This list contains all spacewalks and moonwalks performed from 1965 to 1999 where an astronaut has fully or partially left a spacecraft. Entries for moonwalks are shown with a gray background while entries for all other EVAs are uncolored.
All spacewalks have had the astronauts tethered to their spacecraft except for seven spacewalks by the United States (six in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit, and one in 1994 testing the SAFER rescue device). All moonwalks were performed with astronauts untethered, and some of the astronauts traveled far enough to lose visual contact with their craft (they were up to 7.6 km away from it using the Lunar Roving Vehicle). One lunar EVA was not a moonwalk, but rather a stand-up EVA partially out the top hatch of the LM, where it was thought that the extra height would help with surveying the area prior to conducting the moonwalks. Only three deep-space EVAs have ever been conducted, where the activity was neither on the lunar surface nor in low Earth orbit, but far away from both the Moon and the Earth.
Leonov conducted the first EVA in history.[1] Leonov had difficulty fitting back into the spacecraft due to spacesuit stiffness in vacuum, and vented air from his spacesuit in order to bend back into the capsule.[2]
White conducted the second EVA in history and the first American EVA.[3] White also had difficulty returning to the Gemini spacecraft. Although he was very fit and athletic, the effort left him exhausted.[4] While McDivitt did not exit, he was exposed to the vacuum of space in the spacecraft. White spent 20 minutes outside the capsule, the capsule's hatch was open for 36 minutes and the capsule was depressurized for 46 minutes.[5]
A complex work EVA was planned for Cernan, which involved him moving to the rear of the Gemini spacecraft and donning the Astronaut propulsion unit, developed by the U.S. Air Force.[6] Cernan expended four to five times the expected effort, raising his pulse as high as 180 beats per minute. Excess heat and respiration completely fogged Cernan's visor, and the EVA was cut short. Cernan also had difficulty returning to the spacecraft and closing the hatch.[7]
Collins performed a stand-up EVA. Instead of climbing completely out of the spacecraft, Collins extended his torso outside the spacecraft to take photos before and after capsule sunrise. Color photography after sunrise was only partly completed due to severe eye irritation of both Collins and Command Pilot Young. Handling the camera proved difficult due to the stiffness of Collins' gloves.[8]
Collins performed an umbilical EVA. With more difficulty than expected, Collins collected the micrometeorite collection package from the exterior of the Gemini spacecraft. Then, using the Hand Held Maneuvering Unit, he pushed to the nearby Agena Target Vehicle to collect its micrometeorite collection package. Collins then pulled on the umbilical cord to return and re-enter the spacecraft.[9]
Gordon attached a tether between the Gemini and Agena Target Vehicle for later orbital mechanics testing. While making the attachment, his workload exceeded the capacity of the spacesuit cooling system, and his vision became obscured by a fogged visor and sweat in his eyes. Planned activities were curtailed by Command Pilot Conrad and Gordon returned to the spacecraft.[10]
Gordon performed a stand-up EVA, extending through the hatch to take astronomical photos. Conrad reported the spacewalk was so relaxing they both fell asleep for a moment after sunrise.[11]
Aldrin performed a stand-up EVA. Aldrin took UV still photos and 16 mm color movie pictures, collected external experimental samples, and conducted a light exercise routine.[12]
Aldrin's walk was the first completely successful umbilical EVA, with all objectives achieved. He was able to control his movements and restrict his workload using techniques developed using underwater zero gravity simulations. Aldrin also benefited from the experiences of the previous American EVAs. Aldrin was able to move around the outside of the craft, deploy and recover various experimental packages, install and remove cameras, and practice work techniques using a ratchet-type wrench.[13]
Aldrin performed another stand-up EVA. Aldrin again extended outside the hatch to take photographs and repeat the light exercise experiment. Exertion levels during exercise were comparable to preflight simulations. Equipment and waste food containers not needed for re-entry were jettisoned from the spacecraft.[14]
Khrunov and Yeliseyev conducted the first two-man spacewalk. Both cosmonauts launched in Soyuz 5, which then docked with Soyuz 4. Khrunov and Yeliseyev performed an EVA to transfer to Soyuz 4. Although docked together, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 did not make an internal connection, necessitating the EVA. Khrunov and Yeliseyev returned to Earth aboard Soyuz 4.[15]
Schweickart exited the lunar module hatch, wearing the portable life support system (PLSS) backpack. Schweickart's backpack provided oxygen, communications, and cooling, independent of his spacecraft. Scott extended out of the command module hatch but remained supported by the command module through an umbilical cord. Plans for Schweickart to move to the command module hatch were scrubbed due to severe space sickness he had suffered the day before.[16]
Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Aldrin followed, describing the Moon as "magnificent desolation."[18] During their 2½ hour EVA, the team deployed the Early Apollo Scientific Experimental Package, took a call from President Nixon, collected rock and core samples, raised a US Flag, and took photographs.[19] Armstrong reported moving around on the Moon was easier than the simulation.[18]
During the first Apollo 12 moonwalk, Conrad and Bean deployed the modular equipment stowage assembly, collected and stowed the contingency sample, erected the solar wind foil, collected core samples and more surface samples, and deployed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package.[20] Early in the moonwalk, Bean accidentally pointed the color TV camera toward the Sun and destroyed the camera. Communication to the ground for the remainder of their moonwalks became radio-only.[21] The two were surprised to find photocopies of Playboy Playmate pictures inserted into some pages of their cuff checklist, a prank done by their backup crew.
Conrad and Bean collected additional core and rock samples and traveled over 600 feet (180 m) to Surveyor 3 to collect some parts (including the TV camera) off the robotic lander. They also retrieved the solar wind foil deployed on their earlier moonwalk.[22]
Shepard and Mitchell deployed the modular equipment stowage assembly, grabbed a contingency sample, and successfully set up the color TV camera. They erected an American flag and the solar wind foil. They then deployed the ALSEP and proceeded to collect core samples and several large Moon rocks.[23]
Shepard and Mitchell trekked 1300 meters (almost a mile) up the side of Cone crater, collecting rock samples, taking photographs and deploying a portable magnetometer. Although they came close, the team did not find the rim of the crater due to the difficulty of navigating the stark lunarscape.[24] Before re-entering the Apollo Lunar Module, Shepard used a modified sample tool to hit a couple of golf balls.[25]
Scott stood in the top hatch of the lunar module, visually surveying and photographing the landing site. He identified future EVA destinations and confirmed suitability for Lunar Roving Vehicle access.[26]
Scott and Irwin were the first team to ride the Lunar Roving Vehicle on the Moon. After securing the contingency sample, they drove the Rover (equipped with a TV camera beaming video back to Houston) to Elbow Crater and then to St. George Crater, collecting rock samples and taking photographs on the 5.6-mile (9.0 km) trip. On return to the lunar module, the moonwalkers deployed the ALSEP.[27]
Scott and Irwin traveled a southbound loop of 6.8 miles (10.9 km) in the Lunar Rover, collecting rock and soil samples, photographs, and a core sample. They stopped at the Apennine front, Spur Crater, and Dune Crater. At the Spur Crater rim Scott and Irwin spotted and collected a white rock later estimated to be 4.5 billion years old. Almost as old as the Moon itself, sample 15415 has become known as Genesis Rock, the oldest rock recovered during the Apollo missions.[28] After returning to the lunar module, they completed work around the ALSEP before re-entering the LM.[29]
The spacewalkers' last Lunar Rover ride traveled 2.8 miles (4.5 km) westward toward Hadley Rille. Sample collections and photographs were taken at Scarp Crater, Rim Crater, and The Terrace on the rim of the Hadley Rille. Returning to the lunar module, Scott and Irwin collected the long core sample from the area of the ALSEP.[30]
First deep space EVA. Worden made three trips to the scientific instrument module (SIM) on the service module to recover the film cassettes from the panoramic and mapping cameras and to examine the SIM for anomalies.[31] Irwin stood in the hatch to assist and photograph the spacewalk.[32]
Young and Duke deployed the ALSEP. Then the moonwalkers boarded the Lunar Roving Vehicle and traveled to Flag, Spook, and Buster Craters to collect rock and soil samples and to take photographs. At Buster Crater the lunar portable magnetometer was deployed.[33]
Astronauts Young and Duke traveled to the slopes of Stone Mountain, stopping at nine sites to collect samples, take photographs, and deploy a lunar portable magnetometer.[34] The round trip on the Lunar Roving Vehicle totaled 7.2 miles (11.6 km).[35]
Young and Duke climbed back onto the Lunar Roving Vehicle and traveled to Palmetto and End Crater, finally reaching the rim of North Ray Crater.[36] At the North Ray rim, they left to the LM and walked to the largest boulder (dubbed House Rock) sampled by the Apollo missions.[37] Young and Duke set the lunar land speed record of 10.5 miles per hour (16.9 km/h) during the third EVA.[35]
Command Module Pilot Mattingly retrieved the panoramic and mapping camera film cassettes from the SIM bay. Lunar Module Pilot Duke stood in the hatch to support Mattingly and to operate the microbial ecology evaluation device.[38]
Cernan and Schmitt deployed the ALSEP. Due to time restraints, their first trip on the Lunar Rover had to be shortened to a single stop near Emory Crater. This first EVA trip looped 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to collect about 31 pounds (14 kg) of geological samples.[39]: pp. 10–15
Cernan and Schmitt rode almost 5 miles (8.0 km) in the Lunar Roving Vehicle toward the South Massif, stopping at Hole-in-the-Wall and Ballet Crater to collect samples. At Shorty Crater, Schmitt discovered orange-colored soil.[40]
On their last moonwalk, Cernan and Schmitt drove the Lunar Rover toward the North Massif.[41] They explored a large split boulder called Tracy's Rock, (named for Cernan's daughter) taking samples, making photographs, and providing oral descriptions of the area.[40] The moonwalkers also visited the Sculptured Hills and Van Serg Crater as they finished their 7.5 miles (12.1 km) final ride.[39]: pp. 10–16 Cernan is the last person to date to walk on the lunar surface.
Last deep space EVA in history. No problems were encountered as Evans recovered the panoramic and mapping film cassettes and the lunar sounder tape from the SIM bay on the service module, and handed them to Schmitt in the command module hatch.[39]: pp. 10–43
Using a 10-foot (3.0 m) long tool, Pilot Weitz stood in the open side hatch of the command module (as Science Pilot Joseph Kerwin held onto his legs) and tried to remove a strap preventing the release of a solar array wing on Skylab.[42]
Conrad and Kerwin used long-handled cable cutters to remove debris that prevented the remaining solar array wing from deploying (the other was sheared off from the station during its launch). They then forced the solar wing to deploy, providing Skylab with the electrical power needed to operate.[43]
Conrad and Weitz ventured outside the station to replace exposed film cassettes in the Apollo Telescope Mount with fresh film. Conrad also fixed an electrical relay by whacking it with a hammer.[44]
Garriot and Lousma erected a twin-pole solar shield to improve temperature control in Skylab. They also replaced film cassettes in the Apollo Telescope Mount solar observatory and installed micrometeoroid detection panels.[45]
Garriott and Lousma disconnected external cabling, installed a new gyroscope selection box, and reconnected the cabling to the box. They also replaced the film in the solar observatory.[46]
Gibson and Pogue spent 6½ hours on their first EVA replacing the film on the solar observatory and repairing the antenna for the Earth Resources Experiment Package.[48]
Carr and Pogue used the extreme ultraviolet electronographic camera and the coronagraph contamination camera to photograph Comet Kohoutek. They also replaced the film in the solar observatory.[49]
The EVA by Romanenko and Grechko was the first Soviet EVA in over eight years and the first use of the Orlan-D spacesuit.[51] Grechko inspected the front docking port for damage from the failed Soyuz 25 docking and found no damage. Romanenko, assisting Grechko from the hatch, pushed away from the station without a secure line, and was rescued by Grechko.[52]
Ivanchenkov retrieved samples and experiments attached to the outside of Salyut 6. Kovalyonok assisted with the retrievals and used a color television camera to transmit EVA images to TsUP.[53]
Ryumin and Lyakhov removed the KRT-10 antenna that had failed to separate from Salyut 6 and had obstructed the station's aft docking port target. After disposing of the antenna, Ryumin collected samples of damaged insulation and a retrieved a micrometeoroid detector.[54]
The last man on the Moon, Eugene Cernan, in a photo taken by Harrison Schmitt on the third (and last) of the Apollo 17 moonwalks. Schmitt's reflection can be seen in the center of Cernan's helmet.
Performing the first EVA from Salyut 7, Lebedev anchored himself with a foot restraint, while Berezovoy assisted from the hatch. After collecting and placing samples on the exterior surface of the spacecraft, Lebedev tested methods for assembly and disassembly work in space, including the Istok panel experiment of turning bolts with a special wrench.[55]
Musgrave and Peterson conducted the first spacewalk from a Space Shuttle.[56] They spent their time testing their spacesuits and tools for future space construction.[57]
McCandless and Stewart rode on the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) during the first untethered EVAs in history. Both astronauts practiced using tools and procedures for the planned capture and repair of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite to be performed in a subsequent flight.[59]
McCandless and Stewart continued testing the MMUs. They also continued practice with tools and procedures to be used with recovery and repair of the SMM satellite.[59]
Nelson rode the MMU to the SMM satellite. Van Hoften stood by in the payload bay to provide any needed assistance. After three unsuccessful attempts to capture the SMM with the Trunnion Pin Acquisition Device (TPAD) tool and one attempt to grab the satellite by hand, the spacewalkers returned to Challenger. The SMM was recovered the next day with the RMS.[60]
Kizim and Solovyov conducted the first of five EVAs to repair the ruptured main oxidizer line on Salyut 7. They installed a new ladder to reach the damaged line.[62]
During the second of five EVAs to repair the ruptured oxidizer pipe, Kizim and Solovyov removed insulation and installed a valve in the spare line.[62]
Kizim and Solovyov completed the fourth of the five oxidizer line repair EVAs by installing a second bypass line and replacing the thermal insulation.[62]
Savitskaya and Dzhanibekov tested the URI multi-purpose tool with several metal samples. Savitskaya became the first woman in history to perform an EVA.[62]
Kizim and Solovyov completed the last of five EVAs to repair the ruptured oxidizer line. They used a pneumatic press tool carried up by Soyuz T-12 to crimp the ends of the ruptured pipe.[63]
Leestma and Sullivan demonstrated the use of the Orbital Refueling System, including the installation of an ORS valve maintenance kit. Sullivan became the first American woman to perform a spacewalk.[64]
Allen rode the MMU to the Palapa B-2 satellite, and retrieved it into the payload bay of Discovery. Gardner and Allen secured the satellite in the payload bay for return to Earth.[65]
In a procedure similar to the first EVA of STS-51-A, Gardner rode the MMU to the Westar VI satellite, and retrieved it into the payload bay. Allen and Gardner then secured the satellite in the payload bay for return to Earth.[65]
Griggs and Hoffman installed an improvised switch-pulling tool, called the "flyswatter", on Discovery's RMS robotic arm. The "flyswatter" was used in an effort to push the sequencer start lever on the Syncom IV-3 satellite in the proper position for deployment.[66] This attempted repair was the first unplanned spacewalk in NASA history.[67]
Van Hoften rode the RMS to capture the Syncom IV-3 satellite and pulled it into Discovery's payload bay. Fisher and Van Hoften then secured and started repairs on the satellite in the payload bay. The retrieval was complicated by a malfunction of the RMS that made hindered its operation.[69]
Fisher and Van Hoften completed repairs on the Syncom IV-3 satellite. Then Van Hoften, riding the RMS, heaved the satellite out of the payload bay, imparting the spin needed for the satellite to fire its perigee motor.[69]
Ross and Spring practiced construction techniques in the payload bay of Atlantis. They assembled and disassembled the two experimental EASE/ACCESS structures.[70]
Ross and Spring conducted supplementary experiments on the EASE and ACCESS structures, including a test of the RMS to aid in the construction experiments.[70]
Kizim and Solovyov retrieved test panels from the outside of Salyut 7 and assembled a test "girder-constructor" apparatus in preparation for work on Mir.[71]
Romanenko and Laveykin made an unplanned spacewalk to examine the Kvant docking port, because it had failed to make a hard dock with Mir. They were able to remove debris lodged in the docking mechanism, allowing for a complete dock.[72]
Romanenko and Laveykin expanded the electrical capacity of the Mir space station. They installed the first half of the solar array brought to orbit in Kvant.[72]
Romanenko and Laveykin completed the expansion of electrical capacity on the Mir by installing the second half of the solar array carried to orbit in Kvant.[72]
Titov and Manarov replaced part of the array installed the previous year by Romanenko and Laveykin. They also found time to clear the portholes, which had become covered with dust.[73] p.
Titov and Manarov attempted to replace Kvant's X-ray telescope during a spacewalk that was not planned or rehearsed before launch. They trained by watching a videotape and talking to cosmonauts who had practiced the repair in a pool. The repair ended prematurely when a special wrench broke.[74]
The first EVA by a French citizen commenced when Volkov and Chrétien ventured outside Mir to install hardware and experiments. The Soviet-French spacewalking team installed handrails, installed and wired the Enchantillons rack, and installed the ERA experimental package. At first, the ERA package failed to unfold when commanded from inside Mir. A swift kick from Volkov was needed for it to properly unfold.[76]
Viktorenko and Serebrov closed out experimental racks, either retrieving for return to Earth, or discarding into space. They also modified the docking node for the arrival of the Kristall module.[77]
Viktorenko and Serebrov tested the new Orlan-DMA spacesuit. This spacewalk team was the first use of the EVA airlock hatch on the Kvant-2 module. During the spacewalk a mooring post was attached outside the airlock, and a Kurs antenna was removed to enable future EVAs.[77]
Viktorenko and Serebrov tested the SPK "flying armchair", analogous to NASA's MMU. The SPK did not fly free, but remained tethered to Kvant-2 during the tests.[77]
At the start of their EVA to repair torn insulation on Soyuz TM-9, Solovyev and Balandin damaged the hatch on Kvant-2 by opening it before the airlock was completely depressurized. The spacewalking team repaired the insulation on Soyuz, but time constraints required returning to Kvant-2 before they collected their tools and ladders. Unable to securely close the damaged hatch, they used the center section of Kvant-2 as a back-up airlock.[78]
Solovyev and Balandin left Mir through the damaged Kvant-2 hatch. They transmitted images of the damaged hatch to TsUP. They also recovered the ladders and tools left outside earlier. After removing debris lodged in the hinge of the airlock hatch, it was able to close and seal for repressurization.[78]
Manakov and Strekalov exited Mir through the damaged Kvant-2 airlock hatch. After removing insulation around the hatch, they found the hatch to be more heavily damaged than previously understood. Although unable to completely repair the hatch, they added hardware to the hatch and returned to Mir.[79]
Afanasyev and Manarov successfully repaired the damaged hatch on the Kvant-2 airlock. The spacewalk team also positioned equipment for installation in a later EVA.[80]
When the boom antenna on the GRO satellite would not extend, Ross and Apt exited the shuttle on an unplanned EVA to extend the boom to prepare the satellite for its final release into orbit.[81]
Manarov inspected and filmed the Kurs antenna on Kvant, finding that one of the antenna dishes was missing. Then Afanasyev and Manarov re-installed the camera on Kvant-2 that they had earlier removed and repaired.[82]
Artsebarsky and Krikalev started the EVA from the Kvant-2 airlock, climbed across Mir to the opposite end, and replaced the damaged Kurs antenna. Before returning to the airlock, they also performed assembly tests on an experimental structural joint.[83]
Using the Stela boom, Artsebarsky and Krikalev moved ladders and the base platform parts for the Sofora girder from the Kvant-2 airlock and installed the components on the Kvant module.[83]
Artsebarsky and Krikalev completed assembly of the Sofora girder and the spacewalking team mounted a small Soviet flag on top of the structure. Artsebarsky had trouble with fogging on his visor, due to overexertion, but Krikalev was able to lead him back to the airlock.[83]
Volkov and Krikalev performed maintenance activities on the outside of Mir, including cleaning camera lenses. Volkov had problems with the cooling system on his Orlan space suit, and was limited in his mobility.[85]
Thuot attempted to capture the Intelsat VI satellite using a capture bar carried up in Endeavour while Hieb stood by to assist with placement in the payload bay. After multiple attempts to catch Intelsat VI, the spacewalkers returned to the airlock to consider the failed attempts.[86]
Thuot tried five more times to capture Intelsat VI while Hieb stood by to assist. Once again Thuot was unable to engage the capture bar to the satellite.[86]
Thuot, Hieb and Akers captured Intelsat VI with their hands. The trio then pulled the satellite into the payload bay, added a new perigee kick motor, and launched the satellite away from Endeavour. This spacewalk was the first (and only) three-person spacewalk in history. The three spacewalkers also set a new record for elapsed spacewalk time.[86]
Akers and Thornton tested space station assembly techniques on an experimental structure, the Assembly of Station by Extravehicular Activity Methods (ASEM). The experiments with ASEM were intended to help with the design of the planned Space Station Freedom.[86]
Viktorenko and Kaleri inspected several gyrodynes, located on the Kvant-2 module, near the airlock. Their inspection provided data needed to prepare for the planned repair and replacement work.[87]
Avdeyev and Solvyev installed the electrical and control cables needed by the VDU thruster for operation on the Sofora truss. They also recovered the Soviet flag installed on the Sofora truss the year before, which had been destroyed by UV radiation and micrometeoroids.[88]
Avdeyev and Solvyev collected samples of a solar array and relocated the Kurs docking antenna on the Kristall module in preparation for the arrival of Soyuz TM-16.[88]
Harbaugh and Runco tested space station construction techniques and mobility techniques. They proved that some techniques were useful, and some were not.[89]
Manakov and Poleshchuk used the Strela boom to install an electric motor on the Kvant module for solar arrays originally installed on the Kristall module. After the installation, Poleshchuk noticed that one of the handles on the Strela boom had become loose and drifted away from Mir. The loss of the Strela handle meant the next EVA would have to be delayed until a new handle could be lifted to orbit the next Progress supply launch.[90]
After receiving the replacement part, Manakov and Poleshchuk first repaired the Strela boom and then installed the second electric drive for the solar array.[90]
Low and Wisoff helped secure the antenna on the captured EURECA satellite in its stored position for return to Earth. Then both spacewalkers practiced space station construction maneuvers on the RMS.[91]
Newman and Walz carried out tests on tools, tethers, and a foot restraint system in anticipation of the repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. A stuck tool chest lid slowed the closeout of spacewalk for at least 45 minutes.[93]
Tsibliyev and Serebrov completed the assembly of the Rapana truss. The experience gained from the construction of the truss was later used in future station designs, such as the International Space Station.[92]
Tsibliyev and Serebrov inspected Mir's exterior for damage from the recent Perseid meteoroid shower. The most notable damage they found was a 5-millimetre (0.20 in) hole in one of the solar arrays.[92]
Tsibliyev and Serebrov completed their inspection of the entire exterior of Mir. They observed several marks on the hull, but there were no complete penetrations. However, the spacewalking team noticed an unidentified piece of metal drifting by the station during their inspections.[92]
Musgrave and Hoffman replaced two sets of gyroscopes and electrical control units, as well as a set of 8 fuses on Hubble. The spacewalkers had considerable difficulty closing the latches on the gyro doors, probably due to thermal expansion of the closure bolts. Working closely with engineers on the ground, the team was able to force the door to latch closed. Before re-entering the shuttle, they prepared the payload bay for the next EVA.[94]
Thorton rode the RMS to handle the solar arrays while Akers made the cable connections as the team replaced two solar arrays on the Hubble. One array was discarded into space, and one array was furled and stowed for return to Earth.[94]
Musgrave and Hoffman replaced the electronics for the solar array drive motors. They also placed some improvised covers over the new magnetometers to protect them from debris.[94]
Malenchenko and Musabayev inspected a docking port on Kvant-2 for damage from a collision with Progress M-24.[95] They also inspected the Kristall module for damage from a collision with Soyuz TM-17 and repaired that module near where it connected to the base block of Mir.[96]
Foale and Harris conducted a test of moving large mass objects. They also tested the effectiveness of new spacesuit temperature control underwear by being lofted outside the payload bay by the RMS.[99] Harris was the first African-American to perform an EVA.
Dezhurov and Strekalov made preparations for the arrival of the Spektr module. They installed some electrical cable attachments, adjusted solar array actuators, and practiced folding the Kristall solar arrays for the future move to Kvant.[100]
Dezhurov and Strekalov moved the solar arrays from Kristall to Kvant. Their suits ran low on oxygen before they were able to re-install the arrays on Kvant. They secured the arrays and tools to Kvant and returned to Mir.[100]
Dezhurov and Strekalov completed installation of the relocated solar array on Kvant. They also retracted some solar panels to prepare for moving Kristall.[100]
Conducting a spacewalk inside the transfer compartment of the Mir base block, Dezhurov and Strekalov relocated the docking cone from the -X port to the -Z port.[101]
Again working from the depressurized base block transfer compartment, Dezhurov and Strekalov prepared to move the recently arrived Spektr module by relocating the docking cone from the -Z port to the -Y port.[102]
Solovyev and Budarin used the Strela boom to move to the Spektr module and freed the stuck solar array. They also inspected the -Z docking port and found it to be undamaged.[103]
Solovyev had problems with his Orlan-DMA spacesuit cooling system, and had to stay tethered to an umbilical at Kvant-2. Budarin was able work his way to the far end of Spektr and do some preparations for the installation of the Mir infrared spectrometer (MIRAS). He also collected the American TREK cosmic ray panel that had been installed on Kvant-2 since 1991.[104]
Voss and Gernhardt installed thermal instruments in the payload bay of Endeavour and tested construction techniques in support of the International Space Station. They also tested redesigned spacesuit helmet lights and spacesuit heaters.[106]
Reiter completed the first European Space Agency EVA. Avdeyev and Reiter used the Strela boom to move to the Spektr module. Afterwards they installed several experiments on the European Space Exposure Facility before returning to the airlock.[107]
Chiao and Barry practiced construction techniques for the upcoming International Space Station. Their activities included installing a cable tray, hooking up cables and fluid lines, handling small screws and bolts, and grappling large objects at the end of the RMS.[109]
Chiao and Scott continued testing of construction techniques. They worked with utility boxes, slidewires and a portable work station attached to the RMS. Scott also tested the heating capabilities of his spacesuit by riding the RMS during the night while Endeavour's payload bay was oriented toward space.[110]
Reiter and Gidzenko moved a YMK maneuvering unit from the Kvant-2 airlock and secured it on the module's exterior. They then collected experiments deployed earlier on the ESEF. The team was unable to remove an antenna from Kristall when they were unable to loosen some bolts on the antenna.[111]
To improve access to the outside of the Kristall module, Onufriyenko and Usachev installed a second Strela boom on the Mir base block. The team also prepared cables and connectors for the future installation of the Mir Cooperative Solar Array.[112]
Godwin and Clifford added four canisters of experiments, called the Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP), to the outside of the Mir docking module. They also tested new tethers and foot restraints for future use on Mir and the upcoming International Space Station.[113]
Onufriyenko and Usachev moved the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA) from its stowage position on Kristal to a final location on Kvant, and prepared the array for complete deployment. They also released a balloon shaped like a large Pepsi can, and filmed it for a television commercial.[114]
Onufriyenko and Usachev installed the German-made Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) camera to the exterior of the Priroda module. They also installed a new handrail on the exterior of Kvant-2 to aid future spacewalks.[114]
Onufriyenko and Usachev installed two American micrometeoroid detector experiments to the exterior of Kvant-2. The team also replaced a data cassette for the Komza experiment of the surface of Spektr.[114]
Onufriyenko and Usachev installed the Rapana girder to the exterior of Kvant in anticipation of mounting future experiments to the girder. They also manually deployed the Travers radar on the surface of Priroda.[114]
Korzun and Kaleri completed the construction of the Rapana truss structure and then installed the Kurs docking antenna. They also fixed an amateur radio antenna that had loosened.[116]
Harbaugh and Tanner replaced the Fine Guidance Sensor and an Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with spare replacement units on Hubble. They also installed a new hardware piece, the Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit.[118]
Lee and Smith completed the third spacewalk of the second Hubble repair mission by replacing a Data Interface Unit with a spare unit and replacing a reel-to-reel tape drive Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a solid-state version. They also replaced one of the four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that helped point the telescope at targets.[119]
Harbaugh and Tanner continued their Hubble repair mission by replacing the Solar Array Drive Electronics package with a spare. Then they climbed to the top of the telescope where they replaced the covers of the satellite's magnetometers. Before they finished their spacewalk, Harbaugh and Tanner installed thermal blankets over areas of degraded insulation.[120]
The spacewalk by Tsibliyev and Linenger marked the first use of the new Orlan-M space suit. Their first task was to install the Optical Properties Monitor (OPM) on the exterior of the Kristall docking module. Then the spacewalkers used the Strela crane to move to the Kvant-2 module. At Kvant-2 they retrieved two American experiments, the Partial Impact Experiment (PIE) and the Mir Sample Experiment (MSE), from Kvant-2's hull, and installed the Benton Radiation Dosimeter on Kvant-2.[122]
Solovyev and Vinogradov conducted an internal EVA to inspect the damaged Spektr module, which had been struck by the out-of-control Progress M-34 spacecraft. They were successful in reconnecting power cabling to Spektr's solar arrays, thus restoring part of the power lost in the collision. Although the spacewalkers were able to recover equipment and supplies from the module, they were not able to find the puncture hole.[123]
Solovyev rode the Strela crane to Spektr to inspect it for damage. Foale operated the Strela from the Mir base block. Although Solovyev made an extensive documentation and search of Spektr, he was unable to find the hole created by the runaway Progress M-34 spacecraft. Before he returned to the airlock, Foale collected the radiation dosimeter installed outside earlier.[124] Foale became the first person to conduct EVAs in both American and Russian spacesuits.[125]
Parazynski and Titov retrieved the four Mir Environmental Effects Packages (MEEP) from the docking module surface. They also installed the Solar Array Cap to the docking module, to be used to plug the hole in the Spektr module on a future EVA. To close out the EVA, the spacewalkers tested the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) jet packs.[126]
Solovyev and Vinogradov ventured inside the depressurized Spektr in an attempt to install three control cables between the solar array servo motors to the special adapter plate that seals Spektr from the rest of Mir. After cleaning up some of the debris and loose items in Spektr, Solovyev was able to connect the three cables to the servos. However, even after an effort that extended into the emergency oxygen supply of the Orlan space suits, Solovyev was only able to connect two of the cables to the adapter plate.[127]
Solovyev and Vinogradov released a mini-satellite into orbit. The spacewalkers then dismantled an old solar panel on Kvant. They stowed the panel on the outside of the Mir base block.[128]
Scott and Doi captured the Spartan satellite by hand and secured it in the payload bay. Then the spacewalking team set up and tested a crane that would be used to construct the International Space Station. Doi was the first Japanese astronaut to perform an EVA, and the first EVA performed from Space Shuttle Columbia.[130]
An extra spacewalk for Scott and Doi was added to the schedule to conduct more testing and evaluation of the crane in Columbia's payload bay. They repeated many of the same crane motion tests with smaller objects than in the earlier walk. During the EVA, a small free-flying video camera was deployed to record the work.[131]
When the spacewalk began, Solovyev and Vinogradov had only planned to inspect and film the damaged airlock sealing system, but the inspection showed that repairs could be made on-the-spot. After completing the repair, the spacewalking team used the Strela boom to move across Mir and recover the American optical monitoring experiment. Before closing out the spacewalk, the team also checked the integrity of cable connections to several antennas.[132]
Solovyev continued to make repairs to the airlock hatch on Kvant-2. Wolf used a handheld photo-reflectometer to inspect the exterior surface of Mir. Solovyev spent some time supervising the actions of Wolf, as the latter had never performed an EVA before. The airlock pressure check made after the spacewalk showed that Solovyev's repairs were effective.[133]
In preparation for the repair of the damaged solar array, Musabayev and Budarin installed a set of handrails and one of two foot restraints on the outside of the Spektr module.[134]
Musabayev and Budarin set out to repair a damaged solar panel on the Spektr module. After installing a splint on the frayed panel, they had to quickly return to the airlock to handle a problem with the station's attitude control.[135]
Musabayev and Budarin removed and pushed off the external thruster engine (VDU) that had been located at the top of the Sofora boom. The team also recovered an experiment from the Rapana structure.[136] The original plan to dismantle the Rapana structure was not completed and the structure remained in place.[137]
Musabayev and Budarin removed two structures and secured them to exterior surfaces. They then repositioned the new thrust engine (VDU) for future use.[137]
Padalka and Avdeyev conducted an internal spacewalk in the depressurized Spektr to connect electrical and control cables to the solar array servo motor.[139]
As soon as the spacewalk started, Padalka and Avdeyev deployed a mini-satellite, Spoutnik-41. The spacewalkers had a long list of experiment retrievals and deployments, which included a French "meteorite trap" intended to catch some dust from the upcoming Leonids meteor shower.[140]
Ross and Newman connected computer and electrical cables between the Unity node, the two mating adapters attached to either end of Unity, and the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB).[141]
Ross and Newman installed two box-like antennas on the outside of the Unity module that were part of the station's S-band early communications system.[142]
Ross and Newman checked on an insulation cover on a cable connection on the lower Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA 2) to ensure its proper installation, attached EVA tools on the side of Unity's upper mating adapter (PMA 1) in preparation for future EVAs, and inspected Orbiter Space Vision System targets on Unity.[143]
Jernigan and Barry transferred and installed two cranes from Discovery's payload bay to locations on the outside of the station. They also installed two new portable foot restraints that fit both American and Russian spacesuit boots, and attached three bags filled with tools and handrails that were used during future assembly operations.[145]
Afanasyev and Avdeyev installed a communications antenna on the Sofora girder, but were unable to command the antenna dish to open fully. They also spent time trying to find a leak in Kvant-2. Before returning inside Mir, the spacewalkers were able to retrieve the Exobiology and Dvikon experiments.[146]
Afanasyev and Avdeyev were successful in completing the deployment of the antenna mounted on the Sofora girder. After proving that the antenna could fully open, the antenna was disconnected and pushed into space. The spacewalking team also installed the experiments indicator and Sprut-4 on the exterior, traded out data cassettes on the Migmas ion spectrometer, and then recovered the Danko-M and the Ekran-D experiments for return to Earth.[147]
Smith and Grunsfeld replaced six of Hubble's gyroscopes and installed six Voltage/Temperature Improvement Kits during one of the longest spacewalks on record. A planned activity to grease the door hinges was deferred to the next day's spacewalk.[148]
Foale and Nicollier replaced the main computer on Hubble with a new, faster machine. They also swapped out one of Hubble's three Fine Guidance Sensors for a refurbished one that had been previously removed from Hubble and serviced on Earth.[149]
Smith and Grunsfeld replaced a radio transmitter that had failed on Hubble in the previous year. They also replaced a data tape recorder with a solid-state recorder and added some insulation to the outer surface of Hubble.[150]
The first spacewalk, that of the Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was commemorated in several Eastern Bloc stamps (see the stamps section in the Alexei Leonov article). Since the Soviet Union did not distribute diagrams or images of the Voskhod 2 spacecraft at the time, the spaceship depiction in the stamps was purely fictional. In 1967 the U.S. Post Office issued a pair of postage stamps commemorating the first American to float freely in space while orbiting the Earth. The engraved image has accurate depictions of the Gemini IV spacecraft and the space suit worn by astronaut Ed White.[151]
Two Forever Stamps were issued in 2019 to commemorate the first spacewalk's 50th anniversary. One features an iconic image of Buzz Aldrin performing an EVA, and the other an image of the Moon as viewed from Apollo 11 in space.[152]
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