cavers Mailing List № 10132, 18.09.2007
  4. ↑ "Worlds longest caves, Compiled by: Bob Gulden". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 8. juuni 2019. Vaadatud 3. juulil 2009.

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