July 1, 1946: Bikini Atoll and 73 ships nukedJuly 4, 1946: U.S. grantes the Philippines independenceJuly 22, 1946: 91 killed in Zionists bombing of Jerusalem's King David HotelJuly 6, 1946: Future U.S. President George W. Bush born to future U.S. President George H.W. Bush and future First Lady Barbara BushJuly 25, 1946: First underwater nuclear explosion
The following events occurred in July 1946:
July 1, 1946 (Monday)
At 8:59 am and 45 seconds local time, Operation Crossroads was carried out as a fleet of 73 retired and unmanned ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged by an atomic bomb. The test took place at the Bikini Atoll in the South Pacific Ocean to observe what a nuclear weapon could do to American warships. It was only the fourth time in human history that a nuclear explosion had taken place. For the first time, news reporters and representatives of the rest of the world's nations had been invited. The explosion took place at 2159:45 UTC on June 30 (5:59 pm EST). The transport USS Gilliam, closest to the blast, and USS Carlisle sank immediately, while the destroyer USS Lamson was capsized.[1] The heavily armored Japanese ship Sakawa sank the next day.[2] Animals on the USS Burleson died of radiation poisoning over the weeks after initially showing normal bloodcounts.[3]
The Luce–Celler Act of 1946 was signed into law, giving all Philippines citizens living in the United States the right to become naturalized U.S. citizens.[5]
In the American Zone of Germany, Lt. Gen. Lucius D. Clay, the Deputy Military Governor, pardoned all Nazis under 27 years old, except for those accused of war crimes, and restored one million men to German citizenship. One commentator noted, "Clay acted on the assumption that many of these Germans became Nazis before they were old enough to realize what they were doing."[6]
The Republic of the Philippines was born, and Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as its first president. Forty-eight years after the United States had first claimed the islands as an American territory, U.S. President Harry S. Truman issued a formal proclamation that "On behalf of the United States of America, I do hereby recognize the independence of the Philippines as a separate and self-governing nation and acknowledge the authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people thereof, under the constitution now in force." Present at the raising of the Philippine flag were General Douglas MacArthur and U.S. Senator Millard Tydings, and Emilio Aguinaldo, who had begun the fight for independence in 1898.[9]
The Kielce pogrom took place in Poland, where more than 40 residents of Kielce's Jewish neighborhood were murdered by a mob, without intervention by the police. Walenty Blaszczyk guided police to the Jewish section of the town after saying that his 8-year-old son had escaped after being held hostage by a group of Jews,[10] Forty years later, the boy, now a retired 59-year old pensioner who was still living in Kielce, told a Polish government inquest that his father had told him to lie to the police in order to justify the murders.[11]
At the Piscine Molitor in Paris, model Micheline Bernardini became the first woman to wear a two-piece swimsuit created by designer Louis Réard. In an homage to the site of the atomic bomb test earlier in the week, Reard named the garment the bikini.;[12]
100,000,000,000,000,000 pengős
As inflation in Hungary spiraled out of control, the national bank in Budapest put into circulation an unprecedented note of currency, a bill for one hundred quintillion (100,000,000,000,000,000) pengős.[13]
Leo Durocher, the manager of baseball's Brooklyn Dodgers, first uttered what would become a famous phrase, after the New York Giants beat them 7–6 to rise from last place to 7th in the National League. Frank Graham, a reporter for the Journal-American, wrote in his Sunday column that Durocher had pointed to the Giants' dugout and said, "The nice guys are all over there, in seventh place." Durocher recalled the remark nearly 30 years later as "Take a look at them. All nice guys. They'll finish last." The remark continued to be paraphrased, and in April 1948, Cosmopolitan magazine published an article about Durocher with the title "Nice Guys Finish Last".[14]
George W. Bush, Sylvester Stallone and Fred Dryer, born July 6, 1946
A mob of hundreds of youths in Trieste threw rocks and stones at Allied military police in protest of the four-power decision to internationalize the city.[15]
Sylvester Enzio Stallone, American film actor (Rocky and Rambo), in New York City to Frank Stallone Sr. and Jackie Stallone; he was injured during the delivery, leaving him with a drooping lower lip and what would become a slight, but distinctive, speech impediment.[17]
Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917) became the first American citizen to be elevated to sainthood in the Roman Catholic Church, canonized under the authority of Pope Pius XII.[19] Mother Cabrini, a native of Italy, came to the United States in 1889 and began a career of founding schools and hospitals. She became a U.S. citizen on October 9, 1909, and had been beatified on November 13, 1938.[20]
Miguel Alemán Valdés was elected President of Mexico, defeating opposition candidate Ezequiel Padilla.[21]
The Soviet military government in Austria began deporting 54,000 persons who had moved there from Germany following the 1938 Anschluss, after setting a deadline of 6:00 am the day before.[24]
Died:Orrick Johns, 59, American writer, by suicide
Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress President, held a press conference in Bombay declaring that while the Congress had agreed to partake in the Constituent Assembly, it reserved the right to modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it saw fit.[27]
At the meeting in Paris of the foreign ministers of the four Allied powers who were carrying out the post-war Occupation of Germany, U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes proposed an economic merger of the occupation zones. The United Kingdom agreed on July 29, and the American and British zones would become the "United Economic Area", informally referred to as "Bizonia", on January 1, 1947. The French zone would join in 1949, and the three areas would become West Germany later that year.[28]
Died:Ray Stannard Baker, 76, American journalist (McClure's) who also wrote children's books under the name "David Grayson"
July 13, 1946 (Saturday)
Seven United States Marines were taken prisoner in China's Hebei Province by Communist forces, at the village of Hsinanchuang, near Qinhuangdao.[32] A truce team secured the men's release after eleven days.[33]
Born:Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian as Richard Anthony Marin in Los Angeles
Riley Puckett, 52, country music singer and comedian
July 14, 1946 (Sunday)
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, by pediatrician Benjamin Spock, was published for the first time and would become an immediate bestseller as a guide to bought by millions of parents for the raising of their children.[34] A contemporary review, published in The New York Times on the day of the book's release by the Duell, Sloan and Pearce publishing company, began with the sentence, "You know more than you think you do", and advised parents not to adhere to strict rules that had been given in previous child care guides.[35]
The "Boudreau shift" was first employed by Lou Boudreau, manager and shortstop for the Cleveland Indians, in the second game of doubleheader against the Boston Red Sox. After Boston's Ted Williams hit three home runs to beat Cleveland 11–10, Boudreau moved all four infielders and two outfielders to the right side of the field when the left-handed Williams came to bat again. The Indians still lost, 6–4.[36]
A loan of 3.75 billion dollars to the United Kingdom, at 1.62 percent interest, was approved 46–34 by the United States Senate, after the House had voted 219–155 in its favor. By July 15, 1947, "within six months of convertibility of sterling requirements coming into force", noted one historian later, "British gold and dollar reserves were exhausted. With bankruptcy staring it in the face, the Attlee government made plans for a severe austerity program at home and a strategic retrenchment abroad."[37]
President Truman presented the Presidential distinguished unit citation banner to the members of the 442nd Regiment of the U.S. Army, in a White House ceremony. Truman praised the regiment, made up of Japanese-American citizens, "for victory over both the enemy and over prejudice".[38]
After formerly being limited to general elections only, African Americans voted in a primary election in Georgia for the first time, with more than 100,000 turning out to decide on the Democratic Party nominee for Governor.[42] Although the black vote was a factor in James V. Carmichael getting more votes than former Governor Eugene Talmadge (314,421 to 305,777), Talmadge won the nomination anyway, based on the state's "county unit" system, similar to an electoral vote.[43] Talmadge won the general election in November, but died a month later before he could be inaugurated. The unit vote system was later abolished.[44]
A plane crash in Ecuador killed all 26 passengers and 6 crew members on board. The Andesa Airlines flight from Guayaquil, piloted by two Americans, struck a hillside while attempting a landing at Cuenca.[45]
Died: Gen. Draza Mihailovic, 50, and 8 other Chetniks were executed by a firing squad in Belgrade, after being convicted of collaborating with German invaders during World War II.
Introduced for the first time and endorsed by President Truman, the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution, failed to pass the U.S. Senate. Although the vote was 38–35 in favor of the proposal, a 2/3 majority was required for passage.[47]
Born:Ilie Năstase, Romanian tennis player, #1 in the world 1973–74, winner of U.S. Open, Wimbledon and French Open 1972–73; in Bucharest
July 20, 1946 (Saturday)
The "Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack" was released. Chaired by U.S. Senator Alben W. Barkley, with U.S. Representative Jere Cooper as vice-chairman, the ten member committee had voted 8–2 to approve the finding that "The committee has found no evidence to support the charges, made before and during the hearings, that the President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, or the Secretary of Navy tricked, provoked, incited, cajoled, or coerced Japan into attacking this Nation in order that a declaration of war might be more easily obtained from the Congress",[48] and assigned blame to the highest-ranking officers in Hawaii at the time, Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short. U.S. Senators Homer Ferguson and Owen Brewster dissented, saying that President Roosevelt and his military advisors "were just as responsible for the nation's worst military disaster".[49]
For the first time in history of the United Kingdom the rationing of bread was put into effect. By order of the Ministry of Food, with a 305–182 approval by the House of Commons,[51]
Lieutenant Commander James J. Davidson became the first American to land a jet airplane on to an aircraft carrier, guiding an FH-1 Phantom onto the deck of the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt after taking off from the ship earlier.[52]
The King David Hotel in Jerusalem was bombed by the Zionist terrorist group Irgun, collapsing a section of the building and killing 91 people. At 12:37 pm,[53] 350 kilograms (770 lb) of gelignite explosives were detonated at the headquarters of the British Mandate for Palestine. The 91 dead were made up of 28 British nationals, 41 Palestinian Arabs, 17 Jewish residents, and five hotel guests from other nations.[54] Members of Irgun had smuggled the bomb material into the hotel in seven milk cans, and claimed later that they had telephoned a warning which had been ignored by the Chief Secretary, Sir John Shaw.[55]
Born:
Danny Glover, American film actor (Lethal Weapon films), in San Francisco
The last German prisoners of war in the United States were released, as 1,385 POWs were placed on the ship General Yates, following detention at Camp Shanks in New York. In all, there had been 375,000 German prisoners kept in the U.S. at the end of World War II.[56]
The Zaibatsu, the Japanese corporations that had financed that nation's war effort, were abolished by imperial order. Many of the corporations began to be reconstituted in 1953.[57]
In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga was sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The "Baker Test" blast took place at 8:35 am local time, and vaporised the 200-foot-long (61 m) weapons ship USS LSM-60, located directly above the bomb, and immediately sank the USS Arkansas.[60] In all, three submarines and seven ships were destroyed in the test.[61] The test was the second phase of Operation Crossroads.
Moore's Ford Lynching: Two African American couples, George and Mae Dorsey, and Roger and Dorothy Malcolm, were murdered by a mob of white men, after their car was stopped near Monroe, Georgia.[63] Although the crime aroused outrage across the United States, nobody was ever prosecuted for the murders.[64]
July 26, 1946 (Friday)
The U.S. Office of Price Administration, authorized to act after a 25-day lapse in its activities, issued orders restoring price controls, but at a higher effectively raising prices on thousands of items sold in the United States. Under the "OPA Revival Act" that had been signed by President Truman the day before, food prices would not be controlled again until August 20.[65]
Howard C. Petersen, the Assistant Secretary of War, announced that, in addition to deaths in combat, 131,028 American and Filipino citizens, mostly civilians, had died "as a result of war crimes" from December 7, 1941 until the end of World War II. The group included 91,184 Filipino civilians and 595 American civilians who had been killed as a result of "murder, cruelty and torture, starvation and neglect, or.. other assaults and mistreatment".[67]
The “Anping Incident” occurred in Anping, Hebei Province, where United States forces allied with Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalist bandit troops clashed with the communist People's Liberation Army. No agreement was reached as to who initiated the conflict. The United States claimed the Communist People's Liberation Army, totalling 300 troops, ambushed a supply convoy of 41 United States Marines. The CCP states the U.S. troops were invading a liberated area resulting in their troops defending the city.[68] In the battle that followed, four Americans[69] and at least fifteen Chinese died.[70]
The passenger ship MV Vipya capsized in a storm while traveling on Lake Nyasa near Chilumba in Malawi, drowning 145 of the 194 passengers and crewmen on board. The ship, built by the same company that had constructed RMS Titanic, was only on its fourth trip. Reportedly, the ship's captain refused to return to shore when the vessel began taking on water.[72]
Barbara Kopple, American film director, in New York City
July 31, 1946 (Wednesday)
Working under the codename of the Venona project, American cryptanalystMeredith Gardner was able to make the first breakthrough in a team project to crack the secret codes used by the Soviet Union in its espionage activities in the United States. After his successful decryption of one encoded phrase within intercepted telegrams, the team was able to deconstruct more of the coded transmissions.[73]
The Morrison-Grady Plan, proposed by Herbert Morrison of Britain and Henry F. Grady of the U.S., providing for the division of Palestine into three districts, with 17% of the land set aside for up to 100,000 Jewish immigrants, 40% for Palestinian Arabs, and 43% for a neutral zone under British control. The plan was endorsed by President Truman and Prime Minister Attlee, but Jewish and Arab groups both rejected the proposal.[74]
References
^"SPECTACULAR ATOM BOMB BLAST SINKS TWO SHIPS, DAMAGES 20", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 1, 1946, p1
^"Jap Cruiser Sinks After Atomic Blast", Post-Gazette, July 2, 1946, p1
^"Atom Test Animals Melt Away", Post-Gazette, July 15, 1946, p3
^"Roots in the Sand", pbs.org; Barbara Mercedes Posadas, The Filipino Americans (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) p26
^"Younger Nazis Given Pardons In U.S. Zone", Post-Gazette, July 3, 1946, p4
^Murray Levine, The History and Politics of Community Mental Health (Oxford University Press US, 1981) p43
^"Communist Named Czech Premier" Miami Daily News, July 4, 1946, p1
^"Republic of Philippines Born Amid Rubble of War- Roxas Sworn In As First President" St. Petersburg Times, July 4, 1946, p1
^"The Kielce Pogrom" by Bozena Szaynok, Jewish Virtual Library; "40 Die in Attacks on Polish Jews; False Story by Boy, 8, Starts Riots", Pittsburgh Press, July 5, 1946, p1
^"Remembering the Pogrom of Kielce", Chicago Tribune, May 24, 1996, p1
^Azad, Abul Kalam (2005) [First published 1959]. India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative. New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 164–165. ISBN978-81-250-0514-8 The resolution was passed with an overwhelming majority ... Thus, the [A.I.C.C.] seal of approval was put on the Working Committee's resolution accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan ... On 10 July, Jawaharlal held a press conference in Bombay ... [when questioned,] Jawaharlal replied emphatically that the Congress had agreed only to participate in the Constituent Assembly and regarded itself free to change or modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it thought best ... The Moslem League had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan ... Mr. Jinnah had clearly stated that he recommended acceptance.
^Detlef Junker and Philipp Gassert, The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p61
^William Marshall, Baseball's pivotal era, 1945–1951 (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) pp 330–331; "Indians Use Trick Defense in Trying to Halt Williams", Pittsburgh Press, July 15, 1946, p17
^tewart Patrick, Best Laid Plans: The Origins of American Multilateralism and the Dawn of the Cold War (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009) p161
^"Truman Cites Nisei Unit", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 16, 1946, p3; William Pencak, ed., Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America, Volume 1 (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p250
^Mark Willhardt, ed., Who's Who in Twentieth-Century World Poetry (Routledge, 2002) p341
^David A. Adams, Renewable Resource Policy: The Legal-institutional Foundations (Island Press, 1993) p74
^Carl E. Van Horn and Herbert A. Schaffner, Work in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Policy, and Society (ABC-CLIO, 2003) p501
^"100,000 Negroes Vote In Orderly Georgia Primary" St. Petersburg Times, July 18, 1946, p 1
^"Talmadge Wins But Carmichael Gets Most Votes", St. Petersburg Times, July 20, 1946, p1; "GEORGIA: Comfortable Again", TIME Magazine, July 29, 1946
^Pippa Holloway, Other Souths: diversity and difference in the U.S. South, Reconstruction to Present Day (University of Georgia Press, 2008) p 244
^"Ecuador Plane Crash Kills 32", Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1946, p 5
^"Equal Rights Bill Rejected", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 20, 1946, p1; Cynthia Harrison, On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 (University of California Press, 1989) p22
^"Pearl Probers Give Roosevelt Clean Slate", Pittsburgh Press, July 21, 1946, p1;
^"PRESIDENT OF BOLIVIA KILLED", St. Petersburg Times, July 22, 1946, p1; "BOLIVIA: Death at the Palace", TIME magazine, July 29, 1946
^"Bread Rationing on Sunday", Glasgow Herald, July 19, 1946, p5
^"The Fabulous Phantom" (Wings Magazine, December 1985), reprinted in The Best of Wings Magazine (Brassey's, 2001), p234
^Richard Worth, The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Marshall Cavendish, 2006) p36
^"54 Die, Many Hurt By Bomb In Palestine" St. Petersburg Times, July 23, 1946, p1; Harvey W. Kushner, Encyclopedia of Terrorism (SAGE, 2003) pp 180–181
^Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober, Israel at Sixty: A Pictorial and Oral History of a Nation Reborn (John Wiley and Sons, 2008) p64
^"Huge Staging Area Becomes Ghost Town", Reading (PA) Eagle, July 23, 1946, p3; John Hammond Moore, The Faustball Tunnel: German POWs in America And Their Great Escape by (Naval Institute Press, 1978) pp 238–241
^Edwin M. Martin, The Allied Occupation of Japan (Stanford University Press, 1948) p78
^"Soviet Rejects U.S. Proposal to Control Atom", Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1946, p1; Robert Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1970) p250
^"REVIVED OPA INCREASES MANY PRICES", Spokane Daily Chronicle, July 26, 1946, p1
^M.P. Ajithkumar, India-Pakistan Relations: The Story of a Fractured Fraternity (Gyan Books, 2006) p53; S. M. Ikram, Indian Muslims and Partition of India (Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1995) p389
^"Thousands Slain By Japs, War Crime Survey Shows", St. Petersburg Times, July 29, 1946, p3
^"Three Marines Killed in China", Berkeley Daily Gazette, July 31, 1946, p1 "Chinese Communists Acknowledge Battle With Marines, Call Upon Americans to Quit Country", Schenectady (NY) Gazette, August 2, 1946, p1 George B. Clark, Treading Softly: U.S. Marines in China, 1819–1949 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) pp 153–154
^Philip Briggs, Malawi, 5th ed., (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010) p288; "Disaster in Africa", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, August 2, 1946, p3
^Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America's Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001) p88
^Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton & Company, 2007) p487; H.H. Ben-Sasson A History of the Jewish People (Harvard University Press, 1976)
