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STS-69
	Endeavour's Canadarm grapples the Wake Shield Facility, prior to its deployment
Names	Space Transportation System-69
Mission type	Research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1995-048A
SATCAT no.	23667
Mission duration	10 days, 20 hours, 29 minutes, 56 seconds
Distance travelled	7,200,000 kilometres (4,500,000 mi)
Orbits completed	171
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Endeavour
Payload mass	11,499 kg (25,351 lb)
Crew
Crew size	5
Members	David M. Walker; Kenneth Cockrell; James S. Voss; James H. Newman; Michael L. Gernhardt;
Start of mission
Launch date	7 September 1995, 15:09:00 UTC
Launch site	Kennedy, LC-39A
End of mission
Landing date	18 September 1995, 11:38:56 UTC
Landing site	Kennedy, SLF Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	321 kilometres (199 mi)
Apogee altitude	321 kilometres (199 mi)
Inclination	28.4 degrees
Period	91.4 min
	; STS-69 mission patch; ; Left to right – Seated: Cockrell, Walker; Standing: Gernhardt, Newman, Voss Space Shuttle program ← STS-70 (70) STS-73 (72) →

STS-69 was a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission, and the second flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF).^[2] The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 7 September 1995. It was the 100th successful crewed NASA spaceflight^{[citation needed]}, not including X-15 flights.

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	David M. Walker^[3] Fourth and last spaceflight
Pilot	Kenneth Cockrell^[3] Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	James S. Voss^[3] Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer	James H. Newman^[3] Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Michael L. Gernhardt^[3] First spaceflight

Spacewalks

EVA 1 – Voss and Gernhardt^[1]

EVA 1 Start: 16 September 1995 – 08:20 UTC
EVA 1 End: 16 September 1995 – 15:06 UTC
Duration: 6 hours, 46 minutes

Crew seat assignments

Seat^[4]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
1	Walker
2	Cockrell
3	Voss	Gernhardt
4	Newman
5	Gernhardt	Voss
6	Unused
7	Unused

Mission highlights

The 11-day mission was the second flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF), a saucer-shaped satellite that was to fly free of the Shuttle for several days. The purpose of the WSF was to grow thin films in a near perfect vacuum created by the wake of the satellite as it moved through space.^[1] The crew also deployed and retrieved the Spartan 201 astronomy satellite, performed a six-hour spacewalk to test assembly techniques for the international Space Station and tested thermal improvements made to spacesuits used during space walks.

The Spartan 201 free-flyer made its third flight aboard the Shuttle. The Spartan 201 mission was a scientific research effort aimed at the investigation of the interaction between the Sun and its outflowing wind of charged particles. Spartan's goal was to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun and its transition into the solar wind that constantly flows past the Earth.^[5]

STS-69 saw the first flight of the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH-1), the first of five planned flights to measure and monitor long-term variations in the magnitude of absolute extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux coming from the Sun, and to study EUV emissions from the plasma torus system around Jupiter originating from its moon Io.^[2]

Also aboard Endeavour were the combined Capillary Pumped Loop-2^[6]/Gas Bridge Assembly^[7] (CAPL-2/GBA) payload. This experiment consisted of the CAPL-2 Hitchhiker payload designed as an in-orbit microgravity demonstration of a cooling system planned for the Earth Observing System Program and the Thermal Energy Storage-2 payload, part of an effort to develop advanced energy generation techniques. Also a part of this payload were several Getaway Special (GAS) experiments which investigated areas such as the interaction of spacecraft attitude and orbit control systems with spacecraft structures, fluid-filled beams as structural dampers in space and the effects of smoldering combustion in a long-term microgravity environment.

Another payload flown with a connection to the development of the Space Station was the Electrolysis Performance Improvement Concept Study (EPICS). Supply of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolyzing water in space plays an important role in meeting NASA's needs and goals for future space missions. On-board generation of oxygen was expected to reduce the annual resupply requirement for the Space Station by approximately 5,400 kilograms (11,900 lb).

Other payloads aboard were the National Institutes of Health- Cells-4 (NIH-C4) experiment that investigates bone loss during space flight; the Biological Research in Canister-6 (BRIC-6) that studies the gravity-sensing mechanism within mammalian cells. Also flying were two commercial experiments. (CMIX-4) whose objectives included analysis of cell change in microgravity along with studies of neuro-muscular development disorders and the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-7 (CGBA-7). CGBA was a secondary payload that served as an incubator and data collection point for experiments in pharmaceuticals testing and biomedicine, bioprocessing and biotechnology, agriculture and the environment.^[8]

The Thermal Energy Storage (TES-2) experiment was also part of the CAPL-2/GBA-6. The TES-2 payload was designed to provide data for understanding the long-duration behavior of thermal energy storage fluoride salts that undergo repeated melting and freezing in microgravity. The TES-2 payload was designed to study the microgravity behavior of voids in lithium fluoride–calcium fluoride eutectic, a thermal energy storage salt. Data from this experiment would validate a computer code called TESSIM,^[9] useful for the analysis of heat receivers in advanced solar dynamic power system designs.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Swan, Bobbie Gail; Harsh, George; Ong, A. Y.; Albjerg, M.; Burns, F. T. Jr. (1 December 1995). "STS-69 Space Shuttle Mission Report" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Houston, Texas: NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b Ryba, Jeanne (1 April 2010). "STS-69". Space Shuttle. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Campion, Ed; Navias, Rob; Buckingham, Bruce; Malone, June; Martin, Cam; Cast, Jim; Savage, Don; Isbell, Doug; Braukus, Mike; Jones, Tammy (1995). "STS-69 Press Kit" (TXT). NASA News. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ "STS-69". Spacefacts. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
^ Schroeder, ChristineA.; Schutz, Bob E. (1 May 1996). "Performance Assessment of Two GPS Receivers on Space Shuttle" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. University of Texas at Austin, NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Hallinan, K. P.; Allen, J. S. (1 March 1999). "Comments on the Operation of Capillary Pumped Loop Devices in Low Gravity" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. University of Dayton, Ohio, NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Ottenstein, Laura; Butler, Dan; Ku, Jentung; Cheung, Kwok; Baldauff, Robert; Hoang, Triem (1 January 2002). "Flight Testing of the Capillary Pumped Loop 3 Experiment" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA, United States Naval Research Laboratory, TTH Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Chowdhury, Abul A. (10 June 2010). "STS-69". Life Sciences Data Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Lewis Research Center (1 March 1996). "Research and Technology 1995" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. Brook Park, Ohio: NASA. pp. 113–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

External links

NASA mission summary Archived 29 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
STS-69 Video Highlights Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine

[ssmr-1] Swan, Bobbie Gail; Harsh, George; Ong, A. Y.; Albjerg, M.; Burns, F. T. Jr. (1 December 1995). "STS-69 Space Shuttle Mission Report" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Houston, Texas: NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[69-archive-2] Ryba, Jeanne (1 April 2010). "STS-69". Space Shuttle. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[presskit-3] Campion, Ed; Navias, Rob; Buckingham, Bruce; Malone, June; Martin, Cam; Cast, Jim; Savage, Don; Isbell, Doug; Braukus, Mike; Jones, Tammy (1995). "STS-69 Press Kit" (TXT). NASA News. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[4] "STS-69". Spacefacts. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

[csr962-5] Schroeder, ChristineA.; Schutz, Bob E. (1 May 1996). "Performance Assessment of Two GPS Receivers on Space Shuttle" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. University of Texas at Austin, NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[cplreport-6] Hallinan, K. P.; Allen, J. S. (1 March 1999). "Comments on the Operation of Capillary Pumped Loop Devices in Low Gravity" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. University of Dayton, Ohio, NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[CPL3report-7] Ottenstein, Laura; Butler, Dan; Ku, Jentung; Cheung, Kwok; Baldauff, Robert; Hoang, Triem (1 January 2002). "Flight Testing of the Capillary Pumped Loop 3 Experiment" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA, United States Naval Research Laboratory, TTH Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[lsda-69-8] Chowdhury, Abul A. (10 June 2010). "STS-69". Life Sciences Data Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[rnt95-9] Lewis Research Center (1 March 1996). "Research and Technology 1995" (PDF). NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. Brook Park, Ohio: NASA. pp. 113–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

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STS-69