The collective takes its name from a 1995 phrase by Mexican poet and activist Susana Chávez, "Ni una muerta más" (Spanish for "Not one more [woman] dead"), in protest to the female homicides in Ciudad Juárez. Chávez herself was assassinated in 2011, moment in which the phrase became a "symbol of struggle".[6][7]
Context for movement origin
Latin America has incredibly high rates of femicide, or feminicide; at least 12 women suffer from gender-based violence daily. Additionally, 14 out of the 25 countries with the highest rates of gender-based violence can be found in Latin America.[8] The primary age group that is a victim of this sort of violence are young women aged 15–29.[9] Gender-based violence can be described as diverse tactics to keep women in a subordinate position in society.[10] The actual conditions and methods to exert violence can vary greatly. For example, they can range from murder in a civil war environment to being slapped in an otherwise peaceful home. Furthermore, defining victims of feminicide is slightly distinct from female victims of homicide. For a case to be classified as femicide, victims are killed because of their gender.[11] Nevertheless, this statistic may be higher and more nuanced because collecting accurate data is difficult. This pattern creates more barriers to institutionalizing practices that may protect women from gender-based violence.[8]
A factor that influences the prevalence of gender-based violence in Latin America is gender inequality. In Latin America, women are often more socially and economically disadvantaged compared to women in North America and Western Europe.[12] This may perpetuate dynamics where women are more likely to remain in relationships where they are experiencing abuse or violence.
Furthermore, many feminists point to institutional violence as a factor that proliferates more gender-based violence and femicide. They cite impunity for men within legal institutions as a mechanism that impedes women from achieving justice.[13] They argue that the legal system is built so that women face barriers or are improperly protected from violence. Researchers have concluded that the level of impunity in a country is an accurate predictor of higher rates of femicide.[13]
On the other hand, toxic masculinity, or machismo, is very prevalent in Latin America. These concepts refer to the notion that men are stronger than women and must assert control in order to protect them. However, they often incorporate an aggressive and exaggerated assertion of masculinity that can translate into a propensity for gender-based discrimination and gender-based violence.[11]
Lastly, gender-based violence is more common in areas that are more prone to cartel and gang violence. Violence against the female body is used as a tool to assert control and dominance.[14] Furthermore, as cartels expand they begin to delve into practices beyond drugs, including sexual exploitation and trafficking.[15] Moreover, it reiterates ideas of machismo and consequent female submissiveness. These patterns are prevalent in Latin America due to the amount of drug and cartel violence. In Central America, around 600,000 people are internally displaced due to gang violence.[14] On the other hand, levels of violence across the region have been increasing in the past couple of years.[16]
Across Latin America
Argentina
Ni Una Menos protest in Argentina in 2018. The green handkerchiefs are typically used to signal support for abortion legalization[17]
The Ni Una Menos movement was born in Argentina. The protest was organized after the murder of 14-year-old Chiara Paez, found buried underneath her boyfriend's house on May 11, 2015, because she wanted to keep the baby and he did not, so he beat her to death when she was a few weeks pregnant.[18] They were able to mobilize 200,000 people in Buenos Aires alone.[19] The movement was iterated as opposition to femicide and violence against women, but did not discuss more controversial topics originally.[20] The name Ni Una Menos can be roughly translated to "Not One [Woman] Less." This refers to not wanting any more women to die as a result of gender-based violence. The movement became nationally recognized with the use of the hashtag #NiUnaMenos on social media, title under which massive demonstrations were held on June 3, 2015, having the Palace of the Argentine National Congress as a main meeting point.[20] Since the first #NiUnaMenos in 2015, demonstrations take place every year in Argentina on June 3. Furthermore, the movement has continued to expand to other countries and regions due to its strong digital presence.[21] The transnational spread through the use of social media after the movement's birth in Argentina has allowed for different places to adapt to their local needs while maintaining a sense of solidarity.
On October 19, 2016 the Ni una menos collective organized a first-ever women mass strike in Argentina, in response to the murder of 16-year-old Lucía Pérez, who was raped and impaled in the coastal city of Mar del Plata.[22][23] It consisted of a one-hour pause from work and study early in the afternoon, with protesters dressed in mourning for what was known as Miércoles negro (Spanish for "Black Wednesday"). These protests became region-wide and gave the movement a greater international momentum, with street demonstrations also taking place in Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Spain.[24][25]
As a direct result of Ni Una Menos protests, the Registry of Femicides and the Centre for the Registration, Systematisation, and Monitoring of Feminicides were created to keep a better record of gender-based violence. The government also established the Ministry for Women, Gender, and Diversity.[26] Moreover, Ni Una Menos protests in Argentina are credited as a catalyst for the legalization of first-trimester elective abortion on December 30, 2020.[27] The movement drifted from their original mission to combat violence against women and adopted abortion rights as a key issue in the movement. The vastness of the protests caused abortion to become a salient topic in the Argentine legislature and caused more people to support its legalization.[28]
Peru
Ni Una Menos protest in Peru.
In Peru, over 30% of women report suffering physical violence at the hands of a spouse in their lifetime.[29] Further, in a 2006 World Health Organization survey, they found that Peru had the highest rates of violence in the region with 61% reporting violence experiencing violence at the hands of an intimate partner.[30] The NiUnaMenos (Peru) movement was sparked in July 2016 when Adriano Pozo Arias, a known abuser, was released from jail. A video captures him attacking his girlfriend, Cindy Arlette Contreras Bautista. He was convicted and sent to jail but only served a one-year sentence. Another case that impulsed Peruvians into action was when Ronny Garcia beat Lady Guillen.[31] The resulting protest on August 13, 2016 has been recognized as the largest protest in Peruvian history with hundreds of thousands of people in attendance in Lima.[32] People were mobilized and the march's logistics were planned over Facebook as tensions and frustrations about high levels of feminicide and the lack of a strong state response to this issue increased.[31] There have been subsequent Ni Una Menos marches in Peru on 2017[33] and 2018.[34]
In Peru, there has been considerable backlash against the adoption of abortion rights as an issue Ni Una Menos is championing for. Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani, a prominent religious leader condemned the legalization of abortion in cases of child rape and the expansion of sex education courses in schools.[35] He has even organized counterprotests to proliferate his opposing, more conservative beliefs.
Mexico
Historically, Mexico has been a country with one the highest femicide rates in Latin America. From the years 2015-2021, Mexico had a 135% increase of femicide, going from 427 victims to a little above 1,000 victims.[36] In Mexico, the Ni Una Menos movement has been observed to be prevalent and active. While there have been many street demonstrations following the Ni Una Menos movement in Mexico, there was a bigger nationwide strike and Ni Una Menos protest on March 9, 2020. This protest consisted of women only staying home, meaning women didn’t go to school, work, or any public place. This nationwide strike was carried out due to the lack of government involvement and cooperation to address and handle femicide, domestic violence, and other issues. Albeit, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ni Una Menos demonstrations or organizing were deterred, and femicide cases during the pandemic continued to increase.[36] However, recently, a few efforts have been seen by the Mexican government to address some of these concerns. For example, there is a prosecutor’s office that is dedicated to gender crimes, including femicides.[36] Nevertheless, femicide is still an ongoing issue and a tragic reality for many women in Mexico, and other countries across Latin America.[36]
Puerto Rico
In 2018, Puerto Rico reported high rates of femicide, with an estimated femicide per week on average. In 2020, Puerto Rico reported 60 femicide cases. Moreover, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency against gender-based violence and femicide in January 2021.[37] Despite declaring a state of emergency against gender-based violence, femicide rates continued. Within the same year, the news of the killings of two femicide cases in Puerto Rico was widespread and as a result, they received a lot of national attention and a big turnout for the Ni Una Menos demonstration on May 2, 2021.[38] These cases were the cases of Andrea Ruiz Costas and Keishla Rodríguez Ortiz. Andrea Ruiz Costas was killed by her abusive ex-boyfriend in April 2021, after the court rejected the protection order she filed against him. Days later, on May 1, the body of Keishla Rodríguez Ortiz was found in the San Jose Lagoon, located next to the San Juan’s Teodoro Moscoso Bridge, where the demonstration took place. Keishla was pregnant when her famous boxer boyfriend, Felix Verdejo, killed her.[38] As a result, activists and other Puerto Rican civilians took to the San Juan Teodoro Moscoso Bridge to protest against femicide and to call for justice for these victims. Hundreds of people showed up to the demonstration and shut down the bridge, stopping traffic and usage of the bridge. Protestors had signs with “Ni Una Menos” written on them and cars that blocked the lanes with the same phrase written on them. These protestors advocated for and preached the slogan, aligning themselves with the movement, as they were calling for an end to gender-based violence and femicide.[38]
The Impact of the Ni Una Menos Movement Within Other Movements
The Green Tide
While the Ni Una Menos movement is broader and extensive, this movement has inspired and has been incorporated or infused within other movements. This is seen in the Green Tide movement. The Green Tide movement refers to the movement in Latin America that fights for reproductive justice such as the legalization of abortion, which is heavily promoted through the usage of green bandanas or green scarves. The green bandanas were originally a symbol that represented the right to legalized abortions used by the National Campaign for Legal, Safe, and Free Abortion. This campaign is a campaign from Argentina that presented a bill in 2003, calling for the legalization of abortion, however, they had no luck in passing it.[39] While the symbol and representation behind the green scarf were first started by the National Campaign for Legal, Safe, and Free Abortion, the Ni Una Menos movement is what popularized it and spread the symbol across Latin America. Many Ni Una Menos protests and demonstrations in Latin America are accompanied by green bandanas/ scarves. Along with these green pañuelos or bandanas, were many chants, such as the chant “Las ricas abortan, las pobres mueren”, meaning the rich women abort, while the poor women die, highlighting the injustices and disproportionate inequalities that affect poor women due to the inaccessibility to a legal abortion.[39] Although the Ni Una Menos movement’s prime objective is to fight against femicide and domestic abuse, general women’s rights such as the right to an abortion were heavily integrated into the movement. With many Ni Una Menos protests accompanied by the green scarves and the green movement, on December 30, 2020, abortion of up to 14 weeks of pregnancy was legalized in Argentina, the heart and origin of the movement.[39] The presence of the Green Tide due to the Ni Una Menos movement was seen in many Latin American countries, such as Mexico, and as a result, curated law changes in favor of the movement's ideals. In September 2021, the Mexican Supreme Court declared that abortions would no longer be criminalized. Furthermore, every year on September 28, International Safe Abortion Day, and March 8, International Women’s Day, cities across Latin America become visually green, as they are filled with green pañuelos and green bandana demonstrations, showing the impact of the green tide that was preached by the Ni Una Menos movement.[39]
Justicia para Nuestras Hijas
Another movement that incorporates Ni Una Menos values is the organization, Justicia para Nuestras Hijas, or Justice for Our Daughters. Justicia para Nuestras Hijas is an activist group that advocates for the rights and justice of femicide victims in Chihuahua, Mexico. This group is made up of family members and activists who seek justice for their daughters and want an end to femicide in Mexico. Due to the lack of proper investigation and government negligence, this organization conducts its own investigations to acquire justice for femicide victims or missing women.[40] When there are public demonstrations or protests on the streets by this group, they carry a pink cross as their symbol. On this pink cross is the phrase “Ni Una Menos”. This group carries on the message and incorporates the values of the Ni Unas Menos movement as the movement fights against femicide.[40]
Diversity
The Ni Una Menos has been a welcoming movement that has created a safe space for people of many different intersectionalities. The movement's diversity encourages younger generations to join the movement regardless of their backgrounds and identities. The movement's diversity also plays into part in why it has been successful and why it has been so widespread across Latin America. The inclusion and welcoming of Black, indigenous, trans, and queer women has allowed the movement to gain a lot of support and followers. The movement is not limited to one identity or one certain woman but instead accounts for many women and the many intersectionalities that encompass Latin America.[41][42] While other movements such as the #MeToo movement are critiqued by feminist scholars, such as Angela Davis, for the lack of inclusion and taking into account structural issues such as race, the Ni Una Menos movement acknowledges structural issues such as race and gender in society.[42] By using intersectional feminism, the Ni Una Menos movement is able to address issues affecting women with a broader perspective and can connect issues such as femicide to other gender and racial issues prevalent in society.[42]
The Queer Community
While it is not exactly clear where the Ni Una Menos collective stands with queer rights, queer issues, and other related issues, the Ni Una Menos is known to be an intersectional and welcoming movement where the LGBTQ+ community is embraced and active in Ni Una Menos demonstrations, aligning themselves with an LGBTQ+ rights agenda.[35][43] For example, in 2018, the Ni Una Menos movement organized a global stance against patriarchy that was called the “Orgasmarathon”. This event was an international and global orgasm that intended to include and preach for the necessities and aspirations of feminists and the LGBTQ+ community.[43] This event was spread on social media to reach international participation, where women from wherever they were located, were encouraged to engage in self-pleasure and be a part of what was explained to be a “sexual revolution” by the Ni Una Menos collective, whilst embracing different sexualities and identities within the broader Ni Una Menos movement. This event occurred on the same day as the 2018 International Women’s Strike, on March 8 at midnight.[43]
Beyond Latin America
United States
#MeToo sign at the 2018 Women's March in New York
The Ni Una Menos movement expressed itself as the large scale #MeToo Movement in the United States. Their missions are somewhat different since MeToo focuses on calling out perpetrators of sexual assault and harassment in positions of power, while Ni Una Menos pays more attention to femicide specifically. They share themes of improving the situation of violence against women and secured much of their support from social media. Moreover, #MeToo has collaborated with Ni Una Menos as they did for the International Women's Strike in 2017.[44][45] They have also pointed to Ni Una Menos as an inspiration to their activism. The #MeToo Movement began in 2017, a couple of years after the first protest in Argentina and the movement had begun to spread throughout the rest of South America and the Caribbean. It was a reaction to Harvey Weinstein's continued inappropriate sexual behavior.[46] Several actresses, including Alyssa Milano, took to social media to denounce Weinstein. They also encouraged other women to share experiences within the same industry with other perpetrators. This initiative expanded to other industries and people in power within them. The purpose of the movement was for women to find solidarity, support, and a safe space to share their stories of sexual assault and harassment.[47] The phrase "Me Too" was originally coined by Tarana Burke in 2007 to encourage survivors to speak out. However, it became more mainstream once it reached social media in 2017.[48]
Criticism and Backlash
The basis of the Ni Una Menos movement is that women face disproportionate violence due to their gender. Some critics counter this assertion with the fact that in aggregate men face more violence than women.[49] Some respond to this by reframing feminicide as an effect of a patriarchal society that has negative consequences for everybody that lives within it. Meanwhile, others simply reject the movement.
Milagro Sala, a figure in Argentine social and political spheres.
On the other hand, Ni Una Menos strategically establishes itself as a movement against gender based violence. While many members of the movement champion for other aspects of women's liberation, such as abortion rights and LGBTQ+ rights, the movement has not adopted an official position for either of these.[35] However, there still are strong indicators that the rise of the Ni Una Menos movement facilitated the abortion legalization process in Argentina.[28] Conservative and religious sectors across Latin America have opposed the overlap between people that support the Ni Una Menos movement and these other rights.
The movement has been criticized by some journalists, especially since 2017, for some of its demands, such as the freedom of Milagro Sala in Argentina.[50]
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ abSaccomano, Celeste (2017). "El feminicidio en América Latina: ¿vacío legal o déficit del Estado de derecho? / Feminicide in Latin America: legal vacuum or deficit in the rule of law?". Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals (117): 51–78. doi:10.24241/rcai.2017.117.3.51 (inactive 22 June 2024). ISSN1133-6595. JSTOR26388133.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (link)
^ abRabinovich, Andrés. "#NiUnaMenos" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^"Violencia de Género. Cuadro 8.1 Perǘ: Violencia física contra la mujer ejercida alguna vez por parte del esposo o compañero, segǘn ámbito geográfico". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
^ abBejarano, Cynthia; Fregoso, Rosa-Linda (2010). Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas. Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-9264-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
List of events ← 1990 1989 1988 1991 in Mexico → 1992 1993 1994 Decades: 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also: History of Mexico List of years in Mexico Timeline of Mexican history Events in the year 1991 in Mexico. Incumbents Federal government President: Carlos Salinas de Gortari Interior Secretary (SEGOB): Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios Secretary of Foreign Affairs (SRE): Fernando Solana Morales Communications Secretary (SCT): Andrés Caso Lombardo Secretary of Defense (SEDENA):...
Long series of linear deformation and mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains The Uralian orogeny refers to the long series of linear deformation and mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains, starting in the Late Carboniferous and Permian periods of the Palaeozoic Era, c. 323–299 and 299–251 million years ago (Mya) respectively, and ending with the last series of continental collisions in Triassic to early Jurassic times. The region affected by the orogeny, ...
City in Indiana, United StatesJeffersonville, IndianaCityCity of JeffersonvilleSkyline of JeffersonvilleNickname: JeffLocation of Jeffersonville in Clark County, IndianaCoordinates: 38°17′44″N 85°43′53″W / 38.29556°N 85.73139°W / 38.29556; -85.73139CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyClarkEstablished1801Government • MayorMike Moore (R)Area[1] • Total34.35 sq mi (88.97 km2) • Land34.08 sq...
Timothy Zahn na New York Comic Con em 2012. Timothy Zahn (1 de Setembro de 1951) é um escritor estadunidense de ficção científica e fantasia, mais conhecido pela chamada Trilogia Thrawn da franquia Star Wars.[1] Zahn também fez o roteiro da HQ do personagem Star-Lord da Marvel Comics.[2] Referências ↑ «CCXP 2015 terá Timothy Zahn, autor da Trilogia Thrawn de Star Wars». Omelete ↑ «Guardiões da Galáxia - Parte 3». HQManiacs. Arquivado do original em 21 de setembro de 201...
Jia YifanInformasi pribadiKebangsaan TiongkokLahir29 Juni 1997 (umur 26)Tianjin, TiongkokTinggi170 m (557 ft 9 in)PeganganKiriGanda putri & campuranPeringkat tertinggi1 (WD 2 November 2017) 97 (XD 1 September 2016)Peringkat saat ini1 bersama Chen Qingchen (27 Desember 2022[1])Profil di BWF Jia Yifan (Hanzi: 贾一凡; Pinyin: Jiǎ Yīfán; Pengucapan Mandarin: [tɕjà.í fǎn]; lahir 29 Juni 1997) adalah pemain bulu tangkis...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مايو 2021) الاتحاد الرياضي القرطاجني الاسم الكامل الاتحاد الرياضي القرطاجني (بالفرنسية: Union sportive Carthaginoise) الاسم المخ...
Class of chemical compounds Juvenile hormones (JHs) are a group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that regulate many aspects of insect physiology. The first discovery of a JH was by Vincent Wigglesworth. JHs regulate development, reproduction, diapause, and polyphenisms. The chemical formula for juvenile hormone is C 18 H 30 O 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {C_18H_30O_3}}} .[1][2][3] In insects, JH (formerly neotenin) refers to a group of hormones, which ensure growth of the larva, w...
Talking Man 1987 Avon Books editionAuthorTerry BissonCountryUnited StatesPublisherArbor House (Hardback, 1986) Avon Books (Paperback, 1987)Pages192 (hardback)ISBN978-0-87795-813-0 (Hardback, U.S.) 978-0380751419 (Paperback, U.S.) Talking Man is a 1986 fantasy novel by American author Terry Bisson. The book tells the story of a Kentucky mechanic called Talking Man. Talking Man is a wizard who creates his own world.[1] Reception Orson Scott Card rated Talking Man as one of the best SF b...
American voice actress Monica RialRial in 2023BornMonica Jean Rial[1] (1975-10-05) October 5, 1975 (age 48)[1]Houston, Texas, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Houston[2]Occupation(s)Voice actress, ADR script writerYears active1999–presentAgentMary Collins AgencyRelativesNatalie Rial (sister)[3]Miguel Rial (brother)Websitethemonicarial.com Monica Jean Rial (born October 5, 1975[1])[4] is an American voice actress and ADR script writer...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMA Negeri 2 TarakanInformasiJurusan atau peminatanIPA, IPS dan IBBURentang kelasX IPA, X IPS, X IBBU, XI IPA, XI IPS, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013AlamatLokasiJl. Gunung Kerinci RT 006, Tarakan, Kalimantan UtaraMoto SMA Negeri (SMAN) 2 Tarakan...
Tamil Arasu Kazhaga Manadu Tamil Arasu Kazhagam (Association for Tamil Autonomy) (Tamil: தமிழ் அரசு கழகம்) was an Indian political party founded by M. P. Sivagnanam (Ma. Po. Si) in Tamil Nadu. It was established as an association in 1946. Its goals were to pressurize the Indian National Congress Government of the Madras Presidency to increase the use of Tamil in administration and education, to create an autonomous Tamil state out of a composite Madras Presidency a...
UK 1845 poor law scandal A newspaper illustration from The Penny Satirist (6 September 1845), depicting the inmates of Andover workhouse fighting over bones to eat. The Andover workhouse scandal of the mid-1840s exposed serious defects in the administration of the English 'New Poor Law' (the Poor Law Amendment Act). It led to significant changes in its central supervision and to increased parliamentary scrutiny. The scandal began with the revelation in August 1845 that inmates of the workhous...
German violinist (1859-1939) For the composer, see Willy Hess (composer). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Willy Hess violinist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Willy Hess (14 July 1859 – 17 Fe...
Keuskupan São MateusDioecesis Sancti MatthaeiKatedral Santo MatiusLokasiNegaraBrazilProvinsi gerejawiVitóriaStatistikLuas15.104 km2 (5.832 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2004)428.339304,426 (71.1%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinPendirian16 Februari 1958 (65 tahun lalu)KatedralCatedral São MateusKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupPaulo Bosi Dal'BóEmeritusAldo Gerna, M.C.C.I.Situs webwww.diocesedesaomateus.org.br Keuskupan São Mateus (bahasa Latin: Dio...
William Battine (25 January 1765 – 5 September 1836), was the English holder of many legal offices, and poet. Life Battine was born at East Morden, Sussex on 25 January 1765. Through his mother's family, he was stated to be one of the coheirs of the long dormant barony of Bray, but he never publicly urged his claim. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1774, but migrated to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he appears to have obtained a fellowship at a precociously early age; he to...
Police force of the island nation of Jamaica This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2017) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jamaica Constabulary Force – n...
English, Scottish, Irish and Great Britain legislationActs of Parliament by states preceding the United Kingdom Of the Kingdom of EnglandRoyal statutes, etc. issued beforethe development of Parliament 1225–1267 1275–1307 1308–1325 Temp. incert. 1327–1411 1413–1460 1461–1482 1483 1485–1503 1509–1535 1536 1539–1540 1541 1542 1543 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1551 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558–1601 1603–1623 1625 1627 1640 Interregnum (1642–1660) 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664...
2023 film score by the Newton BrothersFive Nights at Freddy's (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Film score by the Newton BrothersReleasedOctober 27, 2023Recorded2023GenreFilm scoreLength50:02LabelBack Lot MusicProducerThe Newton BrothersThe Newton Brothers chronology Goosebumps(2023) Five Nights at Freddy's(2023) X-Men '97(2024) Five Nights at Freddy's (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2023 film Five Nights at Freddy's based on the video game franchise of...
Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Rio de Janeiro è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Guapimirimcomune Guapimirim – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Brasile Stato federato Rio de Janeiro MesoregioneRio de Janeiro MicroregioneRio de Janeiro AmministrazioneSindacoNarcos Aurélio Dias TerritorioCoordinate22°32′45″S 42°59′06″W / 22.545833°S 42.985°W-22.545833; -42.985 (Guapimirim)Coordinate: 22°32...