Aleppo Citadel was the center of the Aleppan monarchs in the Middle AgesAleppo Citadel Throne Hall, Built by the Mamluk Sultan of Aleppo Sayf al-Din Jakam
The monarchs of Aleppo reigned as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC,[1] starting with the kings of Armi,[2] followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad.[3] Muslim rule of the city ended with the Ayyubid dynasty which was ousted by the Mongol conquest in 1260.
The rulers of Yamhad used the titles of king and Great King, while the Hittite dynasty monarchs used the titles of king and viceroy.
The Emirate of Halab was established in 945 by the Hamdanid dynasty and lasted until 1086, when it became a sultanate under the Seljuq dynasty. The sultanate was sometimes ruled together with Damascus under the same sultan.
The Artuqids rulers used the titles of Malik and emir, as did the Zengid rulers which added the title atabeg. The Ayyubid monarchs used the titles of sultan and malik.
The dates for Yamhad and the Hittite Dynasties are proximate and calculated by the Middle chronology.
Yamhad was the name of the Amorite kingdom centered at Ḥalab (modern day Aleppo),[4] its dynasty ruled for more than two centuries, Aleppo became a major power and dominated Northern Syria with the monarch holding the title of Great King.[5][6]
During these centuries, Aleppo had to deal with the rising power of both the Mitanni (Hurrian), and the Hittite kingdoms.
The Hurrians's influence seems clear already during the reign of Abba-El I (Abban) (1750-1720 BC); he recalls the help given to him by the Hurrian Goddess Hebat.[7]
Then Aleppo and its allies were attacked by the Hittite king Hattusili I starting c. 1650 BC (Middle chronology). After many campaigns, Hattusili I finally attacked Aleppo directly during the reign of Hammurabi III. The attack ended in a defeat, the wounding of the Hittite king and his later death c. 1620 BC.[8]
Yet later Aleppo was conquered by Hattusili's son Mursili I, who captured Hammurabi III.
The native dynasty regained Halab after the assassination of Mursili but the "Yamhad" name fell out of use.[9]
Under Hattusili’s successor, Mursili I, the Hittites conquered much of Syria, including Halab, and invaded Mesopotamia where they sacked Babylon. These incursions probably weakened the kingdom of Yamhad considerably but did not lead to full Hittite control of the region. Instead, Hittite advances into northern Syria were countered by the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani to the east, as well as by the Egyptians to the south. During the period between the writing of the Alalakh Level VII [1780-1680 BC] and Level IV texts, Halab seems to have become subservient to Mittani while still exerting control over the Amuq region.
Parshatatar (Baratarna) of Mitanni (1510-1490 BC) conquered Aleppo and surrounding areas, and the city became part of that kingdom.
Information about this period is found in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh, who also became the ruler of Aleppo.[11] Idrimi became a vassal of Barattarna. At that time, this was known as the kingdom of Mukish.[12]
The city was conquered by Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliuma installed his son Telipinus as king of Aleppo. Not all the kings of this dynasty are known. The Hittite dynasty remained in power until the Late Bronze Age collapse.[13][14][15]
The Hamdanids were an Arab dynasty, established in 945 by Sayf al-Dawla, third of the dynasty.[31] They ruled most of Syria under the titular authority of the Abbasid Caliph with Aleppo as their capital, displacing the Ikhshids.[32][33]
Qarghuyah, the chamberlain of Sayf al-Dawla, ousted Sa'd al-Dawla and assumed control over the city. Sa'd al-Dawla was able to regain Aleppo in 977.[33][34]
Lu'lu' al-Kabir was a slave and then chamberlain of Sa'd al-Dawla. He married his daughter to Sa'id al-Dawla, and after the latter's death, he assumed direct power over Aleppo. At first, he served as guardians to Sa'id al-Dawla's sons Abu'l-Hasan Ali and Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif. In 1004, he had them exiled to Egypt and assumed full control of the city.[35]
In 1016, a rebellion broke out in the city and Fath al-Qal'i, custodian of the Citadel of Aleppo, opened the doors for the rebels causing Mansur to flee. Fath al-Qal'i accepted the authority of the FatimidCaliph and, after a brief rule, ceded Aleppo to the caliph in return for the treasury and the rule of Tyre.[36]
Al-Hakim appointed Aziz al-Dawla as the first Fatimid governor of Aleppo, but in 1020, Aziz declared his independence, and ruled for two years before being assassinated by a Fatimid agent.[36]
The Mirdasids conquered Aleppo in 1024 and kept their autonomy through political maneuvers, allying themselves with the Byzantines at times and the Fatimid at others.[36]
After the death of Salih, his sons Nasr and Thimal ruled together. In 1030, Nasr deposed Thimal and ruled solely until killed by Anushtakin al-Dizbari, the Fatimid governor of Damascus. Thimal regained Aleppo briefly in 1038 when the Fatimid army retook the city, returning it to Fatimid rule.[36]
Non-dynastic
In December 1041 Anushtakin al-Dizbari fell out of favor with Cairo and declared his independence in Aleppo. He died of illness in 1042 and Thimal returned to power.[36]
In 1057, fearing family intrigues, Thimal handed over Aleppo to the Fatimids in return for Acre, Byblos and Beirut, thus returning Aleppo to direct Fatimid control.[36]
About three weeks later on 30 August 1060 Asad al-Dawla 'Atiyya son of Salih the founder of the dynasty occupied Aleppo for a day and a half then fled as Mu'izz al-Dawla Mahmud advanced on the city after defeating the Fatimid army.[36]
The pressure of Tutush I led the people of Aleppo along with the Mirdasid Emir to offer the city keys to Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim the ruler of Mosul, the Mirdasid family members were compensated by various towns in Syria.[37]
Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti promised to surrender the city to Tutush but then refused and wrote to Sultan Malik-Shah I offering to surrender the city to him, Tutush attacked and occupied the city except for the citadel in May 1086, he stayed until October and left for Damascus due to the advance of Malik-Shah armies, the Sultan himself arrived in December 1086.[36]
After the death of Malik-Shah I, his governor Aq Sunqur al-Hajib enjoyed much autonomy. He pledged allegiance to Malik-Shah's son Mahmud I, and then to Tutush only to switch back to Mahmud's brother Barkiyaruq. In 1094, Tutush defeated and beheaded Aq Sunqur thus assuming full control over Aleppo.[36]
Sultan Shah was only six when he came to the throne, the threats of the Crusader Count Joscelin led Sultan Shah Guardian Ibn al-Khashshab to offer the city to Ilghazi of Mardin who came to Aleppo thus starting the Artuqid dynasty in Aleppo.[36]
Timurtash was occupied with taking over the cities of his recently deceased brother Suleiman I (who usurped the emir of Aleppo briefly in 1120), the crusaders attacked Aleppo but Timurtash refused to come back, this led the people of Aleppo to seek the help of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi the Seljuq atabeg of Mosul, Aqsunqur broke the crusader siege adding Aleppo to the domains of Seljuq sultan Mahmud II.[36]
In 1127 The city rebelled against the Seljuq governor Khatlagh Abah and restored Suleiman II.
Imad ad-Din Zengi, the new atabeg of Mosul, sent his army to end the troubles. He ruled in the name of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud II whose death had led to civil war. Zengi didn't declare his independence and stood by Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud. the Seljuq Sultan of Iraq, ruling in his name. However, the sultan decided to eliminate Zengi and called upon him to show in his presence. Zengi was warned and declined to show thus establishing his independence.[36]
Zengi reconciled with the sultan and recognized his authority, but in practice he was independent in all but name.[36]
When Nur ad-Din inherited Aleppo after father's murder, he took the title of King (Malik) and used the title of Emir.[38] Formally, the Zengids were subordinate to the Seljuq Sultans of Iraq, firstly Mas'ud then Malik-Shah III followed by Muhammad II. Nur al-Din retained the title of atabeg although he was completely independent as the Seljuq empire disintegrated after 1156,[39] and the sultans had to fight in Iraq to keep whats left of their authority. Muhammad II was the last Sultan to hold any real authority, and he attacked Baghdad aided by Nur al-Din's brother Qutb ad-Din Mawdud. Muhammad II death in 1159 and the fact that his successor Suleiman-Shah was a captive of Mawdud ended any real authority of the Seljuq Sultans,[40] Nur al-Din Held the Khutbah in the name of the Abbasid Caliph,[41] an enemy of the Seljuqs thus cutting any links with them.
The death of Nur al-Din caused chaos as al-Salih Ismail al-Malik, his son and successor was only eleven. The Zengid governors fought for power, each one of them trying to be the atabeg of al-Salih. One of them, Gümüshtekin, became the guardian of the young king and tried to eliminate the others causing the governor of Damascus to ask Saladin, the Zengid governor of Egypt, for help.
Saladin, formally a subordinate to Al-Salih but practically independent, marched on Syria entering Damascus in November 1174. He besieged Aleppo, causing Al-Salih's cousin Ghazi II the Emir of Mosul to send his army which Saladin defeated at the battle of Tell al-Sultan, Saladin was proclaimed King of Egypt and Syria, the Caliph al-Mustadi conferred the Title of Sultan upon him.[42]
Saladin met al-Salih and concluded a peace with the 13-year old king in 1176 leaving him to rule Aleppo independently for life while he (Saladin) ruled the rest of Syria.[36]
After the death of al-Salih, Saladin expelled al-Salih's relative Zengi II and entered Aleppo on 20 June 1183 thus ending the Zengid Dynasty.
The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut on 3 September 1260,[44] the whole of Syria became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, Aleppo was the capital of its own province ruled by a Na'ib (Naib), some of these governors revolted and declared their independence in Aleppo like Shams al-Din Aqosh al-Borli who installed al-Hakim I as Abbasid Caliph in order to legitimize his reign while the Sultan Baibars I installed al-Mustansir II,[45] other governors revolted with the aim of ruling the whole sultanate such as Yalbogha al-Nasiri who had Sultan Barquq dethroned in 1389.[46]
^According to Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (State University of New York Press, 1977), p. 229, the council consisted of the emirs Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī and ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī, the vizierIbn al-Qifṭī and Dayfa Khatun's representative, Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.
1985 document about sex workers' rights Sex and the law Social issues Age of consent Antisexualism Bodily integrity Censorship Circumcision Criminalization of homosexuality Deviant sexual intercourse Ethics Freedom of speech Homophobia Intersex rights LGBT rights Miscegenation (interracial relations) Marriageable age Norms Objectification Pornography Laws Public morality Red-light district Reproductive rights Right to sexuality Same-sex marriage Sex industry Sex workers' rights (Decriminaliza...
2000 studio album by Dave DouglasLeap of FaithStudio album by Dave DouglasReleased2000RecordedSeptember 19–20, 1998 at Avatar Studios, New YorkGenreJazzLength64:23LabelArabesqueProducerDave DouglasDave Douglas chronology Soul on Soul(2000) Leap of Faith(2000) A Thousand Evenings(2001) Leap of Faith is the 15th album by trumpeter Dave Douglas. It was released on the Arabesque label in 2000 and features performances by Douglas, Chris Potter, James Genus, and Ben Perowsky.[1]&#...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) فاتسواف فرانكوفسكي (بالبولندية: Wacław Frankowski) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 25 أكتوبر 1903 وودج الوفاة 19 مارس 1981 (77 سنة) وودج مواطنة بولندا مناصب �...
Son of Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset and Mary Webb This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Edward Seymour, 9th Duke of Somerset – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) His GraceThe Duke of SomersetPortrait by Joshua Reyn...
Untuk teri sebagai makanan, lihat teri (makanan). Ikan teri Kawanan ikan teri Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Clupeiformes Famili: Engraulidae Genera Amazonsprattus Anchoa Anchovia Anchoviella Cetengraulis Coilia Encrasicholina Engraulis Jurengraulis Lycengraulis Lycothrissa Papuengraulis Pterengraulis Setipinna Stolephorus Thryssa Ikan teri adalah sekelompok ikan laut kecil anggota suku Engraulidae. Nama ini mencakup berbagai ikan dengan warn...
Long Island Rail Road station in Queens, New York Locust ManorLocust Manor Station in March 2015.General informationLocationFarmer's Boulevard and Bedell StreetRochdale, Queens, New YorkCoordinates40°40′30″N 73°45′54″W / 40.675022°N 73.764897°W / 40.675022; -73.764897Owned byLong Island Rail RoadLine(s)Atlantic BranchDistance12.2 mi (19.6 km) from Atlantic Terminal[1]Platforms2 side platformsTracks2Connections NYCT Buses: Q3, Q85Constructi...
GuruSeorang guru yang sedang menulis di papan tulis.PekerjaanNamaGuruFasilitatorPengajarPendidikJenis pekerjaanProfesiSektor kegiatanPendidikanPenggambaranKompetensiPedagogiKepribadianSosialProfesionalBidang pekerjaanSekolahPekerjaan terkaitProfesorDosen Guru (Sanskerta: गुरू yang berarti guru, tetapi arti secara harfiahnya adalah berat) adalah seorang pengajar suatu ilmu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, guru umumnya merujuk pendidik profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, memb...
Bài viết lịch sử này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.xts Tái hiện một cảnh chiến đấu của các võ sĩ giác đấu thời La Mã cổ đại Võ sĩ giác đấu hay đấu sĩ (La Mã), tiếng Latinh: gladiator nghĩa là kiếm sĩ, từ gốc: gladius nghĩa là thanh kiếm) là những chiến binh được đào tạo để mua vui cho người La Mã cổ đại. Đây là những ...
Ecce Homo Año h. 1476 o despuésAutor El BoscoTécnica Óleo sobre tablaEstilo GóticoTamaño 75 cm × 61 cmLocalización Museo Städel, Fráncfort del Meno, Alemania Alemania[editar datos en Wikidata] Ecce Homo es un cuadro del pintor flamenco El Bosco, ejecutado en óleo sobre tabla de roble y que mide 75 centímetros de alto por 61 cm de ancho. Como las demás obras del Bosco, carece de datación unánime. Se considera que pertenece a la etapa juvenil del pintor. La fecha q...
Professional wrestling promotion in the Philippines Manila Wrestling FederationMWF logo 2023AcronymMWFFounded2014StyleProfessional wrestlingHeadquartersQuezon City, PhilippinesFounder(s) Fabio Makisig Mr. Lucha Robin Sane Tarek El Tayech Veronica Shannon William Manzano Websitemanilawrestling.com Manila Wrestling Federation (MWF) is an independent professional wrestling promotion based in the Philippines. MWF was founded in late 2014, and relaunched in 2018. MWF promotes itself as the home of...
Murallas de Jerez Bien de interés culturalPatrimonio histórico de España LocalizaciónPaís EspañaDivisión Andalucía AndalucíaLocalidad Jerez de la FronteraDatos generalesCategoría MonumentoCódigo 51-0000494Declaración 03 de junio de 1931Construcción Imperio almohade-siglo XX (obras de refortificación)Estilo Almohade[editar datos en Wikidata] La muralla de Jerez de la Frontera es una construcción de origen andalusí que protegía antiguamente la ci...
نيكولاس أغيري معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 يونيو 1990 (العمر 33 سنة) الطول 1.81 م (5 قدم 11 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب وسط الجنسية الأرجنتين معلومات النادي النادي الحالي أتليتيكو رافائيلا مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق أرسنال ساراندي المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 2008–2015 أرسن...
1985 American action thriller film by Michael Winner Death Wish 3Theatrical release posterDirected byMichael WinnerScreenplay byDon Jakoby (as Michael Edmonds)Based onCharactersby Brian GarfieldProduced byMenahem GolanYoram GlobusMichael WinnerStarring Charles Bronson Deborah Raffin Ed Lauter Martin Balsam Marina Sirtis CinematographyJohn StanierEdited byMichael Winner (as Arnold Crust)Music byJimmy PageProductioncompaniesThe Cannon Group, Inc. Golan-Globus ProductionsDistributed byCannon Fil...
Stuart Memorial in Dunedin D.M. Stuart bust outside Knox Church Donald McNaughton Stuart (1819 – 12 May 1894) [1] was a New Zealand presbyterian minister and educationalist. Stuart was the son of Alexander Stuart and Janet (McNaughton) his wife, was born in the hamlet of Styx Kenmore,[2] or Stichs,[1] Perthshire, Scotland. In 1837 he started a school at Leven, Perthshire, and two years later entered at the University of St Andrews.[2] Having supported Dr....
Mythological weapon Painting by Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix of an angel (Camael) expelling Adam and Eve with a flaming sword. According to Robert Means Lawrence,[1] Arthur de Bles, and R.L. Giles, the angel who cast Adam and Eve out of Paradise was said to be Jophiel.[2] A flaming sword is a sword which is glowing with a flame which is produced by some supernatural power. Flaming swords have existed in legends and myths for thousands of years. Abrahamic sources St Jophi...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Ablist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1999 studio album by Rob SwiftThe AblistStudio album by Rob SwiftReleasedFebruary 23, 1999Recorded1998-1999GenreTurntablismUndergro...
Bakeries of the United States Italian Peoples BakeryLogo of the bakery on Butler StreetRestaurant informationEstablished1936Owner(s)Carmen GuagliardoMatthew GuagliardoPrevious owner(s)Pasquale GervasioJoseph GuagliardoFood typeBakeryDress codeCasualStreet address63 Butler StCityTrentonStateNew JerseyPostal/ZIP Code08611CountryUnited StatesOther locationsVarious other locationsWebsitewww.italianpeoplesbakery.com Italian Peoples Bakery is a bakery and delicatessen founded in 1936 and located in...
Crazzy SteveCrazzy Steve nel 2015NomeSteven Scott[1] Nazionalità Canada Luogo nascitaMontréal4 marzo 1984[1] Ring nameCrazzy SteveSteve Scott Altezza dichiarata178[2] cm Peso dichiarato90[2] kg AllenatoreEric Young[2] Debutto2004 FederazioneImpact Wrestling Progetto Wrestling Manuale Steven Scott, meglio conosciuto con il ring name Crazzy Steve (Montréal, 4 marzo 1984), è un wrestler canadese sotto contratto con Impact Wrestling. Indice 1 Carri...
._%27Izz_al-Din_Mas%27ud_I._AD_1180-1193._Mosull_mint._Dated_AD_1189-90.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg){kind=small}
