Transforming growth factor beta superfamily

Transforming growth factor beta like domain
Structure of human transforming growth factor-beta 2.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol	TGF_beta
Pfam	PF00019
Pfam clan	CL0079
InterPro	IPR001839
PROSITE	PDOC00223
SCOP2	1tfg / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983.^[2] They interact with TGF-beta receptors.

Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates and categorized into 23 distinct gene types that fall into four major subfamilies:^[3][4][5]

• The TGF-β subfamily
• The bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth differentiation factors
• The activin and inhibin subfamilies
• The left-right determination factors
• A group encompassing various divergent members

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)^[6] is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta-1 is a peptide of 112 amino acid residues derived by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of a precursor protein. These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and generate intracellular signals using a conserved family of proteins called SMADs. They play fundamental roles in the regulation of basic biological processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system.^[3]

Structure

Proteins from the TGF-beta superfamily are only active as homo- or heterodimer; the two chains being linked by a single disulfide bond. From X-ray studies of TGF-beta-2,^[7] it is known that all the other cysteines are involved in intrachain disulfide bonds. As shown in the following schematic representation, there are four disulfide bonds in the TGF-beta's and in inhibin beta chains, while the other members of this superfamily lack the first bond.

                                                     interchain
                                                     |
          +------------------------------------------|+
          |                                          ||
xxxxcxxxxxCcxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCxCx
    |      |                  |  |                                        | |
    +------+                  +--|----------------------------------------+ |
                                 +------------------------------------------+

where 'C' denotes a conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.

Examples

Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:

AMH; ARTN; BMP2; BMP3; BMP4; BMP5; BMP6; BMP7; BMP8A; BMP8B; BMP10; BMP15; GDF1; GDF2; GDF3; GDF5; GDF6; GDF7; GDF9; GDF10; GDF11; GDF15; GDNF; INHA; INHBA; INHBB; INHBC; INHBE; LEFTY1; LEFTY2; MSTN; NODAL; NRTN; PSPN; TGFB1; TGFB2; TGFB3;

References

1. Schlunegger MP, Grütter MG (July 1992). "An unusual feature revealed by the crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution of human transforming growth factor-beta 2". Nature. 358 (6385): 430–4. Bibcode:1992Natur.358..430S. doi:10.1038/358430a0. PMID 1641027. S2CID 4239431.
2. Assoian RK, Komoriya A, Meyers CA, Miller DM, Sporn MB (June 1983). "Transforming growth factor-beta in human platelets. Identification of a major storage site, purification, and characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 258 (11): 7155–60. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)32345-7. PMID 6602130.
3. Herpin A, Lelong C, Favrel P (May 2004). "Transforming growth factor-beta-related proteins: an ancestral and widespread superfamily of cytokines in metazoans". Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28 (5): 461–85. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2003.09.007. PMID 15062644.
4. Burt DW (April 1992). "Evolutionary grouping of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184 (2): 590–5. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)90630-4. PMID 1575734.
5. Burt DW, Law AS (1994). "Evolution of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily" (PDF). Prog. Growth Factor Res. 5 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1016/0955-2235(94)90020-5. hdl:20.500.11820/50fc2d69-c411-4835-9cd9-36bf4144bae4. PMID 8199356. S2CID 41326578.
6. Roberts AB, Sporn MB (1990). Peptide growth factors and their receptors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-51184-9.
7. Daopin S, Piez KA, Ogawa Y, Davies DR (July 1992). "Crystal structure of transforming growth factor-beta 2: an unusual fold for the superfamily". Science. 257 (5068): 369–73. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..369D. doi:10.1126/science.1631557. PMID 1631557.