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The Guatemalan Star

My sandbox

• Timeline of gang-related events in Haiti

On 24 August 2026, the Viv Ansanm coalition entered the commune of Kenscoff, Haiti and committed a mass killing.

The exact motives of the killings are unclear, but they may be part of a recent push towards establishing territory to the south of Port-au-Prince that gangs has been making.

In December 2025, another massacre left 49 people dead in Port-au-Prince, including 19 gang members.^[1]

Verti Enold-Saint, a Kenscoff resident said "if only we had a good police force that would have placed an armored truck here, what happened here would have been prevented."^[2]

• IDPs from other nearby cities flee to Port-au-Prince and the surrounding metropolitan area to escape violence.

• TRACKING TRANSATLANTIC DRUG FLOWS - Make table of yearly seizures

• es:El Changuito Ántrax

1887 Yellow River flood

Duration	30 September 1887 – 20 January 1889

• es:Calarcá Córdoba
• Alexander Diaz alias Calarca insightcirme

• fr:Gouvernement Fils-Aimé

• es:Anexo:Gabinete de Abelardo de la Espriella

• es:Gobierno de Abelardo de la Espriella

• es:Señorita Colombia 2026

• DIEGO GONZÁLEZ GONZÁLEZ - Secretario General del Senado de la República
• Diego González sería reeligido como secretario general del Senado de la República: esta es su hoja de vida- Infobae

Diego González González is a Colombian lawyer and secretary general of the Colombian Senate. He represents the Union Party for the People (Partido de la U). He has been the Secretary General since 20 July 2026.

• es:Gobierno de Keiko Fujimori

• es:Anexo:Gabinete de Keiko Fujimori

• es:Investidura presidencial de Keiko Fujimori

• es:Juan Sheput

• es:Luis Dyer

• es:Elmer Cuba
• es:Anexo:Gabinete de Keiko Fujimori

• es:Elecciones regionales y municipales de Perú de 2026

• es:Temporal de Chile de 2026

• fr:Incendies de 2026 dans la forêt des Landes

Contra War
Part of the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Central American crisis
Contras from Frente Sur in Nueva Guinea ARDE unit
Location Nicaragua[a] Result Sandinista victory[b]
^ Most of the fighting took place in rural areas of the country, especially in the north and central highlands. According to records kept by the Contras, the departments with the most deaths were (in descending order): Jinotega, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Chontales, and Zelaya[6] ^ The Sandinistas won the majority of the combats against the Contras, but the 1990 election disarmed both sides, and ultimately led to a stalemate. This being said, they retook power in 2006 after Daniel Ortega won the election, although this time without hostilities.

Copy from

• Contra War - Revision (Wikipedia)
• CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
• ru: Гражданская_война_в_Никарагуа "Contra War" different name in Russian
• de: Contra-Krieg - in german.
• ru: Потери авиации в войне с «контрас» "Aviation losses in the Contra War"

What links here:

• Contras
• History of Nicaragua
• History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)
• Change these links History of Nicaragua (1979–1990) to this
• Iran–Contra_affair

---

The Contra War, also called the Nicaraguan Civil War, was an armed conflict and rebellion that took place from 1981 to 1990 in Nicaragua involving the Contra forces. The conflict started after the Sandinista National Liberation Front, or FSLN, overthrew the ruling government led by Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979. The Sandinistas began to implement socialist policies and repression that angered many people, some of them would go on to form the first group of Contras in 1980.

The war took place within the broader context of the Cold War, drawing significant involvement from the United States, wbhich provided financial, logistical, and covert military support to Contra factions. The conflict resulted in substantial military and civilian casualties, widespread displacement, and economic disruption, and concluded after negotiated peace agreements an and national elections in 1990 that brought an opposition government to power.

After the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship in 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) established a revolutionary government that enacted widespread social and economic reforms. Opposition to Sandinista rule developed from former regime supporters, rural conservatives, and indigenous communities. Beginning in the early 1980s, several anti‑government groups coalesced under the umbrella term “Contras” and began armed resistance against the Sandinista government.[1]

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was authorized by President Ronald Reagan to provide funding, training, and logistical support to Contra groups as part of a broader U.S. policy to counter perceived Soviet influence in Central America.[2] Course of the conflict

The Contra War was primarily fought through guerrilla tactics by rebel forces, including ambushes, sabotage, and raids on government outposts. Sandinista forces responded with conventional military operations, conscripted troops, and militia units to defend territory, infrastructure, and population centers.[1]

Throughout the 1980s, the conflict drew international attention. In 1986, revelations about covert arms transfers from the United States to Contra forces, circumventing congressional restrictions, became central to the Iran–Contra affair.[3] Tactics and strategy

Contra forces primarily used hit‑and‑run guerrilla tactics, focusing on disrupting Sandinista supply lines, attacking rural installations, and avoiding large‑scale engagements. The Sandinista government deployed conventional forces and militia units to secure towns, roads, and key infrastructure, often responding to rebel incursions with patrols and fortified defenses.[1] Impact and casualties

Estimates vary widely, but thousands of combatants on both sides were killed or wounded during the conflict. Civilians were also affected through displacement, loss of livelihood, and damage to infrastructure. The war significantly disrupted Nicaragua’s economy and social structures, particularly in rural areas near the Honduran border.[1]

U.S. president Ronald Reagan took interest in the war from the very start, since his administration took office in 1981. Reagan was afraid that Nicaragua would turn into a "second Cuba", which by then was already under a communist government led by Fidel Castro for 16 years.^[7]

The agrarian reforms and nationalization of land by the Sandinista government led many plantation owners and farmers to leave the country. The most common countries for emigration were Costa Rica and the United States. The first wave of about 120,000 Nicaraguans entering the U.S. happened in the 1980s during the Sandinista government. Many of these people were middle-class or wealthy before the revolution. The second wave occured in early 1989, after Hurricane Joan caused upheaval in the country.

By the late 1980s, international pressure and declining morale led to negotiations for a peace settlement. Regional leaders, including Costa Rican president Óscar Arias promoted a peace dea; aimed at ending hostilities in the region. Although fighting continued sporadically, a negotiated settlement and the 1990 election led to the election of Violeta Chamorro and the eventual demobilization of the Contras.[1]

The conflict remains a subject of historical debate regarding American foreign intervention and human rights. Its legacy has effected Nicaragua’s political landscape in the subsequent decades, including its decision to put the FSLN back in power in the 2006 Nicaraguan election.

The Esquipulas Peace Agreement peace agreement was signed by both parties in Esquipulas, Guatemala. The agreement stipulated the demobilization of the Contras, ending the war.

• CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
• Iran–Contra affair
• United States involvement in regime change
• List of wars involving Nicaragua

• fr:Île de la Tortue (colonie française)
• Tortuga-Haitiwiki

• es:Pintura de castas

• Morisco
• es:Morisco

• es:Ejecución de María Antonieta
• fr:Exécution de Marie-Antoinette

• es:México 86 (2026)
• Mexico 86 (redirect)

• es:Lady Tabares

• fr:DZ Mafia

French gang

• es:Clorhidrato de cocaína

This form of cocaine is in contrast with the freebase

• fr:Affaire Air Cocaïne

Avoure
Кирилл Приставной
Born	Kyrylo Prystavnyi[8] 1990 (age 35–36) Odesa, Ukraine[9]
Occupation	DJ
Years active	2018-present

Kyrylo Prystavnyi, known professionally as Avoure, is a Ukrainian DJ and record producer based in Los Angeles, California. He first gained recognition in 2018 with the release of his debut track Aura, which has accumulated over 125 million views on Youtube.^[10] He has gained support in the electronic music scene since, collaborating with labels such as This Never Happened, Above & Beyond, Spinnin' Deep, and Anjunabeats.^[8] His music has received support from artists including [[Lane 8], Diplo, Hardwell, Tiësto, and ZHU. In 2023, Avoure founded his own independent record label, Biome Recordings, which describes itself as a "fusion of melodic house, techno, breakbeat, and electronica".^[8]

Avoure's first collaboration with Lane 8 (Daniel Goldstein) was with the track Voile. Their relationship began when a friend of Avoure from Saint Petersburg mentioned the possibility of sharing his music with Lane 8 via email. After informing him of his email address and an initial exchange between the two, Lane 8 invited him on a collaboration a month later.^[11]

• fr:Colonie du Sénégal

• fr:Côte d'Ivoire (colonie)

• de:Liste von Filmen über Drogenkartelle

• es:Narcoserie

• es:Mario Alberto Castaño Molina

• es:Jobanis de Jesús Ávila Villadiego

Rapé
Source plant(s)	Nicotiana rustica
Part(s) of plant	Leaves
Geographic origin	Amazon basin
Active ingredients	Nicotine, harmala alkaloids, plant ash
Main producers	Brazil, Peru, Colombia

• Nicotiana rustica#Uses
• Draft:Rapé (snuff)
• Version: 4 June 2026

Rapé (also spelled hapé or rapeh) is a traditional snuff used by Indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin. It is typically composed of powdered tobacco from the plant Nicotiana rustica combined with ashes of various plants.^[12][13]

It is used in ceremonial, social, and traditional contexts among Indigenous groups in countries including Brazil, Peru, and Colombia.^[14] Rapé is administered nasally using a blowpipe, either self-administered or applied by another individual.^[15]

The term rapé is a Portuguese and Spanish word derived from the French word "râpé", which means "grated", referring to the grated tobacco traditionally used to make snuff.^[16]

Rapé is a fine, dry powder composed primarily of tobacco and plant ash.^[12] The tobacco species most commonly used, Nicotiana rustica, contains higher concentrations of nicotine than Nicotiana tabacum.^[17]

Preparation typically involves drying and grinding tobacco leaves and combining them with ash derived from selected plants.^[15] The specific composition varies between Indigenous groups and regions.^[18]

The use of powdered tobacco in the Americas predates European contact.^[19] Early European accounts of tobacco snuff use were recorded in the late 15th century following contact with Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean.^[20]

Tobacco plays a central role in many Amazonian cultural and ritual systems.^[12] Rapé is used in a range of communal and ceremonial contexts.^[14]

Ethnographic studies document the use of tobacco preparations in initiation rites and shamanic practices among various Indigenous groups.^[21][22]

Rapé contains nicotine, a stimulant alkaloid that affects the central nervous system.^[23]

Chemical analyses of rapé products have identified additional compounds, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.^[13]

Nasal administration results in rapid absorption of nicotine through mucous membranes.^[24]

Ethnographic accounts describe strong sensory effects associated with its use in traditional contexts.^[12]

As a tobacco product, rapé carries risks associated with nicotine exposure, including dependence and cardiovascular effects.^[25][26]

The legal status of rapé varies by country. In many jurisdictions, products containing tobacco are regulated under tobacco control laws.^[25]

• Tobacco
• Snuff (tobacco)
• Shamanism
• Ethnobotany

• es:Dámaso López Serrano (doesnt exist)
• Damaso Lopez Serrano insightcrime

Dámaso López Serrano is a Mexican drug trafficker and the son of Dámaso López Núñez [es].

• es:Pablo Edwin Huerta Nuño

Tijuana ringleader of the Tijuana Cartel

• es:Blancos y mestizos de Costa Rica

• es:Hondureño blanco

• es: Conflicto diplomático entre Estados Unidos y México de 2026
• [1] InsightCrime

On 19 April 2026, a diplomatic conflict between Mexico and the United States arose following the deaths of two CIA agents in an accident in the Sierra Tarahumara [es] of Chihuahua. The agents were traveling in a convoy alongside agents from the Chihuahua State Investigation Agency.

They had been returning from dismantling six sophisticated local narcotics laboratories that had been located through drone surveillance flights in an operation involving around one hundred officials, one of the most significant successes in years for Chihuahua’s prosecutor’s office and police.^[1]

The Security Cabinet of Mexico expressed its condolences for the deaths of the four agents following the accident, and clarified that the foreign agents had not been authorized to participate in an operation in Mexico.^[2]

One week after the incident, the United States Department of Justice announced that the governor of Sinaloa, Rubén Rocha Moya, along with other members of his administration, would be extradited to the United States over alleged ties to the Sinaloa Cartel.^[3]

Four passengers, two Americans and two Mexicans, died on the morning of 19 April 2026 when the vehicle they were traveling in crashed as they were returning from an operation led by Mexico's armed forces to dismantle clandestine methamphetamine laboratories in the mountains of Chihuahua.^[4]

President Claudia Sheinbaum stated that she had no knowledge of the presence of U.S. officials on Mexican soil and called on Washington and the State of Chihuahua for explanations regarding a possible violation of national sovereignty.^[5]

The Los Angeles Times reported, based on sources familiar with the operation, that two other CIA agents traveling in a vehicle behind theirs climbed down a slope to assist their colleagues, but that by then it was too late. Journalist Steve Fisher's report states that the four U.S. agents who allegedly participated in the operation were dressed in uniforms of the Chihuahua State Investigation Agency (AEI) in order to blend in with Mexican officials. A CIA spokesperson declined to comment to the newspaper.^[6]

On April 22, a proposal advanced in the Senate of Mexico from the Morena party calling for a working meeting with the governor of Chihuahua, María Eugenia Campos Galván, and the state prosecutor, César Jáuregui Moreno, so they could explain the alleged participation of two CIA agents in security operations in the state, the failure to properly inform the federal government, the lack of institutional coordination, and the consequences for national sovereignty.^[7]

The ruling party pushed for both officials to explain the events in the state, arguing that there may have been a violation of the Constitution of Mexico and the National Security Law due to the participation of alleged foreign agents in actions carried out by the Chihuahua State Attorney General’s Office.^[8][9]

On April 24, 2026, César Jáuregui Moreno resigned from his position as head of the Chihuahua State Attorney General’s Office following controversy over the entry of U.S. agents, allegedly CIA operatives, who died in the town of Morelos after the dismantling of the drug laboratories.^[10][11] "With full respect for transparency, I present my irrevocable resignation as state attorney general. My actions have been guided by the protection of society and the full force of the state in confronting organized crime", the official said at a press conference.

He stated that the fight against crime also requires respect for legality and national sovereignty; however, he acknowledged that in the case of the deaths of the agents, "the information we initially had was inconsistent and warranted an investigation to understand their involvement in detail."

He admitted there were omissions in information handling and institutional management, which undermined the control and communication mechanisms he was responsible for ensuring.^[12]

Following the resignation of former prosecutor César Jáuregui Moreno, Governor María Eugenia Campos Galván appointed Wendy Paola Chávez Villanueva as the new head of the Chihuahua State Attorney General’s Office, stating:^[13] "I have appointed Wendy Chávez, current head of the Specialized Prosecutor’s Office for Crimes against Women and Family, to lead this Specialized Unit; I am convinced that her career will ensure objectivity and full professionalism in clarifying the facts."

The Senate Constitutional Affairs Committee approved this Wednesday a motion to call a working meeting with the governor of Chihuahua, María Eugenia Campos Galván, and the state prosecutor, César Jáuregui Moreno, so they can report on the alleged presence of officers from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the state, following a highway crash in which four people died. The discussion of the resolution led to a heated confrontation between lawmakers from Morena and the National Action Party (PAN), who exchanged accusations and raised the tone of the debate over the scope of the summons and its political implications.

The resolution, promoted by Morena senator Juan Carlos Loera de la Rosa, was fast-tracked by the Senate’s leadership board and, during Wednesday’s debate, the opposition demanded that the scope of the call to Campos be expanded to include other officials from the ruling party, not just the opposition governor.

PAN senator Marko Cortés Mendoza proposed modifying the agreement to also include appearances by the Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection, Omar García Harfuch; the head of the Secretariat of National Defense, Ricardo Trevilla Trejo; and the Foreign Affairs Minister, Marcelo Ebrard. He also called for a diplomatic note to be sent to the United States requesting information about the presence of agents in Mexican territory, and for the Morena governors of Sinaloa, Rubén Rocha Moya, and Baja California, Marina del Pilar Ávila Olmeda, to also appear over allegations related to organized crime.

The confrontation escalated when Morena senator Javier Corral Jurado, former governor of Chihuahua, accused the opposition of constructing a narrative based on “lies and fallacies,” and questioned the state government’s performance in public security. Meanwhile, Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) senator Luis Donaldo Colosio Riojas voted against the motion and criticized the legality of the procedure. He argued that the Constitutional Affairs Committee does not have the authority to summon state officials, warning that it violates the principle of federalism. “The Senate cannot summon a governor on this basis. If the issue is reviewing the presence of foreign agents, federal authorities are the ones who should appear,” he said. Colosio also criticized the fact that debate on important constitutional reforms was being displaced in favor of what he described as a politically motivated issue.

The debate included moments of high tension, such as PAN senator Lilly Téllez accusing Morena senator Gerardo Fernández Noroña of illicit enrichment, in an exchange that further heightened the confrontation. Finally, the resolution was approved with 13 votes in favor and one against. The committee chair, Morena senator Óscar Cantón Zetina, announced that the agreement will be forwarded to the Senate leadership board for possible discussion in the full chamber.

The approved document establishes a "respectful invitation" for the governor of Chihuahua and the state prosecutor to report on the events, as well as on possible violations of the National Security Law, failures to notify the federal government, and potential institutional coordination failures.

• es: Los Chapitos
• Draft:Los Chapitos
• Los Chapitos Insightcrime profile
• Los Chapitos: Herederos y guerras internas en el Cartel de Sinaloa de México

• La Mayiza InsightCrime profile
• Quién es ‘El 00′, expistolero de ‘El Licenciado’ que abandonó a ‘Los Chapitos’ y se unió a ‘La Mayiza’
• A Cold War Is Raging Inside the Sinaloa Cartel Following El Mayo’s Capture
• Special Series: The Sinaloa Cartel’s Internal War
• La Mayiza y el Cártel de Guasave: las alianzas que desafiaron a Los Chapitos
• ¿Cuál es el Cártel de Guasave? Clave en la guerra de La Mayiza vs Chapitos, liderado por “El Chapo” Isidro
• Quién es ‘El Chapo Isidro’, el líder del Cártel de Guasave que se perfila a ganar la guerra en Sinaloa, según Anabel Hernández
• There's a New 'El Chapo' in Mexico: Meet El Chapo Isidro, trained by, 'El Señor de los Cielos', and Was He Captured?

La Mayiza is a Mexican criminal organization and splinter group of the Sinaloa Cartel. It was created in 2024 during the infighting of the cartel when its leader Ismael Zambada García was arrested.

La Mayiza is also known as MZ and MF which stands for Mayo Zambada and Mayito Flaco.

The Mind Illuminated is a 2016 book by John Yates, Jeremy Graves, and Matthew Immergut.

Jerro is a Belgian DJ and record producer.

• es:Piero Corvetto

• es:Los Ardillos
• fr:Los Ardillos

• es:Los Lagartos

• es:Procuraduría General de la República (México)

• es:Tratado Herrera-Mariscal

• es:Aureliano Guzmán Loera

• es:Néstor Isidro Pérez Salas

eWorldTrade was an online Indian platform that sold various products, including controlled drugs. It operated on the clearnet.

• es:Farmacias Similares S.A. de C.V.

es:Farmacias del Ahorro

Farmacias del Ahorro - wikidata

WHAT IS THE YELLOW MIDGET FARMACY CALLED?

es:Farmacias YZA Wikidata for Farmacias YZA

• es:Volcán Santiaguito

• es: Anexo:Presidentes de Guatemala

• es: Gobierno interino de Delcy Rodríguez

es:Estado liberal de Guatemala (1829-1840)

• es:Frontera entre Cuba y Estados Unidos

Wut.

• es:Intento de golpe de Estado en Cuba de 1956

• es: Regiones de Cuba

• es:Historia territorial de Cuba

• es: Constitución cubana de 2019

There have been three wars of independence in Cuban history during the late 19th century:

• Ten Years' War (1868-1878), the first attempt at independence from Spain

• Guerra Chiquita (Little War), short failed attempt lead by Calixto García

• Cuban War of Independence (1896-1898), successful war that led to Cuban independence.

• es:Historia del mar Caribe

Atlantic slave trade

The triangular trade of Africans in the Atlantic
Location	Countries along the Atlantic Ocean
Context	Colonialism and slavery in Africa
Period	16th-19th centuries
Victims	Various ethnic groups of Africa
Crimes	Slavery, forced labour, torture, murder
Victims	Around 12 million sold and enslaved (not counting descendants)
Cause	Colonialism, racism
Perpetrators	European colonial empires

• es: Venezolanos negros
• es: Esclavitud en Colombia
• es:Esclavitud en América
• es:Esclavitud en Nueva España

Slavery was practiced throughout the history of Venezuela from the 16th to the mid-19th century.

• es:Esclavitud en América?

Slavery in the Dominican Republic has roots that date to the early 16th century.

Colonists and others on the Spanish mainland were forbidden from trading in slaves, but islands such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic were excepted from this rule. Laborious work in sugarcane and to a lesser extent tobacco necessitated this labor, as well as the lack of indigenous people in the Caribbean. Almost all of the slaves were brought from Africa via the triangular trade. Despite the prevalence of the Spanish slave trade in the Caribbean, Haiti is still the country with the most African-descended people in the Caribbean, although Brazil has about twice as many, albeit located in South America.

• es:Desastre del 98

The petroleum industry in Venezuela accounts for 15% of its GDP and 37% of its domestic energy consumption.^[1][2]

Venezuela's oil exports also account for 80% of its total export revenue.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

By 1950, it had a GDP per capita of $5,550,^[a] the third highest in Latin America. This was in comparison to other Latin colonies that were significantly more impoverished, like Brazil ($1,850) or Guatemala ($2,040).^[3]

Oil was first discovered in the Maracaibo Basin of Zulia in 1914.^[4] The first Venezuelan oil well, Zumaque I, was located in Mene Grande, Zulia.^[5]

In 1922, the Barroso II oil well exploded in Zulia state, causing a million barrels of crude oil to burst out of the ground. This was when its promise as an oil-rich country was noticed.^[6]

In the first decades after oil began to be exploited, foreign companies controlled production, infrastructure, and commercialization. One of the most important was Creole Petroleum Corporation, a subsidiary of Standard Oil, which came to control a substantial share of national production.

In 1960, Venezuela was one of the five founding countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, along with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. Despite this leadership role, foreign companies continued to dominate the industry until nationalization in 1976.

In August 1971, under the presidency of Rafael Caldera, a law was passed that nationalized the country's natural gas industry, foreshadowing the broader oil nationalization to come.

President Carlos Andrés Pérez nationalized the oil industry of Venezuela on 1 January 1976, creating Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) to oversee all exploring, producing, refining, and exporting of oil.

The announcement occurred at the Mene Grande oilfield in Zulia. The transition to the oil industry being run by the state went well. Large American and other foreign companies invested in the country and were also hired by PDVSA for their expertise. Pérez allowed PDVSA to partner with foreign oil companies as long as it held 60% equity in joint ventures, along with other constraints.

During the 1980s, global oil prices plummeted. As global oil prices plummeted in the 1980s, Venezuela's economy contracted and inflation soared; at the same time, it accrued massive foreign debt by purchasing foreign refineries, such as Citgo in the United States.

Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998 running on a socialist platform. He promised to use the country's oil wealth to reduce poverty in Venezuela, a serious problem at the time.

In 2002, many PDVSA employees went on strike against Chávez, who responsed by firing 19,000 workers from the company. This decision was later criticized, as it removed much of the company's technical expertise.

In 2005, Chávez began to provide subsidized oil to several countries in the region, including Cuba, with Petrocaribe being created later.

In 2007, the government decreed that PDVSA must hold at least a 60% stake in all heavy crude projects in the Orinoco Belt, forcing foreign companies to accept new contractual conditions or leave the country. As a result, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips withdrew from Venezuela.

Due to the crisis in Venezuela^[7]

In mid-2014, global oil prices tumbled and Venezuela's economy went into free fall. Since 2014, oil production in Venezuela has suffered from a poor oil market and Venezuela's insufficient funding of the industry.

In 2016, the oil production reached the lowest it had been in 23 years. The decline continued through subsequent years, with production hitting historic lows during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In January 2026, the Trump administration stated that it would fix Venezuelas oil industry while the U.S. was engaging in Operation Southern Spear. Maduro was captured in Caracas and taken to the U.S. on 3 January 2026.

Venezuela produces over 900,000 barrels of oil per day and has an estimated 303 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. These reserves account for roughly 17% of the global total, with most concentrated in the Orinoco Belt, where deposits are predominantly heavy crude. There is doubt about the reliability of this figure however, as it is self-reported and not verified by OPEC or another international organization.

At its peak in the 1970s, Venezuela's oil production reached 3.5 million barrels of crude oil per day. By contrast, Venezuela crude oil production was reported at 896,000 barrels per day in December 2025.

Venezuela's oil is abundant but it is known for being more expensive to extract from the ground than oil from the Persian Gulf, which lowers its profitability. The oil being heavy crude means special refineries are needed.

In 1986, PDVSA bought 50% of the United States gasoline brand Citgo from Southland Corporation and in 1990 the remaining half. This gave Venezuela a significant presence in the U.S. market.

PDVSA has not regularly disclosed its financial performance since 2014 and provides extremely limited public information, having not published annual reports or other documentation to improve transparency and corporate governance since 2016.

In 2023, Venezuela's oil exports totaled just $4.05 billion—dwarfed by Saudi Arabia's $181 billion and the U.S.'s $125 billion.

Most of Venezuela's modest oil production goes to China, an ally of the Maduro regime and major investor in the region, with Venezuela currently paying down an estimated $10-billion debt to China, covered in part by oil exports.

The United States bought about 23% of Venezuela's oil in 2023, but data shows that the U.S. didn't buy any in 2020 and 2021.

The United States has been involved in the Venezuelan oil industry. has been imposing sanctions on Venezuela in some capacity since 2006, although full sanctions against petroleum trade itself did not occur until much later. For almost two decades, Washington has imposed sweeping sanctions against Caracas, the most significant of which have blocked oil imports from PDVSA and prevented the government from accessing the U.S. financial system.

To return Venezuela to its production highs of the early 2000s of around 3 million barrels per day would likely take around $180 billion in extra funding between now and 2040, according to energy intelligence firm Rystad Energy.

Corruption, mismanagement, brain drain, and a lack of repair and upkeep work on critical infrastructure, including throughout Venezuela's flagship Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt, have made operating without significant investment nearly impossible.

• Energy policy of Venezuela
• Energy crisis in Venezuela
• Petrostate
• Latin American economy

• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Annual Statistical Bulletin 2025
• [Council on Foreign Relations - Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate]
• Natural Resource Governance Institute - National Oil Company Profile: PDSVA
• Yale Climate Connections - "Five keys to understanding Venezuela's oil history"
• Caracas Chronicles - "The Theft That Never Was: Inside Venezuela's 1976 Oil Takeover"
• Visual Capitalist - "How Venezuela's Oil Reserves Compare to the Rest of the World"

On 27 December 2025, an intercity bus fell into a ravine on the Inter-American Highway in Guatemala, killing 16 and injuring 26 people. The bus was on a route coming from Guatemala City.

Road accidents are common in Guatemala, as the country is mountainous and road infrastructure is less developed than in other places. The Central American volcanic arc specifically the Sierra Madre de Chiapas crosses over much of the central and southern part of the country, and forms the Guatemalan Highlands. As such, it has a high rate of traffic fatalities relative to miles driven. Accidents of this kind tend to be more fatal compared to collisions as well. Totonicapán is located at a very high elevation, at almost 2,500 metres (8,200 ft).

The Inter-American Highway is another name for the portion of the Pan-American Highway within Central America. Chicken buses regularly use the highway, as many citizens do not own their own form of motor transportation. The road connects Totonicapán to nearby cities like Quetzaltenango (27 km (17 mi) away) and Santa Cruz del Quiché. Highways in Guatemala are typically named after a department and a number, for example QUI-4. The Inter-American Highway passes through the center of Totonicapán.

Authorities took more than two hours to rescue the injured and remove the bodies of those who died.

Bernardo Arévalo, the president of Guatemala, expressed his lament for the accident via X and declared three days of national mourning.

• es:Insurgencia guerrillera en Honduras

On 5 February 2026, acting president of Venezuela Delcy Rodríguez proposed an amnesty law for certain political prisoners detained after 1999.

add non-free image

• es: Violencia vicaria

Apparently this concept came from Argentina?

• es: Como agua para chocolate (serie de televisión)

• es: Elecciones parlamentarias de Perú de 2026

• Central Asia#Cities

• Robbery#Robbery statistics

Country	Reported annual robberies per 100,000 population[1]	Year
Albania	3.2	2023
Algeria	30.7	2021
Andorra	10.5	2019
Antigua and Barbuda	127.5	2023
Argentina	1010.3	2023
Armenia	7.6	2023
Australia	36.5	2022
Austria	29.3	2023
Azerbaijan	2.9	2021
Bahamas	31.2	2022
Bahrain	27.3	2008
Bangladesh	0.6	2006
Barbados	43.6	2022
Belarus	15.1	2019
Belgium	120.4	2023
Belize	45.4	2022
Benin	1.5	2017
Bermuda	78.6	2017
Bhutan	2.3	2017
Bolivia	174.2	2023
Bosnia and Herzegovina	8.4	2023
Botswana	78.2	2014
Brazil	570.3	2019
Brunei Darussalam	0.5	2006
Bulgaria	13.2	2023
Burundi	41.6	2014
Cabo Verde	432.8	2018
Cameroon	11.4	2021
Canada	60.2	2023
Chile	645.0	2023
Colombia	937.0	2022
Costa Rica	718.3	2023
Croatia	16.2	2023
Cyprus	4.6	2023
Czech Republic	13.3	2023
Denmark	22.3	2023
Dominica	65.8	2022
Dominican Republic	283.3	2023
East Timor	1.8	2017
Ecuador	432.6	2023
Egypt	2.9	2011
El Salvador	37.1	2022
England and Wales	123.3	2023
Estonia	5.6	2023
Eswatini	316.1	2004
Finland	48.7	2023
France	94.7	2023
Georgia	9.8	2019
Germany	53.1	2023
Ghana	4.2	2021
Greece	27.2	2023
Grenada	60.6	2023
Guatemala	184.9	2023
Guinea	1.6	2007
Guinea-Bissau	19.8	2016
Guyana	57.2	2023
Haiti	1.6	2018
Honduras	174.0	2023
Hong Kong	1.3	2023
Hungary	5.5	2023
Iceland	26.1	2023
India	2.8	2013
Indonesia	1.6	2022
Iraq (Central)	4.2	2021
Ireland	31.1	2023
Israel	12.0	2023
Italy	48.3	2023
Ivory Coast	2.7	2008
Jamaica	32.4	2022
Japan	1.1	2023
Jordan	3.5	2023
Kazakhstan	50.8	2017
Kenya	5.8	2018
Kosovo	9.8	2021
Kuwait	23.5	2009
Kyrgyzstan	10.3	2018
Latvia	17.1	2023
Lebanon	43.1	2015
Lesotho	64.1	2009
Liechtenstein	15.2	2023
Lithuania	11.9	2023
Luxembourg	86.2	2023
Macau	1.7	2022
Madagascar	6.8	2015
Malaysia	13.1	2023
Maldives	19.0	2017
Malta	33.0	2023
Mauritius	48.5	2021
Mexico	158.6	2023
Moldova	12.3	2023
Monaco	32.6	2015
Mongolia	11.4	2023
Montenegro	4.3	2023
Morocco	30.4	2023
Mozambique	23.5	2009
Myanmar	0.1	2023
Namibia	166.6	2021
Nepal	0.3	2016
Netherlands	33.2	2023
New Zealand	66.6	2023
Nicaragua	175.9	2019
Nigeria	1.1	2013
North Macedonia	16.1	2023
Northern Ireland	28.6	2023
Norway	25.0	2023
Oman	0.7	2017
Pakistan	32.5	2023
Palestine	9.6	2023
Panama	140.2	2022
Paraguay	83.6	2022
Peru	251.6	2022
Philippines	4.6	2023
Poland	12.0	2023
Portugal	85.9	2023
Puerto Rico	36.6	2022
Qatar	1.6	2021
Romania	16.9	2023
Russia	4.6	2019
Rwanda	25.0	2013
Saint Kitts and Nevis	81.4	2022
Saint Lucia	133.3	2023
Saudi Arabia	0.4	2019
Scotland	35.0	2023
Senegal	17.2	2015
Serbia	9.6	2023
Sierra Leone	3.1	2008
Singapore	0.3	2023
Slovakia	6.0	2023
Slovenia	13.8	2023
Solomon Islands	10.2	2008
South Africa	328.1	2017
South Korea	1.0	2021
Spain	135.1	2023
Sri Lanka	13.1	2019
St. Vincent and Grenadines	66.6	2022
Sudan	9.0	2008
Suriname	100.5	2023
Sweden	60.7	2023
Switzerland	21.8	2023
Syria	4.0	2008
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.5	2011
Tajikistan	3.7	2011
Tanzania	18.0	2015
Thailand	1.7	2023
Trinidad and Tobago	140.6	2020
Turkey	17.0	2023
Turkmenistan	2.7	2006
Uganda	17.0	2017
Ukraine	46.5	2017
United Arab Emirates	3.5	2022
United States of America	63.2	2022
Uruguay	661.5	2023
Uzbekistan	2.9	2021
Vatican City	0.0	2023
Yemen	1.7	2009
Zimbabwe	67.9	2008

The below table shows the percentage of population which was victim to robbery in the previous 12 months according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,^[2] typically through statistical surveys to avoid under-reporting.^[3]

Country	Female	Male	Total	Year
Argentina	7.0	5.2	6.2	2016
Australia	0.2	0.3	0.2	2023
Austria	0.2	-	-	2021
Bangladesh	1.2	-	-	2019
Barbados	-	-	2.0	2009
Belarus	0.4	0.6	-	2019
Belgium	2.5	2.4	2.4	2021
Benin	1.9	1.9	-	2021
Bolivia	-	-	2.6	2023
Cabo Verde	1.6	3.1	2.3	2016
Canada	0.7	0.5	0.6	2019
Central African Republic	3.4	7.4	-	2018
Chad	3.0	3.7	-	2019
Chile	4.1	3.9	4.0	2023
Colombia	2.1	2.3	2.2	2022
Comoros	1.3	4.6	-	2022
Costa Rica	-	-	2.9	2023
Croatia	-	-	0.9	2010
Cuba	0.4	0.2	-	2019
Czech Republic	-	-	3.1	2013
DR Congo	4.3	10.7	-	2017
Denmark	0.8	0.8	0.8	2014
Dominican Republic	5.8	5.0	5.4	2022
Ecuador	12.6	15.3	13.8	2011
El Salvador	3.0	3.1	3.1	2019
England and Wales	-	-	0.2	2023
Estonia	-	-	0.7	2018
Eswatini	1.7	5.0	-	2021
Fiji	3.2	4.4	-	2021
France	-	-	0.5	2022
Georgia	0.6	0.4	-	2018
Germany	0.5	0.7	0.6	2020
Guatemala	15.8	62.5	-	2019
Guyana	3.8	6.4	-	2019
Honduras	3.5	5.5	-	2019
Hong Kong	2.1	2.9	2.5	2006
Indonesia	0.0	0.0	0.0	2022
Iraq	0.6	-	-	2018
Iraq (Central)	1.2	2.8	2.7	2020
Ireland	1.0	2.0	1.7	2019
Israel	-	-	0.3	2024
Italy	0.3	0.6	0.5	2016
Jamaica	3.8	-	-	2022
Kiribati	1.7	4.2	-	2018
Kyrgyzstan	1.8	-	-	2018
Lesotho	4.0	7.3	-	2018
Luxembourg	0.6	0.5	0.6	2020
Madagascar	2.6	5.7	-	2018
Malawi	3.6	9.4	-	2019
Mauritius	-	-	15.0	2004
Mexico	4.7	6.0	5.3	2023
Mongolia	2.3	2.5	-	2018
Montenegro	0.7	1.7	-	2018
Myanmar	-	0.2	-	2019
Netherlands	0.1	0.3	0.2	2023
New Zealand	-	-	0.5	2014
Nigeria	4.7	5.6	5.2	2023
Northern Ireland	-	-	0.1	2019
Pakistan	0.5	2.5	-	2019
Palestine	-	-	3.2	2020
Panama	-	-	1.7	2016
Paraguay	6.1	4.9	5.6	2019
Peru	16.5	16.4	16.5	2023
Poland	-	-	2.0	2023
Portugal	1.7	2.1	1.9	2022
Saint Lucia	-	-	0.6	2018
Samoa	0.7	3.9	-	2019
Saudi Arabia	0.1	0.9	0.9	2019
Scotland	-	-	0.2	2021
Serbia	1.0	-	-	2019
Slovenia	0.5	0.7	0.6	2020
South Africa	0.7	0.5	0.6	2021
South Korea	-	-	0.1	2022
St. Vincent and Grenadines	-	-	6.0	2010
Suriname	2.0	3.0	-	2018
Sweden	0.4	1.6	1.0	2023
Switzerland	0.4	0.4	0.4	2021
Thailand	0.1	0.2	-	2022
Tonga	1.2	1.0	-	2019
Trinidad and Tobago	2.3	-	-	2022
Tunisia	1.3	1.9	-	2023
Turkmenistan	0.0	-	-	2019
Turks and Caicos Islands	1.7	1.0	-	2019
Tuvalu	1.8	2.2	-	2019
Uganda	-	-	1.8	2024
United States of America	-	-	0.2	2023
Uruguay	5.0	5.0	5.0	2011
Uzbekistan	0.0	-	-	2021
Vietnam	0.8	0.6	-	2020
Zimbabwe	3.0	5.9	-	2019

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between the legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also, not every crime is reported, meaning two things: (1) robbery rates appear lower than they actually are, and (2) the percentage of crime that is not reported is higher in some countries than others; for example, in one country 86% of the robberies were reported, whereas in another country only 67% of the robberies were reported. Crime also varies by certain neighborhoods or areas in each country, so a nationwide rate does not indicate the danger or safety everywhere in that country. A 1983 study by the Department of Justice estimated that the amount of robberies in the US at schools alone may reach one million a year, exceeding the National Crime Survey reported estimate.^[4][5]

• es:René Arzate-García (doesnt exist)
• René Arzate-García (state.gov)

Tijuana ringleader of CDS

• es:Juan José Ponce Félix (doesnt exist)
• Juan José Ponce Félix state.gov

Juan José Ponce Félix
Born	(1982-06-30) June 30, 1982 (age 44)
Other name	'El Ruso'
Organization	Sinaloa Cartel

High-ranking boss of CDS.

• es:Santiago Botero Jaramillo

• es: Grupo Flechas

Hugo César Macías
Born	Error: Need valid birth date: year, month, day
Citizenship	Mexican
Occupation	Criminal
Organization	Jalisco New Generation Cartel
Criminal status	Fugitive

• es:Hugo César Macías Ureña

Hugo César Macías Ureña is a high-ranking member of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. He came to prominence after the death of Nemesio "El Mencho" Oseguera Cervantes.

He rose in rank in the cartel due to his capability of recruiting new people and ability to manage sicarios (hitmen).

• es: Iván Morales Corrales

• es: Santiago Gallón Henao

• fr:Ramiro Pozos González

La Resistencia aka carteles unidos guy

• fr:Juan Gerardo Treviño Chávez

• es: Ismael Zambada Imperial
• Version of the draft: 12 Nov 2025

• es: Sarah Santaolalla

Spanish actor

• es: En el barro

Argentine TV series

• es: Exatlón México

• es: Gonzalo Mendoza Gaytán

• es:Ricardo Ruiz Velasco (doesnt exist)

CJNG

• es:Heraclio Guerrero Martínez (not yet)

CJNG

• es:Abraham Oseguera Cervantes (not yet)

• Christian Fernando Gutiérrez Ochoa Wikidata

• es: Fuerza Anti-Unión

• es: Dámaso López

• Armando Valencia Cornelio - Wikidata

Los Cuinis is a branch of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel.

• es:Los Tlacos

• es:Grupo Escorpión es:Los Escorpiones
• El Grupo Escorpión: The Armed Wing of the Gulf Cartel
• The Top Narcos in Gulf Cartel's Escorpiones

• es: Ernestina Sodi

• es: María Trinidad Ramírez Poblano

• es:José María Guízar Valencia (doesnt exist)

José María Guízar Valencia, also known by his alias Z-43, is a convicted Mexican criminal. He was the leader of the Zetas Vieja Escuela, a splinter group of Los Zetas active in Tamaulipas.

He was arrested in Mexico City in 2018, being one of the 122 "priority targets" wanted by the Mexican government. The United States had offered a $5 million reward for his capture.^[1][2][3]

Guízar Valencia began his drug trafficking activities in 1998 in Michoacán.

• Jose Maria Guizar Valencia (Captured) +photo
• Un líder ‘zeta’ acusado de la masacre de 72 inmigrantes muere días después de ser detenido
• Z-43 Pleads Guilty to Trafficking Tons of Cocaine into United States
• Uno de los últimos Zetas, el Z-43, se declara culpable por narcotráfico en Texas
• Quién es el narcotraficante de Los Zetas, que lideró la masacre e 27 guatemaltecos en Petén, que fue condenado en Estados Unidos

• fr: José Luis Gutiérrez Valencia
• es: José Luis Gutiérrez Valencia

• fr: Luciano Reynosa Pérez
• es: Luciano Reynosa Pérez

Estos son los nombres con los que operaba ‘El Chapo’ Guzmán, según la OFAC - InfoBae

• es:Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia

Milenio Cartel cofounder

• es:Luis Valencia Valencia

Milenio Cartel cofounder

• es:José Crispín Salazar Zamorano
• Narcopolitics Becomes an Institution in the Land of the Tarahumara

José Crispín Salazar Zamorano, also known by his alias Don Adán, is the leader of the Los Salazar faction of the Gente Nueva criminal group in Sonora, also known as the Independent Cartel of Sonora.

• es:Irving Eduardo Solano Vera

Irving Eduardo Solano Vera, also known as El Profe or El Gato, is the founder of Gente Nueva, known as the Cártel Independiente de Sonora ('Sonora Independent Cartel') since 2023.

• es: Lorena Henao Montoya

• es:Nicolás Sierra Santana
• Nicolás Sierra Santana state.gov

'El Gordo', leader of Los Viagras, a splinter group of Cárteles Unidos of Michoacan. Now it is the enforcer squad of LNFM.

• Los Viagras (pic)

• es: El Cheyo Ántrax

• es: Salvador Alfonso Martínez Escobedo

• es: Óscar Noé Medina González

• es: José Alfredo Hurtado Olascoaga

• es: Santiago Meza López

• es: Alfredo Ríos Galeana

• Notable Figures: Cárteles Unidos Part II - Blancos de Troya, Guardia Michoacana, Cártel del Abuelo, Los Reyes BorderlandBeat

Los Blancos de Troya ('Trojan Targets') is a Mexican cartel that is one of the factions of the Cárteles Unidos. They are active in the Tierra Caliente of Michoacán as well as in Morelia.

• es:Dignidad y Compromiso

• es:Partido Demócrata Colombiano

• Gente Nueva#Sinaloa Cartel-Juárez Cartel turf war

• Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación

In March 2017, El Mencho ordered the murder of El Cholo, a former CJNG member who betrayed the CJNG by co-founding the Nueva Plaza Cartel and conspiring against his former allies.^[4] El Cholo was marked for death by El Mencho after he murdered a CJNG financial operator nicknamed "El Colombiano", but the assassination attempt was a failure. El Cholo afterwards retaliated by co-founding a new cartel called the Nueva Plaza Cartel.^[4] CJNG co-founder Erick Valencia Salazar also split with El Mencho and became a high-ranking leader in the Nueva Plaza Cartel.^[5] They also have formed a rivalry with El Mencho and the CJNG as well.^[6] El Cholo was later murdered, with his body being discovered stabbed and wrapped in plastic on a park bench in downtown Tlaquepaque on 18 March 2021.^[7][8]

Consecuencias y reacciones internacionales

El abatimiento de Oseguera Cervantes fue considerado por el gobierno de Estados Unidos como un "gran avance para el mundo" en la lucha contra el narcotráfico.[41]​ Funcionarios como el subsecretario de Estado Christopher Landau celebraron la operación, recordando que el gobierno estadounidense ofrecía una recompensa de hasta 15 millones de dólares por información que llevara a su captura[37]​[44]

Tras la muerte de "El Mencho", analistas en seguridad apuntaron a una posible lucha interna por el control de la organización o un intento de reconfiguración del mando del cártel, aunque las autoridades mexicanas se mantuvieron en alerta ante posibles repuntes de violencia derivados del vacío de poder.[40][43]

• 2026 Salamanca shooting

LINK TO HERE FROM:

 List of terrorist incidents in 2026 
 List of massacres in Mexico
 Timeline of the Mexican drug war
 Spanish equivalents
 

El 25 de enero de 2026, un grupo de hombres armados irrumpió en un campo de futbol y disparó contra 23 personas, resultando en 11 muertes y 12 heridos. La gobernadora de Guanajuato, Libia Dennise García Muñoz Ledo, anunció la reforzada seguridad en la región y la activación de un operativo conjunto con la Fiscalía General del Estado y fuerzas federales para atender a las víctimas y avanzar con la investigación. El alcalde de Salamanca, César Prieto, confirmó que 11 personas fallecieron en el lugar y 12 resultaron heridas, incluyendo una mujer y un menor de edad.

• Guatemala ends emergency powers after crackdown sparked by 10 police killings

• Death toll rises to 10 in gangsters’ attacks on Guatemalan police as state of emergency is declared

• es: La Mano con Ojos

• es: Anexo:Miembros del Cartel de Medellín

Stared early 2025

9-Me-BC has been used as an informal treatment of anhedonia, although it is not professionally prescribed for it.

• pt:Pedro Dom

• pt:Guilherme de Pádua

• pt: Fernandinho Beira-Mar

• de: US-Militärintervention in Nicaragua 1926–1933
• United States occupation of Nicaragua#1927 occupation

• es: Segunda Guerra Cristera

• es: Narcotráfico en México
• it: Cartello messicano

The illegal drug trade in Mexico refers to the trafficking and sale of illicit drugs within Mexico and with other countries such as the United States.

• List of countries with annual rates and counts for killings by law enforcement officers

Make the table color-coded with red instead of blue.

From top-left:

]]

Indigenous peoples in Nicaragua

Nicaragüenses indígenas
Indigenous settlement in Rama Cay, South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region
Total population
443,847 8.6% of the population (2005)[9]
Languages
Spanish, Miskito, Sumo, Rama, Garífuna
Religion
Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Indigenous Mexicans, Indigenous Hondurans, Indigenous Costa Ricans, Indigenous Colombians

• Pueblos indígenas de Nicaragua [es]
• Nicaraguan Indigenous Organizations#Chart of Indigenous Populations by Department / Autonomous Region

The area comprising modern-day Nicaragua has long been inhabited by various Indigenous groups.

The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was inhabited by groups like the Nicarao before the Spanish arrived. The areas further inland such as in Matagalpa Department were inhabited by other groups like the Cacaopera, and the areas in the east are inhabited by the Miskito people.

There are an estimated 450,000 Indigenous people living in Nicaragua today. The true number however is unknown, as the country does not collect ethnicity data in the census.

The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua killed hundreds of thousands of Indigenous people in Nicaragua through violence and disease. Estimated vary from 300,000 to over 2 million people killed during the 16th century.

The Gran Nicoya region, which consists of the Pacific coast and the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica is where the Nahua and Manguean groups lived.

This region is sometimes considered to be a part of Mesoamerica (along with El Salvador and parts of Honduras because some parts of Nicaragua spoke a Nahua language, as well as the fact that they shared other cultural traits with Mesoamerican groups.

However, one of the traits they lack is the cultivation of maize. As such, Nicaragua is usually not categorized as being in Mesoamerica, and is instead categorized as belonging to a region known as the Intermediate Area, extending from Nicaragua down to Costa Rica, Panama, the Guajira Peninsula, Zulia, and part of Colombia.

Nicaragua is separated from Honduras by the Río Coco and from Costa Rica by the Río San Juan. This may have led to Costa Rican groups developing differnet cultures and speaking Chibchan languages over time.

The Nahua-speaking Nicarao in the south (Rivas) and the Oto-Manguean speaking groups in the north had a long-standing enmity with each other.

The Cacaopera people are primarily located in the Matagalpa Department. This group spoke a Misumalpan language which is now extinct. The language is unrelated to the other languages spoken in Nicaragua, coming from a different language family.

It has been suggested that the Cacaopera lost their language due to suffering heavy casualties in the first century of Spanish rule. They are still the primary group in Matagalpa today.

• Indigenous regions in Nicaragua p.20

• es: Aborígenes cubanos
• Aborígenes de Cuba (cubawiki)
• Aborígenes Protoagricultores en Media Luna (cubawiki)
• Agricultura aborigen en Cuba (cubawiki)
• Camagüey (asentamientos aborígenes) (cubawiki)
• Primeros pobladores de Cuba (15th century)
• Pobladores de Cuba en la etapa precolombina (cubawiki)

The island of Cuba was inhabited for thousands of years by various native peoples before the arrival of the Spanish.

• History of Cuba#Spanish conquest
• Conquista y colonización de Cuba (cubawiki)
• Historia de Cuba#Conquista y colonización (cubawiki)
• Primeros años de evolución cultural de Cuba (1510-1762) (cubawiki)

Era of colonization led by Miguel López de Legazpi 1565-1571.

• add non-free image

• Río Milagro
• es: Río Milagro (España)

From 1954 to 1986, Guatemala was under a series of military leaders.

Eraín Ríos Montt, who was president from 1982 to 1983, is regarded as the most egregious leader. Torture, murder, and other human rights abuses increased significantly during his administration, until he was deposed in a coup.

Most of the presidents during this period were white or ladino, meaning mixed white and mestizo. This term is especially used in Guatemala instead of mestizo.

• Conquista de Venezuela [es]

The Spanish conquest of Venezuela officially started in 1498 when Columbus reached the northern coast of Venezuela from the Atlantic Ocean.

• WikiProjects: same as Talk:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua

• Spanish conquest of Colombia
• Spanish conquest of Peru
• Spanish conquest of Ecuador [es]
• Spanish conquest of Bolivia [es]

• Navidad roja [es]

Operation Red Christmas Navidad roja
Part of the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Contra war
The village of Palo Yumpa destroyed
Date December 1981 Location  Nicaragua Result Sandinista victory
Belligerents
Sandinista Popular Army	MISURASATA
Casualties and losses
8,000 Desplazados 71 deaths

Operation Red Christmas was an operation undertaken by the Sandinista government of Nicaragua to relocate 42 Indigenous Miskito communities away from the Caribbean coast towards inland towns along the Coco River with Honduras, into new communities known as Tasba Pri (Free Land).

This operation was carried out in early 1982, at the outset of Contra actions against the Sandinista government, which were particularly intense in the northeastern region of the Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast.

Navidad Roja fue la operación de traslado de 42 comunidades de indígenas misquitos de la región nor-oriental de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua desde la franja fronteriza del Río Coco con Honduras hacia el interior del país, a unas nuevas comunidades conocidas como Tasba Pri (Tierra Libre).[1]​ Esta operación se realizó a principios de 1982, en los inicios de las acciones de los Contras hacia el gobierno sandinista que fueron especialmente virulentas en la región nor-oriental de la costa caribeña o atlántica.

• es:Operación Danto 88

• The Warning (band)

• Severo Martóínez Pérez (1973). La Patria del Criollo: Ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca.

Modern Guatemalans have varying levels of Indigenous DNA that can be traced to the ancient Maya that inhabited the region.^{{{1}}}

The geographical distribution of the modern Maya population is however very different from that of the height of the Maya civilization. The majority of the almost 8 million Maya in Guatemala live in the Guatemalan highlands a mountainous area in the central and southern part of the country, while only 2 million live in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and northern Petén, where most of the major sites such as Tikal and Chichén Itzá have been found. Mayanists have hypothesized that this migration was due to the Spanish conquest and potentially the classic Maya collapse that happened more than 600 years earlier.^true? Similar to Andean civilizations such as the Inca, the population gradually grew to be greater in the elevated mountains and highlands compared to the vast lowlands of the Petén, Yucatán and the Pacific coast of Guatemala. The terrain led to the development of different mutually unintelligible languages due to reduced contact between groups, such as the Quiché, Mam, and Kaqchikel languages.

During the regime of Manuel Estrada Cabrera, efforts were made to eliminate Maya languages and 'ladinize' the population (make more mestizo). These were successful in some departments, which are almost entirely Ladino and monolingual in Spanish today, despite having significant Indigenous ancestry.

Currently, the departments with the greatest population of Mayas are Quiché, Alta Verapaz, and Huehuetenango.

Alta Verapaz is heavily indigenous and primarily populated by the Qʼeqchiʼ Mayan people. The 2018 census recorded 93% of the department's population as belonging to an indigenous group and 80% as belonging to the Qʼeqchiʼ Maya.

HelloTalk has been criticized for its use as a dating app. This has attracted controversy both within the community and in other online forums. Although its gial is to facilitate language learning. the app is ptimarily centered on its chat feature. Some people claim they started romantic relationships through using the app, usually long-distance relationships.

The company has been criticized for encouraging ita use in this way. through prominently featuring lartners of the opposite gender more often, as well as notifications in this vein. Peoplr have critized that HelloTalk no longer primarily focuses on improving language skills.

Reports that users of the app quickly ask language partners for their WhatsApp account raizes further concern over it being abused as a dating app. While HelloTalk aims to connect casual language partners{REF! }from different countries, WhatsApp focuses on being an instant messaging app primarily used for communication between friends and family. Users who ask their partners to switch to WhatsApp rather than practice second language acquisition have been targeted by criticism as well. HelloTlak has not released any data about the gender of its users as of December 2025{check)

• Draft:Battle of Nueva Ocotepeque

• Draft:Microsoft Designer

Microsoft Designer
Developer	Microsoft
Release	July 18, 2024 (2024-07-18)
Website	designer.microsoft.com

Microsoft Designer is an AI based image creation and design app by Microsoft originally released as a Windows 11 app, as well as on iOS and Android^[1]. It is now also available as a web app and can use AI to generate images, edit images, make graphic design projects and icons. It is available on the Microsoft Store for desktop users.

• Draft:Survivor México
• es:Survivor México

es:Secuestro del vuelo 705 de Mexicana de Aviación

• Draft:Los rusos

• Draft:Bookstagram

• Draft:Fansly

• en: Mass killings under communist regimes

• es:Asesinos en serie de México

• es:Triángulo Dorado (México)
• Golden Triangle (Mexico) Historica wiki

• es:Juan José Farías Álvarez

• es:Masacre de Allende

• es:Alianza Democrática M-19
• Democratic Alliance M-19 (change redirect)

• es:La Tuna (Sinaloa)

• es:Juan Cisneros Treviño (doesnt exist)

Current leader of Cártel del Noreste.

• es:Barrio Pablo Escobar

• fr:Ana Isabel Treviño Morales

• fr:Adalberto Fructuoso Comparán

• fr:Héctor Enrique Valdez Diaz

• es:Limpia con cuy

• es:Lectura de hojas de coca

• es:Creemos Colombia

• es:Daniela Ospina

• es:Jorge Enrique Mora

• es:Jorge Cao

• es:Enrique Gómez Hurtado

• es:Carlos Alonso Lucio

• es:Caso Begoña Gómez

• es:Culpables (franquicia)

• es:José Obdulio Gaviria

• es:Mario Henao Vallejo

• es:Álvaro de Jesús Agudelo

• es:Jairo Ortega Ramírez

• es:Estado Oriental del Uruguay

• es:Época preincaica

• es:Antiperonismo

• es:Atentado al Edificio Mónaco

Aztecs

Geographical range	Mesoamerica

• es:Descubrimiento de las islas Malvinas

• es:Toma de posesión argentina de las islas Malvinas

• es:Anexo:Naves usadas por Cristóbal Colón en sus viajes

• pt:Predefinição:Getúlio Vargas série

• pt:Ordem e Progresso

• es:Reinos de Indias

• es:Dictadura de Rafael Leonidas Trujillo

• es:República de Tule

• es:Minas de Potosí

First Republic of Paraguay Primera República del Paraguay
1814–1870
Flag Coat of arms
Status	Sovereign state
Capital	Asunción
Common languages	Spanish, Guaraní
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Presidential republic under successive dictatorships (1814–1844)
President
• 1814–1840	José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
• 1844–1862	Carlos Antonio López
• 1862–1870	Francisco Solano López
Historical era	19th century
• Congress of 1814	3 October 1814
• Paraguayan War	1864–1870
• New constitution	1 July 1870
Currency	Paraguayan real Paraguayan peso
ISO 3166 code	PY
Preceded by Succeeded by Independence of Paraguay Paraguay

• es:Historia de Paraguay#Patria Vieja (1811-1864)
• es:Paraguay#Independencia y formación del estado paraguayo
• Historical Dictionary of Paraguay Google Books
• Historiography of the Paraguayan War
• List of former sovereign states (add wl)

The First Republic of Paraguay is the name given to the period of Paraguayan history between its establishment as a newly independent republic in 1814 and the end of the devastating War of the Triple Alliance in 1870. This period is also known as Patria Vieja in Spanish, compared to Patria Nueva period that follows it after the war.

This era was characterized by the long dictatorship of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia who was previously the head of the junta in Paraguay after they declared independence from Spain in 1811.

The country officially adopted a new constitution three months after the decisive Battle of Cerro Corá where president Francisco Solano López was killed.

Its capital was located at Asunción.^[1]

• fr:Chiisme en Iran

• fr:Civilisation européenne

• fr:Langues en Haïti

This is a list of gangs in Haiti.

Haitian National Police person

• fr:Mouvement Bwa kale

• Iván Guzmán Salazar - NARCO CHRONICLES

• es:Etnografía de España

• es:Inmigración irregular en España

• es:Provincias Unidas del Centro de América