List of most luminous stars
Stars sorted by absolute magnitude
This article is about intrinsic luminosity of stars (absolute magnitude). For the brightness of stars as seen from Earth (apparent magnitude), see
list of brightest stars .
Photograph of the Sun taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory
This is a list of stars arranged by their absolute magnitude – their intrinsic stellar luminosity . This cannot be observed directly, so instead must be calculated from the apparent magnitude (the brightness as seen from Earth), the distance to each star , and a correction for interstellar extinction . The entries in the list below are further corrected to provide the bolometric magnitude , i.e. integrated over all wavelengths; this relies upon measurements in multiple photometric filters and extrapolation of the stellar spectrum based on the stellar spectral type and/or effective temperature .
Entries give the bolometric luminosity in multiples of the luminosity of the Sun (L ☉ ) and the bolometric absolute magnitude. As with all magnitude systems in astronomy , the latter scale is logarithmic and inverted i.e. more negative numbers are more luminous.
Most stars on this list are not bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, because of their high distances, high extinction, or because they emit most of their light outside the visible range . For a list of the brightest stars seen from Earth, see the list of brightest stars . There are three stars with over 1 million L ☉ and visible to the naked eye: WR 22 , WR 24 and Eta Carinae . All of these stars are located in the Carina nebula .
Measurement
Accurate measurement of stellar luminosities is difficult, even when the apparent magnitude is measured accurately, for four reasons:
The distance d to the star must be known, to convert apparent to absolute magnitude. Absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs (~32 light years) away from the viewer. Because apparent brightness decreases as the square of the distance (i.e. as 1/d 2 ), a small error (e.g. 10%) in determining d implies an error ~2× as large (thus 20%) in luminosity (see binomial approximation ). Stellar distances are only directly measured accurately out to d ~1,000 light years.[citation needed ]
The observed magnitudes must be corrected for the absorption or extinction of intervening interstellar or circumstellar dust and gas. This correction can be enormous and difficult to determine precisely. For example, until accurate infrared observations became possible ~50 years ago, the Galactic Center of the Milky Way was totally obscured to visual observations.
The magnitudes at the wavelengths measured must be corrected for those not observed. "Absolute bolometric magnitude" (which term is redundant, practically speaking, since bolometric magnitudes are nearly always "absolute", i.e. corrected for distance) is a measure of the star's luminosity, summing over its emission at all wavelengths, and thus the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second . Bolometric magnitudes can only be estimated by correcting for unobserved portions of the spectrum that have to be modelled, which is always an issue, and often a large correction. The list is dominated by hot blue stars which produce the majority of their energy output in the ultraviolet, but these may not necessarily be the brightest stars at visual wavelengths.
A large proportion of stellar systems discovered with very high luminosity have later been found to be binary. Usually, this results in the total system luminosity being reduced and spread among several components. These binaries are common both because the conditions that produce high mass high luminosity stars also favour multiple star systems, but also because searches for highly luminous stars are inevitably biased towards detecting systems with multiple more normal stars combining to appear luminous.[citation needed ]
Because of all these problems, other references may give very different values for the most luminous stars (different ordering or different stars altogether). Data on different stars can be of somewhat different reliability, depending on the attention one particular star has received as well as largely differing physical difficulties in analysis (see the Pistol Star for an example). The last stars in the list are familiar nearby stars put there for comparison, and not among the most luminous known. It may also interest the reader to know that the Sun is more luminous than approximately 95% of all known stars in the local neighbourhood (out to, say, a few hundred light years), due to enormous numbers of somewhat less massive stars that are cooler and often much less luminous. For perspective, the overall range of stellar luminosities runs from dwarfs less than 1/10,000th as luminous as the Sun to supergiants over 1,000,000 times more luminous.
Data
This list is currently limited mostly to objects in our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, but a few stars in other local group galaxies can now be examined in enough detail to determine their luminosities. Some suspected binaries in this magnitude range are excluded because there is insufficient information about the luminosity of the individual components. Selected fainter stars are also shown for comparison. Despite their extreme luminosity, many of these stars are nevertheless too distant to be observed with the naked eye. Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude (6.5 or brighter) highlighted in blue.
Thanks to gravitational lensing, stars that are strongly magnified can be seen at much larger distances. The first star in the list, Godzilla [ 1] — an LBV in the distant Sunburst galaxy — is probably the brightest star ever observed, although it is believed to be undergoing a temporary episode of increased luminosity that has lasted at least seven years, in a similar manner to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae that was witnessed in the 19th century.
The first list shows a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L ☉ or greater, including the stars in open cluster , OB association and H II region . The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L ☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete.
The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.
Stars with 1 million L ☉ or greater
Star name
Bolometric luminosity (L ☉ , Sun = 1)
Absolute bolometric magnitude
Approx. distance from Earth (ly )
Apparent visible magnitude
Effective temperature (K )
Spectral type
Link
Reference
LGGS J004246.86+413336.4 (in Andromeda Galaxy )
19,953,000
-13.5
2,500,000
17.791
40,000
O3-O5If
SIMBAD
[ 2] [ 3]
NGC 2363-V1 (in NGC 2366 )
6,300,000
-12.26
10,800,000
17.88
13,500-26,000
LBV (in an outburst state)
SIMBAD
[ 4]
BAT99-98 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
5,012,000
-12.01
165,000
13.38
45,000
WN6
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
G0.238-0.071 (in Galactic Center )
5,012,000
-12.01
26,000
14.37 (J band)
39,500-44,000
WN11h
SIMBAD
[ 7] [ 8]
LGGS J004158.87+405316.7 (in Andromeda Galaxy )
5,012,000
-12
2,500,000
18.416
30,000
O9.5Ia
SIMBAD
[ 2] [ 3]
[BMS2003] 867 A (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy )
4,932,000
-12
2,700,000
16.29 (combined)
42,400
O4Iab
SIMBAD
[ 9]
R136a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
4,677,000
-11.94
163,000
12.28
46,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 10] [ 11]
M33-013406.63 A (in Triangulum Galaxy )
4,677,000
-11.935
3,000,000
16.084 (combined)
30,000
O9.5Ia
SIMBAD
[ 12] [ 13] [ a]
[BMS2003] 867 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy )
4,395,000
-11.87
2,700,000
16.29 (combined)
42,400
O4Ia
SIMBAD
[ 9]
Westerhout 49-2 (in Westerhout 49 )
4,365,000
-11.86
36,200
18.246 (J band)
35,500
O2-3.5If*
SIMBAD
[ 14] [ 15]
HD 37836 (in LMC )
4,169,000
-11.81
163,000
10.55
28,200
B0Iae
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Sk -69° 249 A (in NGC 2074 of LMC )
4,130,000
-11.8
160,000
10.68
38,900
O7If
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 18]
η Carinae A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
4,000,000
-11.77
7,500
~4 (combined)
9,400-35,200
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 19] [ 20] [ 21] [ 22] [ b]
R136c (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,802,000
-11.71
163,000
13.43
51,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 23] [ 6]
Arches -F7 (WR 102aj in Arches Cluster )
3,802,000
-11.71
25,000
15.74 (J band)
32,900
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 25]
V1429 Aquilae
3,802,000
-11.71
12,800
9.89
~30,000
B3Ibe
SIMBAD
[ 26]
R136a3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,631,000
-11.66
163,000
12.97
50,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 10] [ 11]
Melnick 42 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,631,000
-11.66
163,000
12.78
47,300
O2If*
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
Mercer 23 -2 (WR 125–3 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane )
3,631,000
-11.66
21,200
8.646 (J band)
38,000
WNL7-8
SIMBAD
[ 28] [ 15] [ c]
R136a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,548,000
-11.64
163,000
12.34
50,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 10] [ 11]
NGC 2403 V14 (in NGC 2403 )
3,436,000
-11.6
10,314,000
18.83
7,000
F5Ie
SIMBAD
[ 29]
G0.070+0.025 (in Galactic Center )
3,311,000
-11.56
26,000
14.799 (J band)
45,000
O4-6If+
SIMBAD
[ 7]
Mercer 30 -1 A (WR 46-3 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
3,236,000
-11.535
40,000
10.33 (J band)
32,200
O6-7.5If+
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
VFTS 682 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,236,000
-11.535
164,000
16.08
52,200
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 42e (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
3,200,000
-11.523
25,000
14.53
43,000
O3If*/WN6
SIMBAD
[ 31] [ e]
R99 (in N44 of LMC )
3,162,000
-11.51
163,000
11.52
28,000
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 32]
VFTS 1022 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
3,020,000
-11.46
164,000
13.47
42,200
O3.5If*/WN7
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 24 (in Collinder 228 of Carina Nebula )
2,951,000
-11.435
8,200
6.48
50,100
WN6ha-w
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 34]
Peony Star (WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center )
2,951,000
-11.435
26,000
12.978 (J band)
25,100
WN10
SIMBAD
[ 35]
CXOGC J174528.6-285605 (WR 101–6 in Galactic Center )
2,884,000
-11.41
26,000
14.46 (J band)
30,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
G0.059-0.068 (in Galactic Center )
2,884,000
-11.41
26,000
13.337 (J band)
39,500-44,000
B0-1Ia+/WNLh
SIMBAD
[ 7] [ 8]
HD 97950 B (WR 43b in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
2,884,000
-11.41
24,000
11.33
42,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 36] [ 37]
HD 38282 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,754,000
-11.35
163,000
11.11 (combined)
50,000
WN5-6h
SIMBAD
[ 38]
Melnick 34 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,692,000
-11.335
163,000
13.09 (combined)
63,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 39] [ 6]
WR 102hb (in Quintuplet Cluster )
2,630,000
-11.31
26,000
13.9 (J band)
25,100
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 40] [ 41]
[BMS2003] 578 C (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy )
2,564,000
-11.28
2,700,000
15.97 (combined)
34,000
O9II
SIMBAD
[ 9]
BAT99-80 A (in NGC 2044 of LMC )
2,512,000
-11.26
165,000
13 (combined)
45,000
O4If
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 42]
R146 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,512,000
-11.26
164,000
13.11
63,000
WN4
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
VFTS 482 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,512,000
-11.26
164,000
12.95
42,200
O3If*/WN6-A
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
HD 97950 A1a (WR 43a A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
2,455,000
-11.235
24,000
11.18 (combined)
42,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 36] [ 37]
WR 102ea (in Quintuplet Cluster )
2,455,000
-11.235
26,000
13.18 (J band)
25,100
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 40] [ 41]
HD 38282 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,455,000
-11.235
163,000
11.11 (combined)
45,000
WN6-7h
SIMBAD
[ 38]
CXOGC J174516.1-284909 (WR 101–2 in Galactic Center )
2,399,000
-11.21
26,000
11.49 (J band)
20,000
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 25]
CXOGC J174711.4-283006 (WR 102–9 in Galactic Center )
2,399,000
-11.21
26,000
16.56 (J band)
30,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
WR 25 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
2,399,000
-11.21
6,800
8.8 (combined)
50,100
O2.5If*/WN6
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 32] [ f]
LGGS J004444.52+412804.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy )
2,377,000
-11.2
2,500,000
18.1
7,000-18,000
F0Ia
SIMBAD
[ 43] [ 44]
HD 269327 (in LMC )
2,377,000
-11.2
163,000
10.74
28,200
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Sk -69° 212 (in NGC 2044 of LMC )
2,377,000
-11.2
160,000
12.416
45,400
O6If
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 45]
WR 93 (in Pismis 24 of NGC 6357 )
2,377,000
-11.2
5,700
10.68
71,000
WC7
SIMBAD
[ 46] [ 32]
Melnick 34 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,344,000
-11.185
163,000
13.09 (combined)
53,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 39] [ 6]
VVV CL041 -8 (WR 62–2 in VVV CL041 )
2,344,000
-11.185
13,700
10.146 (J band)
34,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 47] [ 15] [ g]
Cl 1813-178 #16 (in Cl 1813-178 of W33 Complex )
2,291,000
-11.16
15,300
9.428 (J band)
30,200
O8-O9If
SIMBAD
[ 48] [ 15] [ h]
R136a7 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,291,000
-11.16
163,000
13.97
54,000
O3III(f* )
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
VVV CL074 -12 (in VVV CL074 )
2,291,000
-11.16
20,000
12.34 (J band)
22,500
B0.5-2I
SIMBAD
[ 50] [ i]
Arches -F6 (WR 102ah in Arches Cluster )
2,239,000
-11.135
25,000
15.75 (J band)
33,900
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
Arches -F9 (WR 102ae in Arches Cluster )
2,239,000
-11.135
25,000
16.1 (J band)
36,600
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
HD 5980 A (in NGC 346 of SMC )
2,239,000
-11.135
200,000
11.31 (combined)
21,000-53,000
WN4
SIMBAD
[ 52] [ 53] [ j]
HD 97950 C 1 (WR 43c A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
2,239,000
-11.135
24,000
11.89 (combined)
44,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 36] [ 37] [ f]
R136b (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,239,000
-11.135
165,000
13.24
35,500
O4If
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
R145 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,239,000
-11.135
163,000
12.04 (combined)
50,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 54] [ 6]
Var 83 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
2,239,000
-11.135
3,000,000
16.027
18,000-37,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 55] [ 56]
HD 269810 (in NGC 2032 of LMC)
2,200,000
-10.56
163,000
12.28
52,500
O2III(f*)
SIMBAD
[ 16]
CXOGC J174712.2-283121 (WR 102–10 in Galactic Center )
2,188,000
-11.11
26,000
17.06 (J band)
35,000
WN7-8h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
VFTS 1021 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,188,000
-11.11
164,000
13.35
39,800
O4 If+
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
ST5-31 (in NGC 2074 of LMC )
2,168,000
-11.1
160,000
12.273
50,700
O2-3(n)fp
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 57]
HD 268804 (in LMC )
2,148,000
-11.09
163,000
11.21
28,200
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
G0.058+0.014 (in Galactic Center )
2,138,000
-11.085
26,000
14.704 (J band)
45,000
O4-6If+
SIMBAD
[ 7]
R145 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,138,000
-11.085
163,000
12.04 (combined)
43,000
O3.5If*/WN7
SIMBAD
[ 54] [ 6]
WR 89 (in HM 1 )
2,138,000
-11.085
9,500
11.02
39,800
WN8h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18]
R136a5 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
2,089,000
-11.06
163,000
13.71
48,000
O2I(n)f*
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
AFGL 2298 (near Galactic plane )
2,000,000
-11.013
33,000
12.164 (J band)
15,500-26,000
B8I
SIMBAD
[ 58] [ 15] [ k]
Arches -F1 (WR 102ad in Arches Cluster )
1,995,000
-11.01
25,000
16.3 (J band)
33,200
WN8-9
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
Arches -F4 (WR 102al in Arches Cluster )
1,995,000
-11.01
25,000
15.63 (J band)
36,800
WN7-8
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
CXOGC J174656.3-283232 (WR 102–8 in Galactic Center )
1,995,000
-11.01
26,000
16.74 (J band)
30,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
LBV 1806-20 (in G10.0–0.3 of Galactic Center )
1,995,000
-11.01
28,000
13.66 (J band)
18,000-32,000
O9 - B2
SIMBAD
[ 59] [ 15] [ l]
Mercer 81 -2 (WR 76–7 in Mercer 81 of G338.4+0.2 )
1,995,000
-11.01
35,900
13.25 (J band)
36,000
WN7-8
SIMBAD
[ 60] [ m]
VFTS 545 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,995,000
-11.01
164,000
13.32
47,300
O2If*/WN5
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 147S (in Cygnus OB2 )
1,995,000
-11.01
5,800
13.86
39,800
WN8h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 61]
10584-9-1 (in Messier 81 )
1,977,000
-11.0
11,842,000
19.1
18,000
sgB[e]
SIMBAD
[ 29]
2MASS J04542610-6911022 (in LMC )
1,959,000
-10.99
163,000
12.68
37,200
O7V
SIMBAD
[ 16]
DBSB 179 -15 (WR 84–6 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2 )
1,950,000
-10.985
25,800
12.5 (J band)
37,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 62] [ 63] [ n]
G0.114+0.021 (WR 102–12 in Galactic Center )
1,950,000
-10.985
26,000
16.672 (J band)
40,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 7]
AB6 A (in NGC 371 of SMC )
1,905,000
-10.96
197,000
12.3 (combined)
80,000
WN3:h
SIMBAD
[ 52] [ 64]
R136a4 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,905,000
-10.96
163,000
13.41
50,000
O3 V((f*))(n)
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
Westerhout 49 -1 (in Westerhout 49 )
1,905,000
-10.96
36,200
15.531 (J band)
44,700
O2-3.5If*
SIMBAD
[ 14] [ 15]
WR 22 A (in Bochum 10 of Carina Nebula )
1,905,000
-10.96
8,200
6.42 (combined)
44,700
WN7h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 32] [ o]
HD 269219 (in LMC )
1,888,000
-10.95
163,000
10.87
28,200
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
HSH95-36 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,862,000
-10.935
163,000
14.41
49,500
O2 If∗
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
Hen 3-519 (WR 31a in Blue Bubble Nebula )
1,820,000
-10.91
24,000
10.85
30,200
WN11h
SIMBAD
[ 65] [ 53] [ p]
W61 3-20 (in LMC )
1,820,000
-10.91
163,000
13.55
39,800
O5-6V((f))z
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Westerhout 51 -57 (in Westerhout 51 )
1,820,000
-10.91
20,000
16.958 (J band)
42,700
O4 V
SIMBAD
[ 66] [ 15]
LGGS J004051.59+403303.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy )
1,803,000
-10.9
2,500,000
16.989
18,000-24,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 43] [ 13]
MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 (in Wray 17-96 )
1,800,000
-10.898
15,000
15
13,000
B[e]:
SIMBAD
[ 67] [ 18] [ q]
HD 5980 B (in NGC 346 of SMC )
1,778,000
-10.885
200,000
11.31 (combined)
45,000
WN4
SIMBAD
[ 52] [ 37]
WR 130 (in Cygnus OB3 )
1,778,000
-10.885
21,700
12.13
44,700
WN8(h)
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18]
WR 21a A (Runaway star from Westerlund 2 )
1,778,000
-10.885
14,300
12.661 (combined)
45,000
O3/WN5ha
SIMBAD
[ 68] [ 18]
V4650 Sagittarii (in Quintuplet cluster )
1,770,000
-12.5 – -10.9
25,000
12.31 (J band)
11,300
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 69] [ 15] [ 41]
CXOGC J174536.1-285638 (WR 101–1 in Galactic Center )
1,738,000
-10.86
26,000
15.55 (J band)
30,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
Mercer 30 -7 A (WR 46-5 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
1,738,000
-10.86
40,000
11.516 (J band)
41,400
WN6
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
R136a6 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,738,000
-10.86
163,000
13.35
52,000
O2I(n)f*p
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
VFTS 506 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,738,000
-10.86
164,000
13.31
47,300
ON2V((n))((f*))
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
HD 35342 B (in LMC )
1,722,000
-10.85
163,000
11.28
24,000
B0.5I
SIMBAD
[ 16]
CPD -69 471 (in LMC )
1,706,000
-10.84
163,000
12.37
42,700
O2-3(n)fp
SIMBAD
[ 16]
DBSB 179 -20 (WR 84–1 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2 )
1,698,000
-10.835
25,800
12.37 (J band)
35,000
WN8-9
SIMBAD
[ 62] [ 63] [ n]
R147 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,698,000
-10.835
164,000
13.02
50,000
WN5h
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
VFTS 16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,698,000
-10.835
164,000
13.55
53,100
O2IIIf*
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
V4998 Sagittarii (near Quintuplet Cluster )
1,685,000
-10.83
25,000
12.534 (J band)
11,550
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 70]
Cygnus OB2 #12 A (in Cygnus OB2 )
1,660,000
-10.81
5,000
11.702 (combined)
13,700
B3–4 Ia+
SIMBAD
[ 71] [ 72] [ f]
PGMW 3120 (in LMC )
1,644,000
-10.8
163,000
12.47
39,800
O5.5V((f*))
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Sher 18 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
1,644,000
-10.8
25,000
12.51
39,500
O3.5If
SIMBAD
[ 37] [ 73]
Sher 47 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
1,644,000
-10.8
25,000
12.67
44,000
O4V
SIMBAD
[ 37] [ 73]
Mercer 23 -1 (in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane )
1,622,000
-10.785
21,200
10.615 (J band)
35,000
O5.5I
SIMBAD
[ 28] [ 15] [ c]
VFTS 1017 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,622,000
-10.785
164,000
14.52
50,100
O2 If*/WN5
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 87 (in HM 1 )
1,622,000
-10.785
9,500
11.83
44,700
WN7h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18]
HD 269896 (in LMC )
1,600,000
-10.77
163,000
11.36
29,500
ON9.7Ia+
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii in Quintuplet cluster )
1,600,000
-10.77
25,000
11.79 (J band)
11,800
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 74]
AF Andromedae (in Andromeda Galaxy )
1,585,000
-10.76
2,500,000
17.325
28,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 55] [ 13]
Arches -F12 (WR 102af in Arches Cluster )
1,585,000
-10.76
25,000
16.4 (J band)
36,900
WN7-8
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
HSH95-18 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,585,000
-10.76
163,000
13.87
47,000
O3III(f+)
SIMBAD
[ 6]
LHO 110 (WR 102df in Quintuplet cluster )
1,585,000
-10.76
26,000
13.87 (J band)
25,100
O6–8If
SIMBAD
[ 40] [ 41]
R140a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,585,000
-10.76
163,000
12.12 (combined)
34,000
WN4
SIMBAD
[ 6]
BI 265 (in LMC )
1,585,000
-10.76
163,000
12.38
40,700
O5III(fc)
SIMBAD
VFTS 457 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,585,000
-10.76
164,000
13.74
39,800
O3.5If*/WN7
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 107 (in Sagittarius OB1 )
1,585,000
-10.76
9,400
13.51
50,100
WN8
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18]
WR 140 B (in Cygnus OB1 )
1,585,000
-10.76
5,300
6.85 (combined)
35,000
O5
SIMBAD
[ 75] [ 32]
WR 148 A (Runaway star from Galactic plane )
1,585,000
-10.76
27,100
10.3 (combined)
39,800
WN8h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 32]
CXOGC J174617.0-285131 (in Galactic Center )
1,549,000
-10.735
26,000
14.98 (J band)
40,000
O6If+
SIMBAD
[ 25]
CXOGC J174725.3-282709 (in Galactic Center )
1,549,000
-10.735
26,000
16.37 (J band)
30,000
O4-6I
SIMBAD
[ 25]
Sk -68° 137 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,549,000
-10.735
160,000
13.346
55,000
OB
SIMBAD
[ 76] [ 45]
WR 102i (in Quintuplet cluster )
1,549,000
-10.735
26,000
14.31 (J band)
31,600
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 40] [ 41]
HD 97950 A1b (WR 43a B in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
1,514,000
-10.71
24,000
11.18 (combined)
40,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 36] [ 37]
Westerhout 49 -3 (in Westerhout 49 )
1,514,000
-10.71
36,200
16.689 (J band)
40,700
O3-O7V
SIMBAD
[ 14] [ 15]
Brey 21 A (in NGC 1910 of LMC )
1,500,000
-10.7
165,000
11.29 (combined)
71,000
WN
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 18]
HD 97950 A2 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
1,500,000
-10.7
24,000
12.53
46,500
O3V
SIMBAD
[ 37] [ 73]
HM 1 -6 (in HM 1 )
1,500,000
-10.7
11,000
11.64
44,700
O5.5Ifc
SIMBAD
[ 46] [ 77]
LGGS J013245.41+303858.3 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,500,000
-10.7
3,000,000
17.612
34,000
Ofpe
SIMBAD
[ 2] [ 13]
NGC 346 -W1 (in NGC 346 of SMC )
1,500,000
-10.7
200,000
12.57
43,400
O4If
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 64]
Sk -65° 47 (in NGC 1923 of LMC )
1,500,000
-10.7
160,000
12.466
47,800
O4If
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 45]
Sk 80 (in NGC 346 of SMC )
1,500,000
-10.7
200,000
12.31
38,900
O7Iaf+
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 78]
10584-4-1 (in Messier 81 )
1,500,000
-10.7
11,842,000
19.68
19,671
sgB[e]
SIMBAD
[ 29]
Object #A (in NGC 4068 )
1,500,000
-10.7
14,220,000
21.145
40,000
WN
[ 79]
HD 93129 Aa (in Trumpler 14 of Carina Nebula )
1,479,000
-10.685
7,500
6.9 (combined)
42,500
O2If*
SIMBAD
[ 80] [ 32]
R136a8 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,479,000
-10.685
163,000
14.42
49,500
O2–3V
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 81]
SK -67 150 (in LMC )
1,472,000
-10.68
163,000
12.24
41,700
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
[HCD2002] 107 (in LMC )
1,445,000
-10.66
163,000
13.79
40,700
O4-6Vz
SIMBAD
[ 16]
VFTS 542 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,445,000
-10.66
164,000
13.49
44,700
O2If*/WN5
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
Z15 (in Messier 81 )
1,445,000
-10.66
11,800,000
20.495
25,000
B0.5
SIMBAD
[ 82]
AB8 A (in NGC 602 of SMC )
1,413,000
-10.635
197,000
12.9 (combined)
141,000
WO4
SIMBAD
[ 52] [ 83]
Arches -F15 (in Arches Cluster )
1,413,000
-10.635
25,000
16.12 (J band)
35,600
O4-6If
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
CXOGC J174550.2-284911 (WR 102–4 in Galactic Center )
1,413,000
-10.635
26,000
15.24 (J band)
30,000
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
DBSB 179 -4 (WR 84–7 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2 )
1,413,000
-10.635
25,800
12.25 (J band)
30,000
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 62] [ 63] [ n]
LGGS J013235.25+303017.6 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,413,000
-10.635
3,000,000
18.007
33,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 12] [ 84]
Melnick 33Na A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,413,000
-10.635
164,000
13.79 (combined)
50,000
OC2.5If*
SIMBAD
[ 85] [ 86]
R134 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,413,000
-10.635
164,000
12.58
47,000
WN6h
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
S Doradus (in NGC 1910 of LMC )
1,413,000
-10.635
169,000
10.25
20,000
B8/9eq – F0/5:Iae
SIMBAD
[ 87] [ 18]
WR 66 (in Circinus OB1 )
1,413,000
-10.635
16,900
11.34
44,700
WN8(h)
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 32]
HD 37974 (in N135 of LMC )
1,400,000
-10.625
163,000
10.99
22,500
B0.5Ia+
SIMBAD
[ 88] [ 18] [ r]
HD 269846 (in LMC )
1,406,000
-10.63
163,000
11.63
28,200
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
W61 3-24 (in LMC )
1,393,000
-10.62
163,000
14.03
43,700
O3.5V(f+)
SIMBAD
[ 16]
VFTS 621 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,380,000
-10.61
164,000
15.39
54,000
O2V((f*))z
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 131 (in Cygnus OB3 )
1,380,000
-10.61
22,600
12.08
44,700
WN7h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 77]
Sk -69° 104 (in NGC 1910 of LMC )
1,368,000
-10.6
160,000
12.1
39,900
O6Ib(f)
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 45]
Var A-1 (in Andromeda Galaxy )
1,368,000
-10.6
2,500,000
17.143
21,700
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 89]
Mercer 30 -6a A (WR 46-4 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
1,349,000
-10.585
40,000
10.39 (J band)
29,900
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
VFTS 427 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,349,000
-10.585
164,000
13.76
39,800
WN8
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
Westerhout 51 -3 (in Westerhout 51 )
1,349,000
-10.585
20,000
16.998 (J band)
39,800
O3-8V
SIMBAD
[ 66] [ 15]
HD 269722 (in LMC )
1,343,000
-10.58
163,000
11.52
28,200
OBe
SIMBAD
[ 16]
CXOGC J174502.8-290859 (in Galactic Center )
1,318,000
-10.56
26,000
13.93 (J band)
33,000
O9I-B0I
SIMBAD
[ 25]
HSH95-49 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,318,000
-10.56
163,000
14.75
58,000
O3V
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6] [ s]
HD 270145 (in LMC )
1,306,000
-10.55
163,000
12.17
43,700
O6.5Iaf
[ 16]
Westerhout 49 -15 (in Westerhout 49 )
1,288,000
-10.535
36,200
18.307 (J band)
43,700
O2-3.5If*
SIMBAD
[ 14] [ 15]
Westerhout 51 d (in Westerhout 51 )
1,288,000
-10.535
20,000
15.11 (J band)
42,700
SIMBAD
[ 66] [ 15]
WR 18 (in Carina OB1 of Carina Nebula )
1,288,000
-10.535
12,450
10.83
112,200
WN4-s
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18]
[BMS2003] 578 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy )
1,285,000
-10.53
2,700,000
15.97 (combined)
32,000
O9Ia
SIMBAD
[ 9]
AB7 A (in NGC 371 of SMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
197,000
13.016 (combined)
105,000
WN4
SIMBAD
[ 52] [ 64]
Arches -F3 (WR 102bb in Arches Cluster )
1,259,000
-10.51
25,000
16.06 (J band)
29,600
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
Arches -F8 (WR 102ag in Arches Cluster )
1,259,000
-10.51
25,000
16.31 (J band)
32,900
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
HD 50064 (in NGC 2301 )
1,259,000
-10.51
9,500
8.21
13,500
B6Ia
SIMBAD
[ 90]
HSH95-16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
163,000
13.65
42,000
OC2.5If*
SIMBAD
[ 6]
HSH95-20 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
164,000
13.71
46,000
O2If*
SIMBAD
[ 6]
HSH95-46 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
163,000
14.56
47,500
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6]
R139 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
163,000
11.94 (combined)
34,000
O6.5Iafc
SIMBAD
[ 91] [ 6]
VFTS 259 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
164,000
13.65
37,700
O6Iaf
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
VFTS 1031 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
164,000
13.89
48,000
O3.5
SIMBAD
[ 6]
NGC 2070 MH 980 (in NGC 2070 of LMC )
1,259,000
-10.51
163,000
13.68
42,700
O4V
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Sk -69° 194 (in NGC 2033 of LMC )
1,247,000
-10.5
160,000
12.131 (combined)
45,000
B0I
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 92]
ST2-22 (in NGC 2044 of LMC )
1,247,000
-10.5
160,000
14.3
51,300
O3.5III(f+)
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 42]
HD 269215 (in LMC )
1,247,000
-10.5
163,000
11.94
36,300
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Trumpler 27 -27 (in Trumpler 27 )
1,247,000
-10.5
8,200
13.31
37,000
O8III((f))
SIMBAD
[ 46] [ 18]
VFTS 1028 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,230,000
-10.485
164,000
13.84
47,300
O3.5-4.5
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
LH 10 -3601 (in NGC 1763 of LMC )
1,202,000
-10.46
160,000
13.491
55,000
ON2III(f*)
SIMBAD
[ 76] [ 45]
AB1 (in DEM S10 of SMC )
1,175,000
-10.435
197,000
15.238
79,000
WN3
SIMBAD
[ 93] [ 64] [ t]
BI 253 (Runaway star from Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,175,000
-10.435
164,000
13.76
54,000
O2V-III(n)((f*))
SIMBAD
[ 23] [ 94]
LGGS J013248.26+303950.4 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,175,000
-10.435
3,000,000
17.25
23,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 12] [ 95]
Mercer 30 -8 (WR 46–6 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
1,175,000
-10.435
40,000
11.658 (J band)
38,100
WN7
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
NGC 346 -W3 (in NGC 346 of SMC )
1,175,000
-10.435
200,000
12.8
52,500
O2III(f)
SIMBAD
[ 76] [ 64]
WR 102d (in Quintuplet cluster )
1,175,000
-10.435
26,000
15.18 (J band)
35,100
WN9h
SIMBAD
[ 40] [ 41]
WR 126 (in Vulpecula OB2 )
1,175,000
-10.435
24,680
13.29
63,000
WC5
SIMBAD
[ 96] [ 18]
WR 20a A (in Westerlund 2 )
1,150,000
-10.412
20,000
13.28 (combined)
43,000
O3If*/WN6
SIMBAD
[ 97]
WR 20a B (in Westerlund 2 )
1,150,000
-10.412
20,000
13.28 (combined)
43,000
O3If*/WN6
SIMBAD
[ 97]
GCIRS 16SW A (WR 101k A in Galactic Center )
1,149,000
-10.411
26,000
15.5 (J band)
24,400
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 98]
GCIRS 16SW B (WR 101k B in Galactic Center )
1,149,000
-10.411
26,000
15.5 (J band)
23,500
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 98]
BAT99-104 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,148,000
-10.41
165,000
14.52
63,000
O2If*/WN5
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
CXOGC J174516.7-285824 (WR 101–3 in Galactic Center )
1,148,000
-10.41
26,000
16.67 (J band)
35,000
WN7-8h
SIMBAD
[ 25]
G0.121-0.099 (WR 102–16 in Galactic Center )
1,148,000
-10.41
26,000
14.972 (J band)
40,000
WN8-9h
SIMBAD
[ 7]
G359.797+0.037 (in Galactic Center )
1,148,000
-10.41
26,000
16.1 (J band)
30,000
B0-2I
SIMBAD
[ 7]
HD 93205 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
1,148,000
-10.41
7,500
7.75 (combined)
51,300
O3.5Vf
SIMBAD
[ 99] [ 32]
HSH95-47 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,148,000
-10.41
163,000
14.72
46,500
O3III
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6] [ s]
WR 158 (in Cassiopeia OB1 )
1,148,000
-10.41
16,300
11.282
44,700
WN7h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 72]
WR 28 (in FSR 1555 )
1,148,000
-10.41
18,700
12.98
50,100
WN6(h)-w
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18] [ u]
HD 303308 (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
1,138,000
-10.4
7,500
8.17
51,300
O3V
SIMBAD
[ 46] [ 32]
M33C-15235 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,138,000
-10.4
3,000,000
17.73
29,200
WN/Of
SIMBAD
[ 2] [ 100]
ZH 364 (in Messier 81 )
1,138,000
-10.4
11,842,000
19.59
15,860
LBV?e
SIMBAD
[ 29]
HD 269700 (in LMC )
1,127,000
-10.39
163,000
10.54
19,500
B1.5Iaeq
SIMBAD
[ 16]
AB9 (in DEM S80 of SMC )
1,122,000
-10.385
197,000
15.431
100,000
WN3ha
SIMBAD
[ 93] [ 64] [ v]
Arches -F18 (in Arches Cluster )
1,122,000
-10.385
25,000
16.7 (J band)
36,900
O4-6I
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
BAT99-64 A (in NGC 2033 of LMC )
1,122,000
-10.385
165,000
14.073 (combined)
71,000
WN4o
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 45]
Var B (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,122,000
-10.385
3,000,000
16.208
9,000
LBV
SIMBAD
[ 55] [ 13]
VFTS 562 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,122,000
-10.385
164,000
13.66
42,200
O4III(f)
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
WR 37 (in SFC 27 of G291.27-0.71 )
1,122,000
-10.385
21,900
16
100,000
WN4-s
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 18] [ w]
SK -69 98 (in LMC )
1,096,000
-10.36
163,000
12.29
28,200
OB
SIMBAD
[ 16]
VFTS 512 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,096,000
-10.36
164,000
14.28
47,700
O2V-III((f*))
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
Mercer 30 -6b (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
1,072,000
-10.335
40,000
14.25 (J band)
30,500
O6If
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
VFTS 3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,072,000
-10.335
164,000
11.56
21,000
B1Ia+
SIMBAD
[ 23] [ 6]
VFTS 151 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,072,000
-10.335
164,000
14.13
42,200
O6.5II(f)p
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
VFTS 603 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,060,000
-10.323
164,000
13.99
43,400
O4III(fc)
SIMBAD
[ 101] [ 6]
HD 268605 (in LMC )
1,057,000
-10.32
163,000
11.34
28,200
O9.5/B0Ia
SIMBAD
[ 16]
CXOGC J174532.7-285126 (in Galactic Center )
1,047,000
-10.31
26,000
10.72 (J band)
40,000
O4-6I
SIMBAD
[ 25]
HD 93403 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
1,047,000
-10.31
10,000
8.27 (combined)
39,300
O5.5III(fc)var
SIMBAD
[ 102] [ 18]
Mercer 30 -2 (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula )
1,047,000
-10.31
40,000
12.63 (J band)
21,200
B1-4Ia+
SIMBAD
[ 30] [ d]
R133 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,047,000
-10.31
163,000
12.49
37,600
O7/8II
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
HD 269786 (in LMC )
1,047,000
-10.31
163,000
11.18
24,000
B1I
SIMBAD
[ 16]
HD 97950 E (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 )
1,038,000
-10.3
24,000
13.081
46,500
O5.5III(f)
SIMBAD
[ 37] [ 73]
HD 229059 (in Berkeley 87 )
1,038,000
-10.3
3,200
8.7
26,300
B1Ia
SIMBAD
[ 46] [ 32]
M33C-10788 (in Triangulum Galaxy )
1,038,000
-10.3
3,000,000
17.95
32,000
Ofpe/WN9
SIMBAD
[ 2] [ 100]
Sk -69° 200 (in NGC 2033 of LMC )
1,038,000
-10.3
160,000
11.18
26,300
B1I
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 18]
Sk -69° 259 (in NGC 2081 of LMC )
1,038,000
-10.3
160,000
11.93
30,000
B[e]
SIMBAD
[ 17] [ 18]
WR 77k (in Westerlund 1 )
1,038,000
-10.3
11,000
18.86
35,000
WN7
SIMBAD
[ 103] [ 104]
10182-pr-6 (in NGC 2403 )
1,038,000
-10.3
10,314,000
18.79
8,000
A8-F0Ie
SIMBAD
[ 29]
[RP2006] 542 (in LMC )
1,028,000
-10.29
163,000
16.75
29,500
B0IV[e]
SIMBAD
[ 16]
HD 93250 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
1,023,000
-10.285
7,500
7.5 (combined)
46,000
O4 IV(fc)
SIMBAD
[ 105] [ 32] [ f]
VFTS 267 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,023,000
-10.285
164,000
13.49
44,700
O3III-I(n)f*
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
VFTS 599 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,023,000
-10.285
164,000
13.8
47,300
O3III(f*)
SIMBAD
[ 23] [ 6]
VVV CL074 -9 (WR 75–29 in VVV CL074 )
1,023,000
-10.285
20,000
15.22 (J band)
37,000
WN7/O4-6If+
SIMBAD
[ 50] [ i]
WR 156 (in Cepheus OB1 )
1,023,000
-10.285
13,400
11.01
39,800
WN8h
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 53]
HD 269050 (in LMC )
1,019,000
-10.28
163,000
11.54
28,200
B0Ia(e?)
SIMBAD
[ 16]
Arches -F2 (WR 102aa in Arches Cluster )
1,000,000
-10.26
25,000
17.84 (J band)
33,500
WN8-9
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
Arches -F14 (WR 102ba in Arches Cluster )
1,000,000
-10.26
25,000
16.38 (J band)
34,500
WN8-9
SIMBAD
[ 24] [ 51]
BAT99-68 (in BSDL 2505 of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
14.13
45,000
O3If*/WN6
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 106] [ x]
CXOGC J174628.2-283920 (in Galactic Center )
1,000,000
-10.26
26,000
16.99 (J band)
40,000
O4-6I
SIMBAD
[ 25]
CXOGC J174703.1-283119 (in Galactic Center )
1,000,000
-10.26
26,000
16.23 (J band)
40,000
O4-6I
SIMBAD
[ 25]
HSH95-28 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
14.09
48,000
O3V
SIMBAD
[ 6]
HSH95-31 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
14.12
48,000
SIMBAD
[ 49] [ 6] [ s]
HSH95-57 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
14.8
47,000
O3III
SIMBAD
[ 6]
R135 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
13.48 (combined)
50,000
WN7h
SIMBAD
[ 5] [ 6]
R140a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
12.12 (combined)
34,000
WC5
SIMBAD
[ 6]
R142 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
163,000
11.82 (combined)
21,000
B0Ia
SIMBAD
[ 6]
VFTS 64 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
164,000
14.62
39,800
O7.5II(f)
SIMBAD
[ 27] [ 6]
VFTS 591 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
164,000
12.55
27,000
B0.5Ia
SIMBAD
[ 6]
VFTS 1034 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC )
1,000,000
-10.26
164,000
13.36
34,000
O8II
SIMBAD
[ 6]
VVV CL074 -3 (WR 75–28 in VVV CL074 )
1,000,000
-10.26
20,000
14.72 (J band)
31,500
WN8
SIMBAD
[ 50] [ i]
A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million L ☉ are kept here for the purpose of comparison.
Star name
Bolometric luminosity (L ☉ , Sun = 1)
Absolute bolometric magnitude
Approx. distance from earth (ly )
Apparent visible magnitude
Effective temperature (K )
Link
Reference
ζ1 Scorpii (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 )
851,000
-10.085
8,210
4.705
17,200
SIMBAD
[ 107] [ 108]
ζ Puppis (Naos in Vela R2 of Vela Molecular Ridge )
813,000
-10.035
1,080
2.25
40,000
SIMBAD
[ 109] [ 32] [ y]
α Camelopardalis (Runaway star from NGC 1502 )
676,000
-9.835
6,000
4.29
29,000
SIMBAD
[ 105] [ 32]
WR 78 (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 )
631,000
-9.76
4,100
6.48
50,100
SIMBAD
[ 33] [ 34]
λ Cephei (Runaway star from Cepheus OB3 )
631,000
-9.76
3,100
5.05
36,000
SIMBAD
[ 109] [ 32]
P Cygni (in IC 4996 of Cygnus OB1 )
610,000
-9.723
5,100
4.82
18,700
SIMBAD
[ 110] [ 32] [ z]
WR 79a (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 )
603,000
-9.71
5,600
5.77
35,000
SIMBAD
[ 111] [ 32]
ε Orionis (Alnilam in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
537,000
-9.585
2,000
1.69
27,500
SIMBAD
[ 112] [ 32]
η Carinae B (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula )
400,000
-9.265
7,500
4.3 (combined)
37,200
SIMBAD
[ 113] [ 20]
μ Normae (in NGC 6169 )
339,000
-9.085
3,260
4.91
28,000
SIMBAD
[ 114] [ 32]
κ Cassiopeiae (in Cassiopeia OB14 )
302,000
-8.96
4,000
4.16
23,500
SIMBAD
[ 112] [ 32]
τ Canis Majoris Aa (in NGC 2362 )
299,000
-8.95
5,120
4.89
32,000
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 32]
θ Muscae Ab (in Centaurus OB1 )
295,000
-8.935
7,400
5.53 (combined)
33,000
SIMBAD
[ 116] [ 32]
γ2 Velorum B (in Vela OB2 )
280,000
-8.878
1,230
1.83 (combined)
35,000
SIMBAD
[ 117] [ 32]
ξ Persei (Menkib in California Nebula of Perseus OB2 )
263,000
-8.81
1,200
4.04
35,000
SIMBAD
[ 105] [ 32]
ζ Orionis Aa (Alnitak in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
250,000
-8.755
1,260
2.08
29,500
SIMBAD
[ 118]
θ Muscae Aa (WR 48 in Centaurus OB1 )
234,000
-8.685
7,400
5.53 (combined)
83,000
SIMBAD
[ 119] [ 32]
ο2 Canis Majoris (in Collinder 121 )
219,000
-8.61
2,800
3.043
15,500
SIMBAD
[ 120] [ 32]
θ1 Orionis C 1 (in Trapezium Cluster of Orion complex )
204,000
-8.535
1,340
5.13 (combined)
39,000
SIMBAD
[ 121] [ 32]
δ Orionis Aa1 (Mintaka in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
191,000
-8.46
1,200
2.5 (combined)
29,500
SIMBAD
[ 122] [ 123]
γ2 Velorum A (WR 11 in Vela OB2 )
170,000
-8.336
1,230
1.83 (combined)
57,000
SIMBAD
[ 117] [ 32]
η Canis Majoris (Aludra in Collinder 121 )
151,000
-8.21
2,000
2.45
15,000
SIMBAD
[ 112] [ 32]
κ Crucis (in Jewel Box Cluster of Centaurus OB1 )
151,000
-8.21
7,500
5.98
16,300
SIMBAD
[ 124] [ 53]
λ Orionis A (Meissa in Collinder 69 of Orion complex )
150,000
-8.2
1,100
3.54
37,700
SIMBAD
[ 125] [ 126]
β Orionis A (Rigel in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
120,000
-7.96
860
0.13
12,100
SIMBAD
[ 127] [ 32]
θ2 Orionis A (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
107,000
-7.833
1,500
5.02
34,900
SIMBAD
[ 128] [ 129]
Betelgeuse
87,100
-7.61
550
0.50
3,600
SIMBAD
[ 130] [ 131]
Antares A
75,900
-7.46
550
0.6–1.6
3,660
SIMBAD
[ 132] [ 133]
ζ Ophiuchi (in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2 )
74,100
-7.435
370
2.569
34,000
SIMBAD
[ 105] [ 32]
ι Orionis Aa1 (Hatysa in NGC 1980 of Orion complex )
68,000
-7.341
1,340
2.77 (combined)
32,500
SIMBAD
[ 134] [ 135]
υ Orionis (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
60,000
-7.205
2,900
4.618
33,400
SIMBAD
[ 136] [ 137]
κ Orionis (Saiph in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
57,000
-7.147
650
2.09
26,500
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 32]
σ Cygni (in Cygnus OB4 )
52,000
-7.06
3,260
4.233
10,800
SIMBAD
[ 138] [ 139]
ζ Persei (in Perseus OB2 )
47,000
-6.941
750
2.86
20,800
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 32]
μ Columbae (Runaway star from Trapezium Cluster )
46,000
-6.91
1,300
5.18
33,000
SIMBAD
[ 140] [ 32]
σ Orionis Aa (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
41,700
-6.81
1,260
4.07 (combined)
35,000
SIMBAD
[ 141] [ 142]
δ Scorpii A (Dschubba in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2 )
38,000
-6.71
440
2.307 (combined)
27,400
SIMBAD
[ 143] [ 144]
ε Persei A (in α Persei Cluster )
28,300
-6.391
640
2.88 (combined)
26,500
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 145]
θ Carinae A (in IC 2602 of Scorpius OB2 )
25,700
-6.284
460
2.76 (combined)
31,000
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 146]
β Canis Majoris (Mirzam in Local Bubble of Scorpius OB2 )
25,000
-6.26
490
1.985
23,200
SIMBAD
[ 147] [ 148]
σ Orionis Ab (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
18,600
-5.934
1,260
4.07 (combined)
29,000
SIMBAD
[ 141] [ 142]
σ Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
15,800
-5.757
1,260
4.07 (combined)
31,000
SIMBAD
[ 141] [ 142]
θ2 Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex )
12,300
-5.485
1,500
6.38
29,300
SIMBAD
[ 149]
γ Orionis (Bellatrix in Bellatrix Cluster of Orion complex )
9,210
-5.17
250
1.64
21,800
SIMBAD
[ 150] [ 151]
ι Orionis Aa2 (in NGC 1980 of Orion complex )
8,630
-5.1
1,340
2.77 (combined)
27,000
SIMBAD
[ 134] [ 135]
λ Tauri A (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream )
5,800
-4.669
480
3.47 (combined)
18,700
SIMBAD
[ 115] [ 152]
ρ Ophiuchi A (in ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex of Scorpius OB2 )
4,000
-4.285
360
4.63 (combined)
22,000
SIMBAD
[ 153] [ 32]
δ Persei (in α Persei Cluster )
2,860
-3.901
520
3.01
14,900
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 146]
α Scorpii B (in Loop I Bubble of Scorpius OB2 )
2,820
-3.885
550
5.5
18,500
SIMBAD
[ 155] [ 126]
α Pavonis Aa (Peacock in Tucana-Horologium association )
2,150
-3.593
180
1.94
17,700
SIMBAD
[ 156] [ 135]
η Tauri A (Alcyone in Pleiades )
1,820
-3.409
440
2.87 (combined)
12,300
SIMBAD
[ 157] [ 32]
ο Velorum (in IC 2391 of Scorpius OB2 )
1,000
-2.76
490
3.6
16,200
SIMBAD
[ 158] [ 146]
ψ Persei (in α Persei Cluster )
775
-2.483
580
4.31
16,000
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 32]
γ Canis Majoris (Muliphein in Collinder 121 )
715
-2.397
440
4.1
13,600
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 159]
ο Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream )
340
-1.589
440
4.71
13,500
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 160]
φ Eridani (in Tucana-Horologium association )
255
-1.276
150
3.55
13,700
SIMBAD
[ 161] [ 162]
ν Fornacis (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream )
245
-1.233
370
4.69
13,400
SIMBAD
[ 163] [ 32]
ε Chamaeleontis (in ε Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2 )
100
-0.26
360
4.91
10,900
SIMBAD
[ 164] [ 146]
η Chamaeleontis (in η Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2 )
95
-0.204
310
5.453
12,500
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 53]
ε Hydri (in Tucana-Horologium association )
60
0.295
150
4.12
11,000
SIMBAD
[ 165] [ 154]
τ1 Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream )
50
0.429
320
5.66
10,600
SIMBAD
[ 154] [ 166]
β1 Tucanae (in Tucana-Horologium association )
40
0.735
140
4.37
10,600
SIMBAD
[ 167] [ 126]
Sun (in Solar System )
1
4.739996
0.0000158
-26.744
5,772
IAU
[ 168] [ 169] [ 170]
Note that even the most luminous stars are much less luminous than the more luminous persistent extragalactic objects, such as quasars . For example, 3C 273 has an average apparent magnitude of 12.8 (when observing with a telescope ), but an absolute magnitude of −26.7. If this object were 10 parsecs away from Earth it would appear nearly as bright in the sky as the Sun (apparent magnitude −26.744). This quasar's luminosity is, therefore, about 2 trillion (1012 ) times that of the Sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of average large galaxies like our Milky Way . (Note that quasars often vary somewhat in luminosity.)
In terms of gamma rays , a magnetar (type of neutron star ) called SGR 1806−20 , had an extreme burst reach Earth on 27 December 2004. It was the brightest event known to have impacted this planet from an origin outside the Solar System ; if these gamma rays were visible, with an absolute magnitude of approximately −29, it would have been brighter than the Sun[dubious – discuss ] (as measured by the Swift spacecraft).
The gamma-ray burst GRB 971214 measured in 1998 was at the time thought to be the most energetic event in the observable universe , with the equivalent energy of several hundred supernovae . Later studies pointed out that the energy was probably the energy of one supernova which had been "beamed" towards Earth by the geometry of a relativistic jet.
^ M33-013406.63, also called LGGS J013406.63+304147.8, was thought of as a star with over 8 million luminosity in the past, but a new reference indicated that M33-013406.63 may be a binary, the primary will be reduced to about 4.5 million luminosity.
^ Identified as a binary system, or possibly three stars. But the secondary is almost completely swamped by the primary.
^ a b Mercer 23 is an open cluster near Galactic plane.
^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
^ The paper mistakenly lists the bolometric magnitude as -10.5 instead of -11.5.
^ a b c d This is a binary system but the secondary is much less luminous than the primary.
^ VVV CL041 is an open cluster.
^ Cl 1813-178 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud complex W33 Complex.
^ a b c VVV CL074 is an open cluster.
^ Variable, luminosity was five times higher at outburst in 1994.
^ Luminous blue variable, peak luminosity shown.
^ G10.0-0.3 is a radio nebula in Galactic Center.
^ Mercer 81 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G338.4+0.2.
^ a b c DBSB 179 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G347.6+0.2.
^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
^ Blue Bubble Nebula is a Wolf–Rayet nebula around Hen 3-519.
^ Strictly speaking, MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 is the name of the star, Wray 17-96 is the name of the nebula.
^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
^ a b c This parameter is based on the optical-only fits for these stars.
^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
^ FSR 1555 is a star cluster.
^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
^ SFC 27 is a part of the molecular cloud G291.27-0.71.
^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
^ Vela R2 is a OB association in Vela Molecular Ridge.
^ IC 4996 is an open cluster in Cygnus OB1.
See also
References
^ "Scientists face down 'Godzilla', the most luminous star known" . Nature . 610 (7930): 10. 2022-09-28. Bibcode :2022Natur.610T..10. . doi :10.1038/d41586-022-03054-3 .
^ a b c d e Humphreys, Roberta M. ; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin (2017-07-06). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33 V. The Upper HR Diagram" . The Astrophysical Journal . 844 (1): 40. arXiv :1707.01916 . Bibcode :2017ApJ...844...40H . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef . S2CID 119357524 .
^ a b Wang 王, Yuxi 钰溪; Gao 高, Jian 健; Ren 任, Yi 逸 (2022-03-01). "Dust Extinction Law in Nearby Star-resolved Galaxies. I. M31 Traced by Supergiants" . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 259 (1): 12. arXiv :2111.09523 . Bibcode :2022ApJS..259...12W . doi :10.3847/1538-4365/ac3bc6 . ISSN 0067-0049 .
^ Clark, J. S.; Crowther, P. A.; Larionov, V. M.; Steele, I. A.; Ritchie, B. W.; Arkharov, A. A. (2009). "Bolometric luminosity variations in the luminous blue variable AFGL2298". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 507 (3): 1555. arXiv :0909.4160 . Bibcode :2009A&A...507.1555C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/200912358 . S2CID 119187994 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 565 : A27. arXiv :1401.5474 . Bibcode :2014A&A...565A..27H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201322696 . S2CID 55123954 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Doran, E. I.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C. J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N. R.; Bastian, N.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Köhler, K.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Najarro, F.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S. (2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 558 (134): 30. arXiv :1308.3412 . Bibcode :2013A&A...558A.134D . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201321824 . S2CID 118510909 .
^ a b c d e f g Mauerhan, J. C.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Morris, M. R.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C. (2010). "Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess". The Astrophysical Journal . 725 (1): 188–199. arXiv :1009.2769 . Bibcode :2010ApJ...725..188M . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188 . S2CID 20968628 .
^ a b Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Cotera, A.; Stolovy, S.; Morris, M. R.; Mauerhan, J.; Mills, E. A.; Schneider, G.; Calzetti, D.; Lang, C. (2011-10-11). "Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products: HST/NICMOS Paschen α survey of the GC" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 417 (1): 114–135. arXiv :1105.1703 . Bibcode :2011MNRAS.417..114D . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19013.x . S2CID 11060463 .
^ a b c d Bruhweiler, Fred C.; Miskey, Cherie L.; Smith Neubig, Margaret (June 2003). "STIS Spectral Imagery of the OB Stars in NGC 604. II. The Most Luminous Stars" . The Astronomical Journal . 125 (6): 3082–3096. arXiv :astro-ph/0303442 . Bibcode :2003AJ....125.3082B . doi :10.1086/374988 . ISSN 0004-6256 .
^ a b c Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 499 (2): 1918–1936. arXiv :2009.05136 . Bibcode :2020MNRAS.499.1918B . doi :10.1093/mnras/staa2801 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b c Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical" . The Astrophysical Journal . 935 (2): 162. arXiv :2207.13078 . Bibcode :2022ApJ...935..162K . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424 . S2CID 251067072 .
^ a b c Kourniotis, M; Kraus, M; Arias, M L; Cidale, L; Torres, A F (2018-11-01). "On the evolutionary state of massive stars in transition phases in M33" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 480 (3): 3706–3717. arXiv :1808.00008 . Bibcode :2018MNRAS.480.3706K . doi :10.1093/mnras/sty2087 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b c d e Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Hodge, Paul W.; Strong, Shay B.; Jacoby, George H.; Schlingman, Wayne; Smith, R. C. (2006). "A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. I. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal . 131 (5): 2478–2496. arXiv :astro-ph/0602128 . Bibcode :2006AJ....131.2478M . doi :10.1086/503256 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 118865956 .
^ a b c d Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 589 : A16. arXiv :1602.05190 . Bibcode :2016A&A...589A..16W . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201527823 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 59425112 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Huchra, John P.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Light, Robert M.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Stiening, Rae; Sykes, Matthew J.; Weinberg, Martin D.; Wheaton, William A.; Wheelock, Sherry L.; Zacarias, N. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)" . CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues . 2246 : II/246. Bibcode :2003yCat.2246....0C . S2CID 115529446 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Martin, John C.; Humphreys, Roberta M. (2023-11-01). "A Census of the Most Luminous Stars. I. The Upper HR Diagram for the Large Magellanic Cloud" . The Astronomical Journal . 166 (5): 214. Bibcode :2023AJ....166..214M . doi :10.3847/1538-3881/ad011e . ISSN 0004-6256 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen (May 2000). "The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB Associations in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astronomical Journal . 119 (5): 2214–2241. arXiv :astro-ph/0002233 . Bibcode :2000AJ....119.2214M . doi :10.1086/301345 . S2CID 16891188 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J. L. ; et al. (July 2012). "VizieR On-line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: I/322A . 1322 . Bibcode :2012yCat.1322....0Z .
^ Mehner, A.; De Wit, W.-J.; Asmus, D.; Morris, P. W.; Agliozzo, C.; Barlow, M. J.; Gull, T. R.; Hillier, D. J.; Weigelt, G. (2019). "Mid-infrared evolution of η Carinae from 1968 to 2018". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 630 : L6. arXiv :1908.09154 . Bibcode :2019A&A...630L...6M . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201936277 . S2CID 202149820 .
^ a b Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F; Pittard, Julian M; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M. P; Grefenstette, Brian W; Wik, Daniel R; Gull, Theodore R; Richardson, Noel D; Madura, Thomas I; Moffat, Anthony F. J (2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy . 2 (9): 731–736. arXiv :1904.09219 . Bibcode :2018NatAs...2..731H . doi :10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1 . S2CID 126188024 .
^ Damineli, Augusto; Hillier, Desmond J.; Navarete, Felipe; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Weigelt, Gerd; Corcoran, Michael F.; Gull, Theodore R.; Richardson, Noel D.; Ho, Peter; Madura, Thomas I.; Espinoza-Galeas, David; Hartman, Henrik; Morris, Patrick; Pickett, Connor S.; Stevens, Ian R. (August 2023). "The Long-term Spectral Changes of Eta Carinae: Are they Caused by a Dissipating Occulter as Indicated by cmfgen Models?" . The Astrophysical Journal . 954 (1): 65. arXiv :2211.01445 . Bibcode :2023ApJ...954...65D . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/ace596 . ISSN 0004-637X .
^ "Home | aavso" . www.aavso.org . Retrieved 2024-09-24 .
^ a b c d Schneider, F. R. N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Ramírez-Agudelo, O. H.; Sabín-Sanjulián, C.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Tramper, F.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Dufton, P. L.; Garcia, M.; Gieles, M.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Izzard, R. G.; Kalari, V.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Najarro, F.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Puls, J.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S.; Norman, C. (2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science . 359 (6371): 69–71. arXiv :1801.03107 . Bibcode :2018Sci...359...69S . doi :10.1126/science.aan0106 . PMID 29302009 . S2CID 206658504 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martins, F.; Hillier, D. J.; Paumard, T.; Eisenhauer, F.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R. (2008). "The most massive stars in the Arches cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 478 (1): 219–233. arXiv :0711.0657 . Bibcode :2008A&A...478..219M . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20078469 . S2CID 7509876 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mauerhan, J. C.; Muno, M. P.; Morris, M. R.; Stolovy, S. R.; Cotera, A. (10 February 2010). "Near-infrared Counterparts to Chandra X-ray Sources Toward the Galactic Center. II. Discovery of Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal . 710 (1): 706–728. arXiv :0912.1055 . Bibcode :2010ApJ...710..706M . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/706 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 32339182 .
^ Smith, Nathan; Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Murphy, Jeremiah W.; Drout, Maria R.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Groh, Jose H. (2019-09-01). "On the Gaia DR2 distances for Galactic luminous blue variables" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 488 (2): 1760–1778. arXiv :1805.03298 . Bibcode :2019MNRAS.488.1760S . doi :10.1093/mnras/stz1712 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Najarro, F.; De Koter, A.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Taylor, W. D.; Walborn, N. R. (2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 570 : A38. arXiv :1407.1837 . Bibcode :2014A&A...570A..38B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201423643 . S2CID 118606369 .
^ a b Hanson, M. M.; Kurtev, R.; Borissova, J.; Georgiev, L.; Ivanov, V. D.; Hillier, D. J.; Minniti, D. (June 2010). "Obscured clusters: III. Follow-up observations of Mercer 23" . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 516 : A35. Bibcode :2010A&A...516A..35H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/200913122 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 53705451 .
^ a b c d e Humphreys, Roberta M.; Stangl, Sarah; Gordon, Michael S.; Davidson, Kris; Grammer, Skyler H. (January 2019). "Luminous and Variable Stars in NGC 2403 and M81" . The Astronomical Journal . 157 (1): 22. arXiv :1811.06559 . Bibcode :2019AJ....157...22H . doi :10.3847/1538-3881/aaf1ac . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 119379139 .
^ a b c d e f de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M. M.; Trombley, C.; Figer, D. F.; Davies, B.; Garcia, M.; Kurtev, R.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Smith, L. C.; Lucas, P. W.; Herrero, A. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: the ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 589 : A69. arXiv :1602.02503 . Bibcode :2016A&A...589A..69D . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201528004 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119096455 .
^ Roman-Lopes, A. (2012). "A Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star possibly ejected from its birthplace in NGC 3603" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters . 427 (1): L65–L69. arXiv :1209.1598 . Bibcode :2012MNRAS.427L..65R . doi :10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01346.x . S2CID 118453639 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues . 2237 : 0. Bibcode :2002yCat.2237....0D .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I.; Alfaro, E. J.; Oskinova, L. M. (2019). "The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics . A57 : 625. arXiv :1904.04687 . Bibcode :2019A&A...625A..57H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201834850 . S2CID 104292503 .
^ a b Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S . 1 . Bibcode :2009yCat....102025S .
^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W. -R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (2013-12-01). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 436 (4): 3357–3365. arXiv :1309.7651 . Bibcode :2013MNRAS.436.3357O . doi :10.1093/mnras/stt1817 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b c d Crowther, P. A.; Schnurr, O.; Hirschi, R.; Yusof, N.; Parker, R. J.; Goodwin, S. P.; Kassim, H. A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv :1007.3284 . Bibcode :2010MNRAS.408..731C . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x . S2CID 53001712 .
^ a b c d e f g h i Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (2008). "The Massive Star Content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal . 135 (3): 878–891. arXiv :0712.2621 . Bibcode :2008AJ....135..878M . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 16765414 .
^ a b Shenar, T.; Sana, H.; Marchant, P.; Pablo, B.; Richardson, N.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Reeth, T. Van; Barbá, R. H.; Bowman, D. M.; Broos, P.; Crowther, P. A.; Clark, J. S.; Koter, A. de; Mink, S. E. de; Dsilva, K. (2021-06-01). "The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring - V. R 144: a wind-eclipsing binary with a total mass ≳140 M⊙" . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 650 : A147. arXiv :2104.03323 . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/202140693 . ISSN 0004-6361 .
^ a b Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A M T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: The most massive binary system known" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv :1901.04769 . Bibcode :2019MNRAS.484.2692T . doi :10.1093/mnras/stz147 . S2CID 119069481 .
^ a b c d e Liermann, A.; Hamann, W. -R.; Oskinova, L. M.; Todt, H.; Butler, K. (2010). "The Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 524 : A82. arXiv :1011.5796 . Bibcode :2010A&A...524A..82L . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/200912612 . S2CID 30091594 .
^ a b c d e f Clark, J. S.; Lohr, M. E.; Patrick, L. R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D. F. (2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 618 : A2. arXiv :1805.10139 . Bibcode :2018A&A...618A...2C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201833041 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 53501337 .
^ a b Schild, H.; Testor, G. (March 1992). "Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 92 : 729–748. Bibcode :1992A&AS...92..729S . S2CID 115371295 .
^ a b Sholukhova, O.; Bizyaev, D.; Fabrika, S.; Sarkisyan, A.; Malanushenko, V.; Valeev, A. (2014). "New Luminous Blue Variables in the Andromeda galaxy" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 447 (3): 2459–2467. arXiv :1412.5319 . Bibcode :2015MNRAS.447.2459S . doi :10.1093/mnras/stu2597 . S2CID 118374186 .
^ Humphreys, Roberta M. ; Weis, Kerstin; Davidson, Kris; Bomans, D. J.; Burggraf, Birgitta (2014-07-02). "LUMINOUS AND VARIABLE STARS IN M31 AND M33. II. LUMINOUS BLUE VARIABLES, CANDIDATE LBVs, Fe II EMISSION LINE STARS, AND OTHER SUPERGIANTS". The Astrophysical Journal . 790 (1): 48. arXiv :1407.2259 . Bibcode :2014ApJ...790...48H . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/48 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 119177378 .
^ a b c d e f Bonanos, A. Z.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D. J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L. J.; Meixner, M.; Babler, B. L.; Bracker, S.; Meade, M. R.; Gordon, K. D. (2009-10-01). "Spitzersage Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal . 138 (4): 1003–1021. arXiv :0905.1328 . Bibcode :2009AJ....138.1003B . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 14056495 .
^ a b c d e Massey, P.; Degioia-Eastwood, K. ; Waterhouse, E. (2001). "The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. II. Results from 12 Galactic Clusters and OB Associations". The Astronomical Journal . 121 (2): 1050–1070. arXiv :astro-ph/0010654 . Bibcode :2001AJ....121.1050M . doi :10.1086/318769 . S2CID 53345173 .
^ Chené, A.-N.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Borissova, J.; O’Leary, E.; Martins, F.; Hervé, A.; Kuhn, M.; Kurtev, R.; Consuelo Amigo Fuentes, P.; Bonatto, C.; Minniti, D. (December 2015). "Massive open star clusters using the VVV survey: IV. WR 62-2, a new very massive star in the core of the VVV CL041 cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 584 : A31. arXiv :1510.02539 . Bibcode :2015A&A...584A..31C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201525958 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 118707197 .
^ Messineo, Maria; Davies, Ben; Figer, Donald F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Valenti, Elena; Trombley, Christine; Najarro, F.; Michael Rich, R. (20 May 2011). "Massive Stars in the Cl 1813-178 Cluster: An Episode Of Massive Star Formation in the W33 Complex". The Astrophysical Journal . 733 (1): 41. arXiv :1103.4975 . Bibcode :2011ApJ...733...41M . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/41 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 118576212 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; Caballero-Nieves, S.; Abdul-Masih, M.; Driessen, F.; Garcia, M.; Geen, S.; Gräfener, G.; Hawcroft, C.; Kaper, L.; Keszthelyi, Z.; Langer, N.; Sana, H.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Shenar, T.; Vink, Jorick S. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 663 : A36. arXiv :2202.11080 . Bibcode :2022A&A...663A..36B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/202142742 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 247025548 .
^ a b c Martins, F.; Chené, A.-N.; Bouret, J.-C.; Borissova, J.; Groh, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Minniti, D. (2019). "Massive stars in the young cluster VVV CL074". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 627 : A170. arXiv :1907.02357 . Bibcode :2019A&A...627A.170M . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201935605 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 195798873 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; McLean, Ian S.; Gilbert, Andrea M.; Graham, James R.; Larkin, James E.; Levenson, N. A. (2002-12-10). "Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal . 581 (1): 258–275. arXiv :astro-ph/0208145 . Bibcode :2002ApJ...581..258F . doi :10.1086/344154 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 119002004 .
^ a b c d e Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. (2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 1604 : A22. arXiv :1604.01022 . Bibcode :2016A&A...591A..22S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201527916 . S2CID 119255408 .
^ a b c d e Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 355 : L27. Bibcode :2000A&A...355L..27H . doi :10.1888/0333750888/2862 . ISBN 0333750888 .
^ a b Shenar, T.; et al. (2016). "The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring project: II. A first SB2 orbital and spectroscopic analysis for the Wolf-Rayet binary R145". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 598 : A85. arXiv :1610.07614 . Bibcode :2017A&A...598A..85S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201629621 . S2CID 118546102 .
^ a b c Szeifert, T.; Humphreys, R. M. ; Davidson, K.; Jones, T. J.; Stahl, O.; Wolf, B.; Zickgraf, F.-J. (1996). "HST and groundbased observations of the 'Hubble-Sandage' variables in M 31 and M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 314 : 131–145. Bibcode :1996A&A...314..131S .
^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (2016-08-19). "A Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Stars in M31 and M33" . The Astronomical Journal . 152 (3): 62. arXiv :1604.00112 . Bibcode :2016AJ....152...62M . doi :10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62 . ISSN 1538-3881 . S2CID 35672588 .
^ Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. (October 2004). "The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map". The Astronomical Journal . 128 (4): 1606–1614. arXiv :astro-ph/0407006 . Bibcode :2004AJ....128.1606Z . doi :10.1086/423910 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 119532934 .
^ Clark, J. S.; Crowther, P. A.; Larionov, V. M.; Steele, I. A.; Ritchie, B. W.; Arkharov, A. A. (2009). "Bolometric luminosity variations in the luminous blue variable AFGL2298". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 507 (3): 1555–1565. arXiv :0909.4160 . Bibcode :2009A&A...507.1555C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/200912358 . S2CID 119187994 .
^ Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Angüner, E. O.; Arrieta, M.; Aubert, P.; Backes, M.; Balzer, A.; Barnard, M.; Becherini, Y.; Becker Tjus, J.; Berge, D.; Bernhard, S.; Bernlöhr, K.; Birsin, E.; Blackwell, R.; Böttcher, M.; Boisson, C.; Bolmont, J.; Bordas, P.; Bregeon, J.; Brun, F.; Brun, P.; Bryan, M.; Bulik, T.; Capasso, M.; Carr, J.; et al. (2018). "Extended VHE γ-ray emission towards SGR1806−20, LBV 1806−20, and stellar cluster Cl* 1806−20". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 612 : A11. arXiv :1606.05404 . Bibcode :2018A&A...612A..11H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201628695 . S2CID 118345803 .
^ Davies, Ben; de la Fuente, Diego; Najarro, Francisco; Hinton, Jim A.; Trombley, Christine; Figer, Donald F.; Puga, Elena (21 January 2012). "A newly discovered young massive star cluster at the far end of the Galactic Bar: A young cluster at the far end of the Bar" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 419 (3): 1860–1870. arXiv :1111.2630 . Bibcode :2012MNRAS.419.1860D . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19840.x . ISSN 0035-8711 . S2CID 59405479 .
^ Niemela, Virpi S.; Shara, Michael M.; Wallace, Debra J.; Zurek, David R.; Moffat, Anthony F. J. (1998). "Hubble Space Telescope Detection of Optical Companions of WR 86, WR 146, and WR 147: Wind Collision Model Confirmed" . The Astronomical Journal . 115 (5): 2047–2052. Bibcode :1998AJ....115.2047N . doi :10.1086/300320 . S2CID 3606924 .
^ a b c Borissova, J.; Georgiev, L.; Hanson, M. M.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Kurtev, R.; Ivanov, V. D.; Penaloza, F.; Hillier, D. J.; Zsargó, J. (October 2012). "Obscured clusters: IV. The most massive stars in [DBS2003] 179". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 546 : A110. arXiv :1209.6370 . Bibcode :2012A&A...546A.110B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201118348 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119303823 .
^ a b c Borissova, J.; Ivanov, V. D.; Hanson, M. M.; Georgiev, L.; Minniti, D.; Kurtev, R.; Geisler, D. (September 2008). "The young Galactic star cluster [DBS2003] 179". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 488 (1): 151–159. arXiv :0806.4584 . Bibcode :2008A&A...488..151B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20079255 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 14942349 .
^ a b c d e f Bonanos, A. Z.; Lennon, D. J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J. Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Evans, C. J.; Panagia, N.; Babler, B. L.; Block, M.; Bracker, S. (2010-08-01). "Spitzersage-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal . 140 (2): 416–429. arXiv :1004.0949 . Bibcode :2010AJ....140..416B . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416 . hdl :1887/61635 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 119290443 .
^ Van Genderen, A. M. (2001). "S Doradus variables in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds" . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 366 (2): 508–531. Bibcode :2001A&A...366..508V . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20000022 . Vizie database entry
^ a b c Bik, A.; Henning, Th.; Wu, S.-W.; Zhang, M.; Brandner, W.; Pasquali, A.; Stolte, A. (April 2019). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 624 : A63. arXiv :1902.05460 . Bibcode :2019A&A...624A..63B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201935061 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 118711844 .
^ Egan, Michael P.; et al. (2002). "An Infrared Ring Nebula around MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305: The True Nature of Suspected Planetary Nebula Wray 17-96 Determined via Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy" . The Astrophysical Journal . 572 (1): 288–299. Bibcode :2002ApJ...572..288E . doi :10.1086/340222 .
^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N. E.; De Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. (2016). "The mass of the very massive binary WR21a" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 455 (2): 1275–1281. arXiv :1510.03609 . Bibcode :2016MNRAS.455.1275T . doi :10.1093/mnras/stv2373 . S2CID 44364798 .
^ Mauerhan, J. C.; Morris, M. R.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C.; Glass, I. S. (2010). "Discovery of a Luminous Blue Variable with an Ejection Nebula Near the Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal . 713 (1): L33–L36. arXiv :1002.3379 . Bibcode :2010ApJ...713L..33M . doi :10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L33 . S2CID 42696538 .
^ Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Messineo, Maria; Clark, J. Simon; Menten, Karl M. (2020-09-01). "A New Candidate Luminous Blue Variable" . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 901 (1): L15. arXiv :2009.11122 . Bibcode :2020ApJ...901L..15F . doi :10.3847/2041-8213/abb704 . ISSN 2041-8205 .
^ Oskinova, L. M.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Hamann, W. -R.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A. A. C.; Ignace, R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R. (2017). "On the Binary Nature of Massive Blue Hypergiants: High-resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy Suggests That Cyg OB2 12 is a Colliding Wind Binary" . The Astrophysical Journal . 845 (1): 39. arXiv :1707.04473 . Bibcode :2017ApJ...845...39O . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e79 . S2CID 119537489 .
^ a b Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits (2017). "Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 598 : A108. arXiv :1611.02452 . Bibcode :2017A&A...598A.108L . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201629395 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119076598 .
^ a b c d Moffat, A. F. J. (October 1974). "On the distance and reddening of the massive H II region NGC 3603". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 35 : 315. Bibcode :1974A&A....35..315M . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 115549707 .
^ Najarro, Francisco; Figer, Don F.; Hillier, D. John; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, Rolf P. (2009-02-01). "Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster" . The Astrophysical Journal . 691 (2): 1816–1827. arXiv :0809.3185 . Bibcode :2009ApJ...691.1816N . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816 . ISSN 0004-637X .
^ Williams, Peredur (2011). "Results from the 2009 campaign on WR 140". Société Royale des Sciences de Liège . 80 : 595–609. Bibcode :2011BSRSL..80..595W .
^ a b c Walborn, N. R.; Morrell, N. I.; Howarth, I. D.; Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Massey, P.; Arias, J. I. (2004). "A CNO Dichotomy among O2 Giant Spectra in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal . 608 (2): 1028–1038. arXiv :astro-ph/0403557 . Bibcode :2004ApJ...608.1028W . doi :10.1086/420761 . S2CID 16656083 .
^ a b Reed, B. Cameron (2003). "Catalog of Galactic OB Stars" . The Astronomical Journal . 125 (5): 2531–2533. Bibcode :2003AJ....125.2531R . doi :10.1086/374771 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 121285799 .
^ Evans, C. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. (September 2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 456 (2): 623–638. arXiv :astro-ph/0606405 . Bibcode :2006A&A...456..623E . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20064988 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 13160849 .
^ Yarovova, Anastasiya D; Egorov, Oleg V; Moiseev, Alexei V; Maryeva, Olga V (2022-10-16). "Unveiling the nitrogen-rich massive star in the metal-poor galaxy NGC 4068" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 518 (2): 2256–2272. doi :10.1093/mnras/stac2949 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ Smith, Nathan (2006). "A census of the Carina Nebula - I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 367 (2): 763–772. arXiv :astro-ph/0601060 . Bibcode :2006MNRAS.367..763S . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10007.x . S2CID 14060690 .
^ Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Bostroem, K. A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Walborn, N. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brott, I.; Bonanos, A.; De Koter, A.; De Mink, S. E. ; Evans, C. J.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Vink, J. S. (2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He II λ1640 in young star clusters" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv :1603.04994 . Bibcode :2016MNRAS.458..624C . doi :10.1093/mnras/stw273 .
^ Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Gazak, Zachary; Bresolin, Fabio; Przybilla, Norbert; Gieren, Wolfgang; Pietrzyński, Grzegorz (2012-03-01). "Quantitative Spectroscopy of Blue Supergiant Stars in the Disk of M81: Metallicity, Metallicity Gradient, and Distance" . The Astrophysical Journal . 747 (1): 15. arXiv :1112.3643 . Bibcode :2012ApJ...747...15K . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/15 . ISSN 0004-637X .
^ Massey, Philip (July 2002). "A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 141 (1): 81–122. arXiv :astro-ph/0110531 . Bibcode :2002ApJS..141...81M . doi :10.1086/338286 . ISSN 0067-0049 . S2CID 119447348 .
^ Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Hodge, Paul W.; Jacoby, George H.; McNeill, Reagin T.; Smith, R. C.; Strong, Shay B. (2007). "A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. II. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in Seven Dwarfs and a Comparison of the Entire Sample". The Astronomical Journal . 133 (5): 2393–2417. arXiv :astro-ph/0702236 . Bibcode :2007AJ....133.2393M . doi :10.1086/513319 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 119456878 .
^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Broos, Patrick S.; Pollock, Andrew M T.; Townsley, Leisa K. (2022). "Melnick 33Na: A very massive colliding-wind binary system in 30 Doradus" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 510 (4): 6133–6149. arXiv :2112.00022 . Bibcode :2022MNRAS.510.6133B . doi :10.1093/mnras/stab3521 .
^ Castro, N.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C. J.; Mackey, J.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Vink, J. S.; Melnick, J.; Selman, F. (2018). "Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 614 : 12. arXiv :1802.01597 . Bibcode :2018A&A...614A.147C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201732084 . S2CID 119341920 . A147.
^ Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (February 6–10, 1995). "Observations and Interpretation of Luminous Blue Variables". Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 155, Astrophysical applications of stellar pulsation . Astrophysical Applications of Stellar Pulsation. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series . Vol. 83. Cape Town, South Africa: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 176–191. Bibcode :1995ASPC...83..176L .
^ Kastner, J. H.; Buchanan, C. L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (2006). "SpitzerSpectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B\e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud" . The Astrophysical Journal . 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode :2006ApJ...638L..29K . doi :10.1086/500804 .
^ Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin (2017-07-01). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. V. The Upper HR Diagram" . The Astrophysical Journal . 844 (1): 40. arXiv :1707.01916 . Bibcode :2017ApJ...844...40H . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 119357524 .
^ Aerts, C.; Lefever, K.; Baglin, A.; Degroote, P.; Oreiro, R.; Vučković, M.; Smolders, K.; Acke, B.; Verhoelst, T.; Desmet, M.; Godart, M.; Noels, A.; Dupret, M.-A.; Auvergne, M.; Baudin, F.; Catala, C.; Michel, E.; Samadi, R. (April 2010). "Periodic mass-loss episodes due to an oscillation mode with variable amplitude in the hot supergiant HD 50064". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 513 : L11. arXiv :1003.5551 . Bibcode :2010A&A...513L..11A . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201014124 . S2CID 41541073 .
^ Taylor, W. D.; Evans, C. J.; Sana, H.; Walborn, N. R.; De Mink, S. E. ; Stroud, V. E.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Barbá, R. H.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Brott, I.; Crowther, P. A.; De Koter, A.; Friedrich, K.; Gräfener, G.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Kaper, L.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Morrell, N.; Monaco, L.; Vink, J. S. (2011). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey II: R139 revealed as a massive binary system". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 530 : L10. arXiv :1103.5387 . Bibcode :2011A&A...530L..10T . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201116785 . S2CID 119214376 .
^ Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M. K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; Wyrzykowski, Ł.; Poleski, R.; Gieren, W.; Walker, A. R.; Garcia-Varela, A. (1 June 2013). "Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Acta Astronomica . 63 (2): 159–179. arXiv :1306.4802 . Bibcode :2013AcA....63..159U . ISSN 0001-5237 . S2CID 119228254 .
^ a b Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R (2015). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 581 (21): 30. arXiv :1507.04000 . Bibcode :2015A&A...581A..21H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201526241 . S2CID 56230998 .
^ Rivero González, J. G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. (2012). "Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars. II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 537 : A79. arXiv :1110.5148 . Bibcode :2012A&A...537A..79R . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201117790 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119110554 .
^ Thompson, Todd A.; Prieto, José L.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kistler, Matthew D.; Beacom, John F.; Kochanek, Christopher S. (2009-11-10). "A New Class of Luminous Transients and a First Census of Their Massive Stellar Progenitors". The Astrophysical Journal . 705 (2): 1364–1384. arXiv :0809.0510 . Bibcode :2009ApJ...705.1364T . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1364 . hdl :1811/48176 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 17581579 .
^ Sander, A. A. C.; Hamann, W.-R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R.; Shenar, T.; Ramachandran, V.; Oskinova, L. M. (2019). "The Galactic WC and WO stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 621 : A92. arXiv :1807.04293 . Bibcode :2019A&A...621A..92S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201833712 . S2CID 67754788 .
^ a b Rauw; et al. (4 March 2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions" . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode :2005A&A...432..985R . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20042136 .
^ a b Peeples, Molly S.; Bonanos, A. Z.; DePoy, D. L.; Stanek, K. Z.; Pepper, J.; Pogge, Richard W.; Pinsonneault, M. H.; Sellgren, K. (2007-01-01). "The Nature of the Variable Galactic Center Source GCIRS 16SW Revisited: A Massive Eclipsing Binary". The Astrophysical Journal . 654 (1): L61–L64. arXiv :astro-ph/0610212 . Bibcode :2007ApJ...654L..61P . doi :10.1086/510720 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 14242573 .
^ Morrell, N. I. ; Barbá, R. H.; Niemela, V. S.; Corti, M. A.; Albacete Colombo, J. F.; Rauw, G.; Corcoran, M.; Morel, T.; Bertrand, J.-F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; St-Louis, N. (2001). "Optical spectroscopy of X-Mega targets - II. The massive double-lined O-type binary HD 93205" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 326 (1): 85–94. arXiv :astro-ph/0105014 . Bibcode :2001MNRAS.326...85M . doi :10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04500.x . S2CID 16221731 .
^ a b Neugent, Kathryn F.; Massey, Philip (2011-06-01). "The Wolf-Rayet Content of M33". The Astrophysical Journal . 733 (2): 123. arXiv :1103.5549 . Bibcode :2011ApJ...733..123N . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/123 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 118507918 .
^ Walborn, N. R.; Sana, H.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Taylor, W. D.; Evans, C. J.; Markova, N.; Lennon, D. J.; de Koter, A. (2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XIV. The O-type stellar content of 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 564 (40): 35. arXiv :1402.6969 . Bibcode :2014A&A...564A..40W . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201323082 . S2CID 119302111 .
^ Rauw, G.; Vreux, J.-M.; Stevens, I. R.; Gosset, E.; Sana, H.; Jamar, C.; Mason, K. O. (2002). "Phase-resolved X-ray and optical spectroscopy of the massive binary HD 93403" . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 388 (2): 552. Bibcode :2002A&A...388..552R . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20020523 .
^ Crowther, P. A.; Hadfield, L. J.; Clark, J. S.; Negueruela, I.; Vacca, W. D. (2006-11-01). "A census of the Wolf-Rayet content in Westerlund 1 from near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 372 (3): 1407–1424. arXiv :astro-ph/0608356 . Bibcode :2006MNRAS.372.1407C . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10952.x . ISSN 0035-8711 . S2CID 10505573 .
^ Clark, J. S.; Muno, M. P.; Negueruela, I.; Dougherty, S. M.; Crowther, P. A.; Goodwin, S. P.; de Grijs, R. (2008). "Unveiling the X-ray point source population of the Young Massive Cluster Westerlund 1" . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 477 (1): 147–163. Bibcode :2008A&A...477..147C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20077186 . ISSN 0004-6361 .
^ a b c d Repolust, T.; Puls, J.; Herrero, A. (2004). "Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars. The influence of line-blocking/blanketing" . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 415 : 349. Bibcode :2004A&A...415..349R . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20034594 .
^ Neugent, Kathryn F.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia (2012-12-01). "The Discovery of a Rare Wo-Type Wolf–Rayet Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal . 144 (6): 162. arXiv :1210.0062 . Bibcode :2012AJ....144..162N . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/144/6/162 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 118628394 .
^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 541 : A145. arXiv :1202.3991 . Bibcode :2012A&A...541A.145C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201117472 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 11978733 .
^ Kozok, J. R. (September 1985), "Photometric observations of emission B-stars in the southern Milky Way", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series , 61 : 387–405, Bibcode :1985A&AS...61..387K
^ a b Bouret, J. -C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. (2012). "Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 544 : A67. arXiv :1205.3075 . Bibcode :2012A&A...544A..67B . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201118594 . S2CID 119280104 .
^ Rivet, J-P; Siciak, A.; de Almeida, E. S. G.; Vakili, F.; Domiciano de Souza, A.; Fouché, M.; Lai, O.; Vernet, D.; Kaiser, R.; Guerin, W. (2020). "Intensity interferometry of P Cygni in the H α emission line: Towards distance calibration of LBV supergiant stars" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 494 (1): 218–227. arXiv :1910.08366 . Bibcode :2020MNRAS.494..218R . doi :10.1093/mnras/staa588 . S2CID 204788654 .
^ Skinner, Stephen L.; Zhekov, Svetozar A.; Güdel, Manuel; Schmutz, Werner; Sokal, Kimberly R. (2012-05-01). "New X-Ray Detections of WNL Stars". The Astronomical Journal . 143 (5): 116. arXiv :1203.5098 . Bibcode :2012AJ....143..116S . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/143/5/116 . ISSN 0004-6256 . S2CID 119281411 .
^ a b c Searle, S. C.; Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D.; Ryans, R. (2008). "Quantitative studies of the optical and UV spectra of Galactic early B supergiants. I. Fundamental parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 481 (3): 777–97. arXiv :0801.4289 . Bibcode :2008A&A...481..777S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20077125 . S2CID 1552752 .
^ Mehner, Andrea; Davidson, Kris; Ferland, Gary J.; Humphreys, Roberta M. (2010). "High-excitation Emission Lines near Eta Carinae, and Its Likely Companion Star". The Astrophysical Journal . 710 (1): 729–742. arXiv :0912.1067 . Bibcode :2010ApJ...710..729M . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/729 . S2CID 5032987 .
^ Lefever, K.; Puls, J.; Aerts, C. (2007). "Statistical properties of a sample of periodically variable B-type supergiants: Evidence for opacity-driven gravity-mode oscillations". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 463 (3): 1093–1109. arXiv :astro-ph/0611484 . Bibcode :2007A&A...463.1093L . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20066038 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 8783008 .
^ a b c d e f Hohle, M. M.; Neuhäuser, R.; Schutz, B. F. (April 2010), "Masses and luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red supergiants", Astronomische Nachrichten , 331 (4): 349, arXiv :1003.2335 , Bibcode :2010AN....331..349H , doi :10.1002/asna.200911355 , S2CID 111387483
^ Sugawara, Y.; Tsuboi, Y.; Maeda, Y. (October 2008). "Redshifted emission lines and radiative recombination continuum from the Wolf-Rayet binary θ Muscae: evidence for a triplet system?". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 490 (1): 259–264. arXiv :0810.1208 . Bibcode :2008A&A...490..259S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20079302 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 118447784 .
^ a b North, J. R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Tango, W. J.; Davis, J. (2007-05-01). "γ2 Velorum: orbital solution and fundamental parameter determination with SUSI" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 377 (1): 415–424. arXiv :astro-ph/0702375 . Bibcode :2007MNRAS.377..415N . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11608.x . ISSN 0035-8711 . S2CID 16425744 .
^ Hummel, C. A.; Rivinius, Th.; Nieva, M.-F.; Stahl, O.; van Belle, G.; Zavala, R. T. (2013). "Dynamical mass of the O-type supergiant in ζ Orionis A". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 554 : A52. arXiv :1306.0330 . Bibcode :2013A&A...554A..52H . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201321434 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 53645495 .
^ Nugis, T.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2000). "Mass-loss rates of Wolf-Rayet stars as a function of stellar parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 360 : 227. Bibcode :2000A&A...360..227N .
^ Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Walborn, N. R. (January 2006), "Physical parameters and wind properties of galactic early B supergiants", Astronomy and Astrophysics , 446 (1): 279–293, arXiv :astro-ph/0509436 , Bibcode :2006A&A...446..279C , doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20053685 , S2CID 18815761
^ Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A.; Esteban, C.; Najarro, F. (2006). "Detailed spectroscopic analysis of the Trapezium cluster stars inside the Orion nebula: Rotational velocities, stellar parameters, and oxygen abundances". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 448 (1): 351–366. arXiv :astro-ph/0510288 . Bibcode :2006A&A...448..351S . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20053066 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 16445304 .
^ Shenar, T.; Oskinova, L.; Hamann, W.-R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pablo, H.; Richardson, N. D.; Waldron, W. L.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Nichols, J. S.; Todt, H.; Nazé, Y.; Hoffman, J. L.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Negueruela, I. (2015). "A Coordinated X-Ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, δ Orionis Aa. IV. A Multiwavelength, Non-LTE Spectroscopic Analysis". Astrophysical Journal . 809 (2): 135. arXiv :1503.03476 . Bibcode :2015ApJ...809..135S . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135 . hdl :10045/59172 . S2CID 14909574 .
^ Tokovinin, A. A. (1997). "MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars" . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 124 : 75–84. Bibcode :1997A&AS..124...75T . doi :10.1051/aas:1997181 .
^ Dufton, P. L.; Smartt, S. J.; Lee, J. K.; Ryans, R. S. I.; Hunter, I.; Evans, C. J.; Herrero, A.; Trundle, C.; Lennon, D. J.; Irwin, M. J.; Kaufer, A. (2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: stellar parameters and rotational velocities in NGC 3293, NGC 4755 and NGC 6611". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 457 (1): 265–280. arXiv :astro-ph/0606409 . Bibcode :2006A&A...457..265D . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20065392 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 15874925 .
^ Murdin, P.; Penston, M. V. (1977-12-01). "The Lambda Orionis association" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 181 (4): 657–665. Bibcode :1977MNRAS.181..657M . doi :10.1093/mnras/181.4.657 . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b c Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991). The Bright star catalogue (5th Revised ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Observatory. Bibcode :1991bsc..book.....H .
^ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2012-03-10). "Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. I. Themosthigh-Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring". The Astrophysical Journal . 747 (2): 108. arXiv :1201.0843 . Bibcode :2012ApJ...747..108M . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 425831 .
^ Hillenbrand, Lynne A. (1997). "On the Stellar Population and Star-Forming History of the Orion Nebula Cluster". Astronomical Journal . 113 : 1733. Bibcode :1997AJ....113.1733H . doi :10.1086/118389 .
^ Aldoretta, E. J.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Gies, D. R.; Nelan, E. P.; Wallace, D. J.; Hartkopf, W. I.; Henry, T. J.; Jao, W.-C.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Mason, B. D.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Norris, R. P.; Richardson, N. D.; Williams, S. J. (2015). "The Multiplicity of Massive Stars: A High Angular Resolution Survey with the Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal . 149 (1): 26. arXiv :1410.0021 . Bibcode :2015AJ....149...26A . doi :10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/26 . S2CID 58911264 .
^ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael J.; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2020-10-13). "Standing on the shoulders of giants: New mass and distance estimates for Betelgeuse through combined evolutionary, asteroseismic, and hydrodynamical simulations with MESA" . The Astrophysical Journal . 902 (1): 63. arXiv :2006.09837 . Bibcode :2020ApJ...902...63J . doi :10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db . ISSN 1538-4357 .
^ Nicolet, B. (1978-10-01). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system" . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 34 : 1–49. Bibcode :1978A&AS...34....1N . ISSN 0365-0138 .
^ Ohnaka, Keiichi; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Schertl, Dieter; Weigelt, Gerd; Baffa, Carlo; Chelli, Alain; Petrov, Romain; Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 555 : A24. arXiv :1304.4800 . Bibcode :2013A&A...555A..24O . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201321063 . ISSN 0004-6361 .
^ Kiss, L. L.; Szabo, Gy M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006-11-11). "Variability in red supergiant stars: pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 372 (4): 1721–1734. arXiv :astro-ph/0608438 . Bibcode :2006MNRAS.372.1721K . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x . ISSN 0035-8711 .
^ a b Marchenko, Sergey V.; Rauw, Gregor; Antokhina, Eleonora A.; Antokhin, Igor I.; Ballereau, Dominique; Chauville, Jacques; Corcoran, Michael F.; Costero, Rafael; Echevarria, Juan; Eversberg, Thomas; Gayley, Ken G.; Koenigsberger, Gloria ; Miroshnichenko, Anatoly S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Morrison, Nancy D.; Mulliss, Christopher L.; Pittard, Julian M.; Stevens, Ian R.; Vreux, Jean-Marie; Zorec, Jean (2000). "Coordinated monitoring of the eccentric O-star binary Iota Orionis: Optical spectroscopy and photometry" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 317 (2): 333. Bibcode :2000MNRAS.317..333M . doi :10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03542.x .
^ a b c Nicolet, B. (1978), "Photoelectric photometric Catalogue of homogeneous measurements in the UBV System", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series , 34 : 1–49, Bibcode :1978A&AS...34....1N
^ Underhill, A. B.; Divan, L.; Prevot-Burnichon, M.-L.; Doazan, V. (1979). "Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 189 (3): 601–05. Bibcode :1979MNRAS.189..601U . doi :10.1093/mnras/189.3.601 .
^ Nieva, M.-F. (2013). "Temperature, gravity, and bolometric correction scales for non-supergiant OB stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 550 : A26. arXiv :1212.0928 . Bibcode :2013A&A...550A..26N . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201219677 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119275940 .
^ Tanrıverdi, Taner (2013). "Elemental abundances of the supergiant stars σ Cygnus and η Leonis". New Astronomy . 25 : 50. arXiv :1512.04557 . Bibcode :2013NewA...25...50T . doi :10.1016/j.newast.2013.03.013 . S2CID 118525375 .
^ Firnstein, M.; Przybilla, N. (2012). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Galactic BA-type supergiants. I. Atmospheric parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 543 : A80. arXiv :1207.0308 . Bibcode :2012A&A...543A..80F . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201219034 . S2CID 54725386 .
^ Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J.; Meynadier, F.; Heydari-Malayeri, M.; Walborn, N. R. (2005). "O stars with weak winds: the Galactic case". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 441 (2): 735–762. arXiv :astro-ph/0507278 . Bibcode :2005A&A...441..735M . doi :10.1051/0004-6361:20052927 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 11547293 .
^ a b c Simón-Díaz, S.; Caballero, J. A.; Lorenzo, J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Negueruela, I.; Barbá, R. H.; Dorda, R.; Marco, A.; Montes, D.; Pellerin, A.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Sódor, Á.; Sota, A. (2015). "Orbital and Physical Properties of the σ Ori Aa, Ab, B Triple System". The Astrophysical Journal . 799 (2): 169. arXiv :1412.3469 . Bibcode :2015ApJ...799..169S . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/169 . S2CID 118500350 .
^ a b c Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. (2001). "The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog" . The Astronomical Journal . 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode :2001AJ....122.3466M . doi :10.1086/323920 .
^ Pecaut, Mark J.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bubar, Eric J. (2012-02-20). "A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius–Centaurus Ob Association". The Astrophysical Journal . 746 (2): 154. arXiv :1112.1695 . Bibcode :2012ApJ...746..154P . doi :10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154 . ISSN 0004-637X . S2CID 118461108 .
^ Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (1968-06-01). "A Photometric Investigation of the SCORPlO-CENTAURUS Association" . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 15 : 459. Bibcode :1968ApJS...15..459G . doi :10.1086/190168 . ISSN 0067-0049 .
^ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H. (June 1977), "Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars", Astronomical Journal , 82 : 431–434, Bibcode :1977AJ.....82..431L , doi :10.1086/112066
^ a b c d Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966), "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars", Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory , 4 (99): 99, Bibcode :1966CoLPL...4...99J
^ Hubrig, S.; et al. (June 2006), "Discovery of magnetic fields in the βCephei star ξ1 CMa and in several slowly pulsating B stars*", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters , 369 (1): L61–L65, arXiv :astro-ph/0604283 , Bibcode :2006MNRAS.369L..61H , doi :10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00175.x , S2CID 18201908
^ Cousins, A. W. J. (1972), "UBV Photometry of Some Very Bright Stars", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa , 31 : 69, Bibcode :1972MNSSA..31...69C
^ Nieva, María-Fernanda; Przybilla, Norbert (2014). "Fundamental properties of nearby single early B-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 566 : A7. arXiv :1412.1418 . Bibcode :2014A&A...566A...7N . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201423373 . S2CID 119227033 .
^ Challouf, M.; Nardetto, N.; Mourard, D.; Graczyk, D.; Aroui, H.; Chesneau, O.; Delaa, O.; Pietrzyński, G.; Gieren, W.; Ligi, R.; Meilland, A.; Perraut, K.; Tallon-Bosc, I.; McAlister, H.; Ten Brummelaar, T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N.; Farrington, C.; Vargas, N.; Scott, N. (2014). "Improving the surface brightness-color relation for early-type stars using optical interferometry⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 570 : A104. arXiv :1409.1351 . Bibcode :2014A&A...570A.104C . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201423772 . S2CID 14624307 .
^ Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues . 2237 . Bibcode :2002yCat.2237....0D . S2CID 118191108 .
^ Nicolet, B. (October 1978). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 34 : 1–49. Bibcode :1978A&AS...34....1N .
^ Pillitteri, I.; Fossati, L.; Castro Rodriguez, N.; Oskinova, L.; Wolk, S. J. (2018). "Detection of magnetic field in the B2 star ρ Ophiuchi A with ESO FORS2". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 610 : L3. arXiv :1712.00728 . Bibcode :2018A&A...610L...3P . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201732078 . ISSN 0004-6361 . S2CID 119395824 .
^ a b c d e f g Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters . 38 (5): 331. arXiv :1108.4971 . Bibcode :2012AstL...38..331A . doi :10.1134/S1063773712050015 . S2CID 119257644 . Vizier catalog entry
^ Kudritzki, R. P.; Reimers, D. (1978). "On the absolute scale of mass-loss in red giants. II. Circumstellar absorption lines in the spectrum of alpha Sco B and mass-loss of alpha Sco A". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 70 : 227. Bibcode :1978A&A....70..227K .
^ Jerzykiewicz, M.; Molenda-Zakowicz, J. (September 2000), "Empirical Luminosities and Radii of Early-Type Stars after Hipparcos", Acta Astronomica , 50 : 369–380, Bibcode :2000AcA....50..369J
^ Harmanec, P. (2000). "Physical Properties and Evolutionary Stage of Be Stars". The be Phenomenon in Early-Type Stars . 214 : 13. Bibcode :2000ASPC..214...13H .
^ Hubrig, S.; Briquet, M.; De Cat, P.; Schöller, M.; Morel, T.; Ilyin, I. (2009). "New magnetic field measurements of β Cephei stars and slowly pulsating B stars". Astronomische Nachrichten . 330 (4): 317–329. arXiv :0902.1314 . Bibcode :2009AN....330..317H . doi :10.1002/asna.200811187 . S2CID 17497112 .
^ Fernie, J. D. (May 1983), "New UBVRI photometry for 900 supergiants", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , 52 : 7–22, Bibcode :1983ApJS...52....7F , doi :10.1086/190856 .
^ Feinstein, A.; Marraco, H. G. (November 1979), "The photometric behavior of Be Stars", Astronomical Journal , 84 : 1713–1725, Bibcode :1979AJ.....84.1713F , doi :10.1086/112600 .
^ McDonald, I.; et al. (2012), "Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 427 (1): 343–57, arXiv :1208.2037 , Bibcode :2012MNRAS.427..343M , doi :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x , S2CID 118665352 .
^ Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986), "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)", Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data , SIMBAD , Bibcode :1986EgUBV........0M .
^ North, P. (1998). "Do SI stars undergo any rotational braking?". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 334 : 181–87. arXiv :astro-ph/9802286 . Bibcode :1998A&A...334..181N .
^ Fang, M.; et al. (January 2013), "Young stars in ɛ Chamaleontis and their disks: disk evolution in sparse associations", Astronomy & Astrophysics , 549 : 17, arXiv :1209.5832 , Bibcode :2013A&A...549A..15F , doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201118528 , S2CID 118332644 , A15.
^ Zorec, J.; Royer, F. (2012). "Rotational velocities of A-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 537 : A120. arXiv :1201.2052 . Bibcode :2012A&A...537A.120Z . doi :10.1051/0004-6361/201117691 . S2CID 55586789 . Vizier catalog entry
^ Corben, P. M.; Stoy, R. H. (1968), "Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa , 27 : 11, Bibcode :1968MNSSA..27...11C .
^ Silaj, J.; et al. (November 2014), "The Hα Profiles of Be Shell Stars", The Astrophysical Journal , 795 (1): 12, Bibcode :2014ApJ...795...82S , doi :10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/82 , S2CID 120167606 , 82.
^ Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; Mamajek, Eric; Asplund, Martin; Capitaine, Nicole; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Depagne, Éric; Haberreiter, Margit; Hekker, Saskia; Hilton, James; Kopp, Greg; Kostov, Veselin; Kurtz, Donald W.; Laskar, Jacques; Mason, Brian D.; Milone, Eugene F.; Montgomery, Michele; Richards, Mercedes; Schmutz, Werner; Schou, Jesper; Stewart, Susan G. (2016). "Nominal Values for Selected Solar and Planetary Quantities: IAU 2015 Resolution B3" . The Astronomical Journal . 152 (2): 41. arXiv :1605.09788 . Bibcode :2016AJ....152...41P . doi :10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41 . hdl :1885/108637 . S2CID 55319250 .
^ Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael (August 2011). "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy" . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 110 (4): 293–304. Bibcode :2011CeMDA.110..293L . doi :10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4 . ISSN 0923-2958 .
^ Bessell, M.S.; Castelli, F.; Plez, B. (1998). "Model atmospheres broad-band colors, bolometric corrections and temperature calibrations for O–M stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 333 : 231–250. Bibcode :1998A&A...333..231B .
External links