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Religious assimilation refers to the adoption of a majority or dominant culture's religious practices and beliefs by a minority or subordinate culture. It is an important form of cultural assimilation.

Religious assimilation includes the religious conversion of individuals from a minority faith to the dominant faith. It can also include the religious indoctrination of children into a dominant religion by their converted parents. However, religious assimilation need not involve wholesale adoption of a dominant religious belief system by a minority; the concept is broad enough to include alterations in the frequency of religious participation to match that of the dominant culture. Indeed, religious assimilation among immigrant groups most commonly involves such minor changes, rather than sweeping change in religious belief systems.^[1]^: 134

Forms of religious assimilation

Gradual changes

In sharp contrast to other aspects of cultural assimilation such as language and nationality, dominant cultures in general tend not to expect immigrants to adopt the dominant religion.^[1]^: 3 Some researchers, such as Will Herberg, have advanced a thesis of perpetual religious pluralism, to the effect that immigrants their religious affiliation even after complete cultural assimilation in other aspects of culture.^[2]^: 368 Still, even those who retain their religion are still likely to become less religious over time as a result of assimilation, Herberg says. After a generation or two, formerly devout families may see their original religious identity develop into something more surface-level or symbolic.^[3]

In response to pressure and/or persecution

Some dominant cultures may exert pressures for religious assimilation so extreme as to amount, according to some researchers, to a form of religious persecution.^[4] These pressures may be exerted by making other, more appealing forms of cultural assimilation, such as membership in secular social club activities, so time-consuming that they interfere seriously with attendance at minority religious services, and by discouraging expression of minority religious beliefs in public.^[4]

Some examples of this form of religious assimilation can be found throughout Jewish history. In the late 1300s, antisemitic violence forced many Spanish Jews to convert or leave. Then, in 1492, Spain officially ordered the Jewish population of Spain to convert to Catholicism or leave. While some Spanish Jews did leave, others stayed. Those who stayed had to convert, but not all of those who converted fully adopted Catholicism; many of these continued to practice Judaism in secrecy, becoming known as "crypto-Jews." Others converted and began gradually adopting Catholicism over subsequent generations.^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Connor, Phillip Carey (June 2010). A theory of immigrant religious adaptation: disruption, assimilation, and facilitation (PhD dissertation). Department of Sociology, Princeton University. UMI Number 3410990 – via ProQuest.
^ Yang, Fenggang; Ebaugh, Helen Rose (September 2001). "Religion and ethnicity among new immigrants: the impact of majority/minority status in home and host countries". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 40 (3): 367–378. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00063.
^ Chen, Carolyn; Park, Jerry Z. (2019). "Pathways of Religious Assimilation: Second-Generation Asian Americans' Religious Retention and Religiosity". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 58 (3): 666–688. doi:10.1111/jssr.12612. ISSN 0021-8294. While religious identity would persist, religiosity would decline with assimilation, Herberg predicted. The religion of assimilated Americans would be largely symbolic and rather thin: "…without serious commitment, without real inner conviction, without genuine existential decision" (260). Of the second and third generations, Gans (1994) observed that the descendants of European immigrants practiced a "symbolic religiosity." They had a poor knowledge of religious doctrine and low levels of religious observance compared to their more devout, albeit less assimilated, immigrant ancestors.
^ ^a ^b LeMay, Alec (October 15, 2010). "Religious domestication: how persecution is re-packaged in present-day Japan" (PDF). Tokyo: Graduate Program in Area Studies, Graduate School of Global Studies, Sophia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
^ Jacobs, Janet Liebman (2002). "INTRODUCTION. Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective.". Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews. University of California Press. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-0-520-23346-1. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pnbpv.4.
^ M. Gitlitz, David (2024-06-30). "Conversos and the Spanish Inquisition" (PDF). University of Rhode Island.