Index designed to measure gender equality
Cover of the 2008 report
The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality . It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum .[ 1]
It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[ 2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[ 2]
According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take exactly 131 years for the gender gap to close.[ 3] [ 4]
Methodology
The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.
The report examines four overall areas of inequality between men and women in 146 economies around the globe, over 93% of the world's population:
Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[ 5]
Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization , the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization .[ 6]
Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index
1. Economic participation and opportunity
Ratio
Limit[ 7]
Weight[ 8]
Value
Labour force participation
1.0
0.199
0.199
Wage equality for similar work
1.0
0.310
0.310
Estimated earned income
1.0
0.221
0.221
Legislators, senior officials and managers
1.0
0.149
0.149
Professional and technical workers
1.0
0.121
0.121
Sum
1.0
1.0
2. Educational attainment
Ratio
Limit[ 7]
Weight[ 8]
Value
Literacy rate
1.0
0.191
0.191
Enrolment in primary education
1.0
0.459
0.459
Enrolment in secondary education
1.0
0.229
0.229
Enrolment in tertiary education
1.0
0.121
0.121
Sum
1.0
1.0
3. Health and survival
Ratio
Limit[ 7]
Weight[ 8]
Value
Sex ratio at birth
0.944 [ 9]
0.693
0.654
Healthy life expectancy
1.060 [ 10]
0.307
0.325
Sum
1.0
0.980
4. Political empowerment
Ratio
Limit[ 7]
Weight[ 8]
Value
Women in parliament
1.0
0.310
0.310
Women in ministerial positions
1.0
0.247
0.247
Years with female head of state
1.0
0.443
0.443
Sum
1.0
1.0
Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity
1.000
2. Educational attainment
1.000
3. Health and survival
0.980
4. Political empowerment
1.000
Sum
3.980
Gender Gap Index : 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949
This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio .
WEF Global Gender Gap Index rankings
The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[ 11] ) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[ 12] [ 13] [ 14] The three highest-ranking countries have closed over 84% of their gender gaps, while the lowest-ranking country has closed only a little over 50% of its gender gap.
Global Gender Gap Report 2020
Location
Year [ note 1]
Country
Region
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015[ 15]
2016[ 16]
2017
2018
2020[ 17]
2021[ 18]
2022
Afghanistan
South Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.444
0.435
Albania
Europe
0.6607
0.6685
0.6591
0.6601
0.6726
0.6748
0.6655
0.6412
0.6869
0.701
0.704
0.728
0.734
0.769
0.770
0.787
Algeria
Africa
0.6018
0.6068
0.6111
0.6119
0.6052
0.5991
0.6112
0.5966
0.6182
0.632
0.642
0.629
0.629
0.634
0.633
0.602
Angola
Africa
0.6039
0.6034
0.6032
0.6353
0.6712
0.6624
N/A
0.6659
0.6311
0.637
0.643
0.640
0.633
0.660
0.657
0.638
Argentina
South America
0.6829
0.6982
0.7209
0.7211
0.7187
0.7236
0.7212
0.7195
0.7317
0.734
0.735
0.732
0.733
0.746
0.752
0.756
Armenia
West Asia
N/A
0.6651
0.6677
0.6619
0.6669
0.6654
0.6636
0.6634
0.6622
0.668
0.669
0.677
0.678
0.684
0.673
0.698
Australia
Oceania
0.7163
0.7204
0.7241
0.7282
0.7271
0.7291
0.7294
0.7390
0.7409
0.733
0.721
0.731
0.730
0.731
0.731
0.738
Austria
Europe
0.6986
0.7060
0.7153
0.7031
0.7091
0.7165
0.7391
0.7437
0.7266
0.733
0.716
0.709
0.718
0.744
0.777
0.781
Azerbaijan
West Asia
N/A
0.6781
0.6856
0.6626
0.6446
0.6577
0.6546
0.6582
0.6753
0.675
0.684
0.676
0.680
0.687
0.688
0.687
Bahamas
Central America
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7179
0.7128
0.7340
0.7156
0.7128
0.7269
0.728
0.729
0.743
0.741
0.720
0.725
N/A
Bahrain
West Asia
0.5894
0.5931
0.5927
0.6136
0.6217
0.6232
0.6298
0.6334
0.6261
0.644
0.615
0.632
0.627
0.629
0.632
0.632
Bangladesh
South Asia
0.6270
0.6314
0.6531
0.6526
0.6702
0.6812
0.6684
0.6848
0.6973
0.704
0.698
0.719
0.721
0.726
0.719
0.714
Barbados
Central America
N/A
N/A
0.7188
0.7236
0.7176
0.7170
0.7232
0.7301
0.7289
0.744
0.739
0.750
0.753
0.749
0.769
0.765
Belarus
Europe
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.734
0.737
0.744
0.747
0.746
0.758
0.750
Belgium
Europe
0.7078
0.7198
0.7163
0.7165
0.7509
0.7531
0.7652
0.7684
0.7809
0.753
0.745
0.739
0.738
0.750
0.789
0.793
Belize
Central America
N/A
0.6426
0.6610
0.6636
0.6536
0.6489
0.6465
0.6449
0.6701
0.668
0.676
0.692
0.662
0.671
0.699
0.695
Benin
Africa
0.5780
0.5656
0.5582
0.5643
0.5719
0.5832
0.6258
0.5885
N/A
0.625
0.636
0.652
0.654
0.658
0.653
0.612
Bhutan
South Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6651
0.6364
0.646
0.642
0.638
0.638
0.635
0.639
0.637
Bolivia
South America
0.6335
0.6574
0.6667
0.6693
0.6751
0.6862
0.7222
0.7340
0.7049
0.749
0.746
0.758
0.748
0.734
0.722
0.734
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.713
0.710
Botswana
Africa
0.6897
0.6797
0.6839
0.7071
0.6876
0.6832
0.6744
0.6752
0.7129
0.710
0.715
0.720
0.715
0.709
0.716
0.719
Brazil
South America
0.6543
0.6637
0.6737
0.6695
0.6655
0.6679
0.6909
0.6949
0.6941
0.686
0.687
0.684
0.681
0.691
0.695
0.696
Brunei Darussalam
Southeast Asia
N/A
N/A
0.6392
0.6524
0.6748
0.6787
0.6750
0.6730
0.6719
0.684
0.669
0.671
0.686
0.686
0.678
0.680
Bulgaria
Europe
0.6870
0.7085
0.7077
0.7072
0.6983
0.6987
0.7021
0.7097
0.7444
0.722
0.726
0.756
0.756
0.727
0.746
0.740
Burkina Faso
Africa
0.5854
0.5912
0.6029
0.6081
0.6162
0.6153
0.6455
0.6513
0.6500
0.651
0.64
0.646
0.629
0.635
0.651
0.659
Burundi
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7270
0.7338
0.7397
0.7565
0.748
0.768
0.755
0.741
0.745
0.769
0.777
Cambodia
Southeast Asia
0.6291
0.6353
0.6469
0.6410
0.6482
0.6464
0.6457
0.6509
0.6520
0.662
0.658
0.676
0.683
0.694
0.685
0.690
Cameroon
Africa
0.5865
0.5919
0.6017
0.6108
0.6110
0.6073
0.6291
0.6560
N/A
0.682
0.684
0.689
0.714
0.686
0.692
0.692
Canada
North America
0.7165
0.7198
0.7136
0.7196
0.7372
0.7407
0.7381
0.7425
0.7464
0.740
0.731
0.769
0.771
0.772
0.772
0.772
Cape Verde
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7180
0.7122
0.7133
0.717
0.729
0.686
0.702
0.725
0.716
0.736
Chad
Africa
0.5247
0.5381
0.5290
0.5417
0.5330
0.5334
0.5594
0.5588
0.5764
0.580
0.587
0.575
0.580
0.596
0.593
0.579
Chile
South America
0.6455
0.6482
0.6818
0.6884
0.7013
0.7030
0.6676
0.6670
0.6975
0.698
0.699
0.704
0.717
0.723
0.716
0.736
China
East Asia
0.6561
0.6643
0.6878
0.6907
0.6881
0.6866
0.6853
0.6908
0.6830
0.682
0.676
0.674
0.673
0.676
0.682
0.682
Colombia
South America
0.7049
0.7090
0.6944
0.6939
0.6927
0.6714
0.6901
0.7171
0.7122
0.725
0.727
0.731
0.729
0.758
0.725
0.710
Comoros
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.631
Costa Rica
Central America
0.6936
0.7014
0.7111
0.7180
0.7194
0.7266
0.7225
0.7241
0.7165
0.732
0.736
0.727
0.749
0.782
0.786
0.796
Côte d'Ivoire
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5691
0.5773
0.5785
0.5814
0.5874
0.606
0.597
0.611
0.627
0.606
0.637
0.632
Croatia
Europe
0.7145
0.7210
0.6967
0.6944
0.6939
0.7006
0.7053
0.7069
0.7075
0.708
0.7
0.711
0.712
0.720
0.733
N/A
Cuba
Central America
N/A
0.7169
0.7195
0.7176
0.7253
0.7394
0.7417
0.7540
0.7317
0.740
0.74
0.745
0.749
0.746
0.746
N/A
Cyprus
West Asia
0.6430
0.6522
0.6694
0.6706
0.6642
0.6567
0.6732
0.6801
0.6741
0.671
0.684
0.684
0.684
0.692
0.707
0.696
Czech Republic
Europe
0.6712
0.6718
0.6770
0.6789
0.6850
0.6789
0.6767
0.6770
0.6737
0.687
0.69
0.688
0.693
0.706
0.711
0.710
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.576
0.575
Denmark
Europe
0.7462
0.7519
0.7538
0.7628
0.7719
0.7778
0.7777
0.7779
0.8025
0.767
0.754
0.776
0.778
0.782
0.768
0.764
Dominican Republic
Central America
0.6639
0.6705
0.6744
0.6859
0.6774
0.6682
0.6659
0.6867
0.6906
0.686
0.676
0.697
0.701
0.700
0.699
0.703
Ecuador
South America
0.6433
0.6881
0.7091
0.7220
0.7072
0.7035
0.7206
0.7389
0.7455
0.738
0.726
0.724
0.729
0.729
0.739
0.743
Egypt
Africa
0.5786
0.5809
0.5832
0.5862
0.5899
0.5933
0.5975
0.5935
0.6064
0.599
0.614
0.608
0.614
0.629
0.639
0.635
El Salvador
Central America
0.6837
0.6853
0.6875
0.6939
0.6596
0.6567
0.6630
0.6609
0.6863
0.706
0.702
0.705
0.690
0.706
0.738
0.727
Estonia
Europe
0.6944
0.7008
0.7076
0.7094
0.7018
0.6983
0.6977
0.6997
0.7017
0.749
0.747
0.731
0.734
0.751
0.733
0.733
Eswatini
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.670
0.665
0.670
N/A
N/A
0.729
0.728
Ethiopia
Africa
0.5946
0.5991
0.5867
0.5948
0.6019
0.6136
0.6200
0.6198
0.6144
0.640
0.662
0.656
0.656
0.705
0.691
0.710
Fiji
Oceania
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6414
0.6256
0.6255
0.6285
0.6286
0.6286
0.645
N/A
N/A
0.669
0.678
0.674
0.676
Finland
Europe
0.7958
0.8044
0.8195
0.8252
0.8260
0.8383
0.8451
0.8421
0.8453
0.850
0.845
0.823
0.821
0.832
0.861
0.860
France
Europe
0.6520
0.6824
0.7341
0.7331
0.7025
0.7018
0.6984
0.7089
0.7588
0.761
0.755
0.778
0.779
0.781
0.784
0.791
Gambia, The
Africa
0.6448
0.6421
0.6622
0.6752
0.6762
0.6763
0.6630
N/A
N/A
0.674
0.667
0.649
0.642
0.628
0.644
0.641
Georgia
West Asia
0.6700
0.6665
0.6654
0.6680
0.6598
0.6624
0.6691
0.6750
0.6855
0.687
0.681
0.679
0.677
0.708
0.732
0.731
Germany
Europe
0.7524
0.7618
0.7394
0.7449
0.7530
0.7590
0.7629
0.7583
0.7780
0.779
0.766
0.778
0.776
0.787
0.796
0.801
Ghana
Africa
0.6653
0.6725
0.6679
0.6704
0.6782
0.6811
0.6778
0.6811
0.6661
0.704
0.705
0.695
0.688
0.673
0.666
0.672
Greece
Europe
0.6540
0.6648
0.6727
0.6662
0.6908
0.6916
0.6716
0.6782
0.6784
0.685
0.68
0.692
0.696
0.701
0.689
0.689
Guatemala
Central America
0.6067
0.6144
0.6072
0.6209
0.6238
0.6229
0.6260
0.6304
0.6821
0.667
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.666
0.655
0.664
Guinea
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.618
0.64
0.659
0.656
0.642
0.660
0.647
Guyana
South America
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7108
0.7090
0.7084
0.7119
0.7085
0.7010
0.702
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.728
0.752
Honduras
Central America
0.6483
0.6661
0.6960
0.6893
0.6927
0.6945
0.6763
0.6773
0.6935
0.688
0.69
0.711
0.706
0.722
0.716
0.705
Hungary
Europe
0.6698
0.6731
0.6867
0.6879
0.6720
0.6642
0.6718
0.6742
0.6759
0.672
0.669
0.670
0.674
0.677
0.688
0.699
Iceland
Europe
0.7813
0.7836
0.7999
0.8276
0.8496
0.8530
0.8640
0.8731
0.8594
0.881
0.874
0.878
0.858
0.877
0.892
0.908
India
South Asia
0.6011
0.5936
0.6060
0.6151
0.6155
0.6190
0.6442
0.6551
0.6455
0.664
0.683
0.669
0.665
0.668
0.625
0.629
Indonesia
Southeast Asia
0.6541
0.6550
0.6473
0.6580
0.6615
0.6594
0.6591
0.6613
0.6725
0.681
0.682
0.691
0.691
0.700
0.688
0.697
Iran
West Asia
0.5803
0.5903
0.6021
0.5839
0.5933
0.5894
0.5927
0.5842
0.5811
0.580
0.587
0.583
0.589
0.584
0.582
0.576
Iraq
West Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.535
N/A
Ireland
Europe
0.7335
0.7457
0.7518
0.7597
0.7773
0.7830
0.7839
0.7823
0.7850
0.807
0.797
0.794
0.796
0.798
0.800
0.804
Israel
West Asia
0.6889
0.6965
0.6900
0.7019
0.6957
0.6926
0.6989
0.7032
0.7005
0.712
0.719
0.721
0.722
0.718
0.724
0.727
Italy
Europe
0.6456
0.6498
0.6788
0.6798
0.6765
0.6796
0.6729
0.6885
0.6973
0.726
0.719
0.692
0.706
0.707
0.721
0.720
Jamaica
Central America
0.7014
0.6925
0.6980
0.7013
0.7037
0.7028
0.7035
0.7085
0.7128
0.703
0.724
0.717
0.724
0.735
0.741
0.749
Japan
East Asia
0.6447
0.6455
0.6434
0.6447
0.6524
0.6514
0.6530
0.6498
0.6584
0.670
0.66
0.657
0.662
0.652
0.656
0.650
Jordan
West Asia
0.6109
0.6203
0.6275
0.6182
0.6048
0.6117
0.6103
0.6093
0.5968
0.593
0.603
0.604
0.605
0.623
0.683
0.639
Kazakhstan
Central Asia
0.6928
0.6983
0.6976
0.7013
0.7055
0.7010
0.7213
0.7218
0.7210
0.719
0.718
0.713
0.712
0.710
0.710
0.719
Kenya
Africa
0.6486
0.6508
0.6547
0.6512
0.6499
0.6493
0.6768
0.6803
0.7258
0.719
0.702
0.694
0.700
0.671
0.692
0.729
Korea, Rep.
East Asia
0.6157
0.6409
0.6154
0.6146
0.6342
0.6281
0.6356
0.6351
0.6403
0.651
0.649
0.650
0.657
0.672
0.687
0.689
Kuwait
West Asia
0.6341
0.6409
0.6358
0.6356
0.6318
0.6322
0.6320
0.6292
0.6457
0.646
0.624
0.679
0.630
0.650
0.621
0.632
Kyrgyz Republic
Central Asia
0.6742
0.6653
0.7045
0.7058
0.6973
0.7036
0.7013
0.6948
0.6974
0.693
0.687
0.691
0.691
0.689
0.681
0.700
Laos
Southeast Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6993
0.7044
0.713
N/A
0.703
0.748
0.731
0.750
0.733
Latvia
Europe
0.7091
0.7333
0.7397
0.7416
0.7429
0.7399
0.7572
0.7610
0.7691
0.752
0.755
0.756
0.758
0.785
0.778
0.771
Lebanon
West Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6084
0.6083
0.6030
0.6028
0.5923
0.598
0.598
0.596
0.595
0.599
0.638
0.644
Lesotho
Africa
0.6807
0.7078
0.7320
0.7495
0.7678
0.7666
0.7608
0.7530
0.7255
0.706
0.706
0.695
0.693
0.695
0.698
0.700
Liberia
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.652
0.652
0.669
0.681
0.685
0.693
0.709
Lithuania
Europe
0.7077
0.7234
0.7222
0.7175
0.7132
0.7131
0.7191
0.7308
0.7208
0.740
0.744
0.742
0.749
0.745
0.804
0.799
Luxembourg
Europe
0.6671
0.6786
0.6802
0.6889
0.7231
0.7216
0.7439
0.7410
0.7333
0.738
0.734
0.706
0.712
0.725
0.726
0.736
North Macedonia
Europe
0.6983
0.6967
0.6914
0.6950
0.6996
0.6966
0.6968
0.7013
0.6943
0.701
0.696
0.702
0.707
0.711
0.715
0.716
Madagascar
Africa
0.6385
0.6461
0.6736
0.6732
0.6713
0.6797
0.6982
0.7016
0.7214
0.698
0.704
0.692
0.691
0.719
0.725
0.735
Malawi
Africa
0.6437
0.6480
0.6664
0.6738
0.6824
0.6850
0.7166
0.7139
0.7281
0.701
0.7
0.672
0.662
0.664
0.671
0.632
Malaysia
Southeast Asia
0.6509
0.6444
0.6442
0.6467
0.6479
0.6525
0.6539
0.6518
0.6520
0.655
0.666
0.670
0.676
0.677
0.676
0.681
Maldives
South Asia
N/A
0.6350
0.6501
0.6482
0.6452
0.6480
0.6616
0.6604
0.6557
0.652
.65
0.669
0.662
0.646
0.642
0.648
Mali
Africa
0.5996
0.6019
0.6117
0.5860
0.5680
0.5752
0.5842
0.5872
0.5779
0.599
0.591
0.583
0.582
0.621
0.591
0.601
Malta
Europe
0.6518
0.6615
0.6634
0.6635
0.6695
0.6658
0.6666
0.6761
0.6707
0.668
0.664
0.682
0.686
0.693
0.703
0.703
Mauritania
Africa
0.5835
0.6022
0.6117
0.6103
0.6152
0.6164
0.6129
0.5810
0.6029
0.613
0.624
0.614
0.607
0.614
0.606
N/A
Mauritius
Africa
0.6328
0.6487
0.6466
0.6513
0.6520
0.6529
0.6547
0.6599
0.6541
0.646
0.652
0.664
0.663
0.665
0.679
0.679
Mexico
North America
0.6462
0.6441
0.6441
0.6503
0.6577
0.6604
0.6712
0.6917
0.6900
0.699
0.7
0.692
0.721
0.754
0.757
0.764
Moldova
Europe
0.7128
0.7172
0.7244
0.7104
0.7160
0.7083
0.7101
0.7037
0.7405
0.742
0.741
0.740
0.733
0.757
0.768
0.788
Mongolia
East Asia
0.6821
0.6731
0.7049
0.7221
0.7194
0.7140
0.7111
0.7204
0.7212
0.709
0.705
0.713
0.714
0.706
0.716
0.715
Montenegro
Europe
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.689
0.681
0.693
0.706
0.710
0.732
0.732
Morocco
Africa
0.5827
0.5676
0.5757
0.5926
0.5767
0.5804
0.5833
0.5845
0.5988
0.593
0.597
0.598
0.607
0.605
0.612
0.624
Mozambique
Africa
N/A
0.6883
0.7266
0.7195
0.7329
0.7251
0.7350
0.7349
0.7370
0.741
0.75
0.741
0.721
0.723
0.758
0.752
Myanmar
Southeast Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.691
0.690
0.665
0.681
0.677
Namibia
Africa
0.6864
0.7012
0.7141
0.7167
0.7238
0.7177
0.7121
0.7094
0.7219
0.760
0.765
0.777
0.789
0.784
0.809
0.807
Nepal
South Asia
0.5478
0.5575
0.5942
0.6213
0.6084
0.5888
0.6026
0.6053
0.6458
0.658
0.661
0.664
0.671
0.680
0.683
0.692
Netherlands
Europe
0.7250
0.7383
0.7399
0.7490
0.7444
0.7470
0.7659
0.7608
0.7730
0.776
0.756
0.737
0.747
0.736
0.762
0.767
New Zealand
Oceania
0.7509
0.7649
0.7859
0.7880
0.7808
0.7810
0.7805
0.7799
0.7772
0.782
0.781
0.791
0.801
0.799
0.840
0.841
Nicaragua
Central America
0.6566
0.6458
0.6747
0.7002
0.7176
0.7245
0.7697
0.7715
0.7894
0.776
0.78
0.814
0.809
0.804
0.796
0.810
Niger
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.629
0.635
Nigeria
Africa
0.6104
0.6122
0.6339
0.6280
0.6055
0.6011
0.6315
0.6469
0.6391
0.638
0.643
0.641
0.621
0.635
0.627
0.639
Norway
Europe
0.7994
0.8059
0.8239
0.8227
0.8404
0.8404
0.8403
0.8417
0.8374
0.850
0.842
0.830
0.835
0.842
0.849
0.845
Oman
West Asia
N/A
0.5903
0.5960
0.5938
0.5950
0.5873
0.5986
0.6053
0.6091
0.604
0.612
N/A
0.605
0.602
0.608
0.609
Pakistan
South Asia
0.5434
0.5509
0.5549
0.5458
0.5465
0.5583
0.5478
0.5459
0.5522
0.559
0.556
0.546
0.550
0.564
0.556
0.564
Panama
Central America
0.6935
0.6954
0.7095
0.7024
0.7072
0.7042
0.7122
0.7164
0.7195
0.772
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.730
0.737
0.743
Papua New Guinea
Oceania
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.635
N/A
Paraguay
South America
0.6556
0.6659
0.6379
0.6868
0.6804
0.6818
0.6714
0.6724
0.6890
0.666
0.676
0.678
0.672
0.683
0.702
0.707
Peru
South America
0.6619
0.6624
0.6959
0.7024
0.6895
0.6796
0.6742
0.6787
0.7198
0.683
0.687
0.719
0.720
0.714
0.721
0.749
Philippines
Southeast Asia
0.7516
0.7629
0.7568
0.7579
0.7654
0.7685
0.7757
0.7832
0.7814
0.790
0.786
0.790
0.799
0.781
0.784
0.783
Poland
Europe
0.6802
0.6756
0.6951
0.6998
0.7037
0.7038
0.7015
0.7031
0.7051
0.715
0.727
0.728
0.728
0.736
0.713
0.709
Portugal
Europe
0.6922
0.6959
0.7051
0.7013
0.7171
0.7144
0.7071
0.7056
0.7243
0.731
0.737
0.734
0.732
0.744
0.775
0.766
Qatar
West Asia
N/A
0.6041
0.5948
0.5907
0.6059
0.6230
0.6264
0.6299
0.6403
0.645
0.643
0.626
0.629
0.629
0.624
0.617
Romania
Europe
0.6797
0.6859
0.6763
0.6805
0.6826
0.6812
0.6859
0.6908
0.6936
0.693
0.69
0.708
0.711
0.724
0.700
0.698
Russia
Europe
0.6770
0.6866
0.6994
0.6987
0.7036
0.7037
0.6980
0.6983
0.6927
0.694
0.691
0.696
0.701
0.706
0.708
N/A
Rwanda
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.794
0.8
0.822
0.804
0.791
0.805
0.811
Saudi Arabia
West Asia
0.5242
0.5647
0.5537
0.5651
0.5713
0.5753
0.5731
0.5879
0.6059
0.605
0.583
0.584
0.590
0.599
0.603
0.636
Senegal
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6427
0.6414
0.6573
0.6657
0.6923
0.6912
0.698
0.685
0.684
0.682
0.684
0.684
0.668
Serbia
Europe
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7037
0.7116
0.7086
0.720
0.72
0.727
0.730
0.736
0.780
0.779
Sierra Leone
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.655
0.672
Singapore
Southeast Asia
0.6550
0.6609
0.6625
0.6664
0.6914
0.6914
0.6989
0.7000
0.7046
0.711
0.712
0.702
0.707
0.724
0.727
0.734
Slovakia
Europe
0.6757
0.6797
0.6824
0.6845
0.6778
0.6797
0.6824
0.6857
0.6806
0.675
0.679
0.694
0.693
0.718
0.712
0.717
Slovenia
Europe
0.6745
0.6842
0.6937
0.6982
0.7047
0.7041
0.7132
0.7155
0.7443
0.784
0.786
0.805
0.784
0.743
0.741
0.744
South Africa
Africa
0.7125
0.7194
0.7232
0.7709
0.7535
0.7478
0.7496
0.7510
0.7527
0.759
0.764
0.756
0.755
0.780
0.781
0.782
Spain
Europe
0.7319
0.7444
0.7281
0.7345
0.7554
0.7580
0.7266
0.7266
0.7325
0.742
0.738
0.746
0.746
0.795
0.788
0.788
Sri Lanka
South Asia
0.7199
0.7230
0.7371
0.7402
0.7458
0.7212
0.7122
0.7019
0.6903
0.686
0.673
0.669
0.676
0.680
0.670
0.670
Suriname
South America
N/A
0.6794
0.6674
0.6726
0.6407
0.6395
0.6409
0.6369
0.6504
0.670
0.679
0.689
0.695
0.707
0.729
0.737
Sweden
Europe
0.8133
0.8146
0.8139
0.8139
0.8024
0.8044
0.8159
0.8129
0.8165
0.823
0.815
0.816
0.822
0.820
0.823
0.822
Switzerland
Europe
0.6997
0.6924
0.7360
0.7426
0.7562
0.7627
0.7672
0.7736
0.7798
0.785
0.776
0.755
0.755
0.779
0.798
0.795
Syria
West Asia
N/A
0.6216
0.6181
0.6072
0.5926
0.5896
0.5626
0.5661
0.5775
0.568
0.567
0.568
0.568
0.567
0.568
N/A
Tajikistan
Central Asia
N/A
0.6578
0.6541
0.6661
0.6598
0.6526
0.6608
0.6682
0.6654
0.675
0.679
0.678
0.638
0.626
0.650
0.663
Tanzania
Africa
0.7038
0.6969
0.7068
0.6797
0.6829
0.6904
0.7091
0.6928
0.7182
0.718
0.716
0.700
0.704
0.713
0.707
0.719
Thailand
Southeast Asia
0.6831
0.6815
0.6917
0.6907
0.6910
0.6892
0.6893
0.6928
0.7027
0.706
0.699
0.694
0.702
0.708
0.710
0.709
Timor-Leste
Southeast Asia
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6855
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.637
0.628
0.638
0.662
0.720
0.730
Togo
Africa
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.683
0.697
Trinidad and Tobago
Central America
0.6797
0.6859
0.7245
0.7298
0.7353
0.7372
0.7116
0.7166
0.7154
0.720
0.723
N/A
N/A
0.756
0.749
N/A
Tunisia
Africa
0.6288
0.6283
0.6295
0.6233
0.6266
0.6255
N/A
N/A
0.6272
0.634
0.636
0.651
0.648
0.644
0.649
0.643
Turkey
West Asia
0.5850
0.5768
0.5853
0.5828
0.5876
0.5954
0.6015
0.6081
0.6183
0.624
0.623
0.625
0.628
0.635
0.638
0.639
Uganda
Africa
0.6797
0.6833
0.6981
0.7067
0.7169
0.7220
0.7228
0.7086
0.6821
0.708
0.704
0.721
0.724
0.717
0.717
0.724
Ukraine
Europe
0.6797
0.6790
0.6856
0.6896
0.6869
0.6861
0.6894
0.6935
0.7056
0.702
0.7
0.705
0.708
0.721
0.714
0.707
United Arab Emirates
West Asia
0.5919
0.6184
0.6220
0.6198
0.6397
0.6454
0.6392
0.6372
0.6436
0.646
0.639
0.649
0.642
0.655
0.716
0.716
United Kingdom
Europe
0.7365
0.7441
0.7366
0.7402
0.7460
0.7462
0.7433
0.7440
0.7383
0.758
0.752
0.770
0.744
0.767
0.775
0.780
United States
North America
0.7042
0.7002
0.7179
0.7173
0.7411
0.7412
0.7373
0.7392
0.7463
0.740
0.722
0.718
0.720
0.724
0.763
0.769
Uruguay
South America
0.6549
0.6608
0.6907
0.6936
0.6897
0.6907
0.6745
0.6803
0.6871
0.679
0.681
0.710
0.715
0.737
0.702
0.711
Vanuatu
Oceania
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.625
0.670
Venezuela
South America
0.6664
0.6797
0.6875
0.6839
0.6863
0.6861
0.7060
0.7060
0.6851
0.691
0.694
0.706
0.709
0.713
0.699
N/A
Vietnam
Southeast Asia
N/A
0.6889
0.6778
0.6802
0.6776
0.6732
0.6867
0.6863
0.6915
0.687
0.7
0.698
0.698
0.700
0.701
0.705
Yemen
West Asia
0.4595
0.4510
0.4664
0.4609
0.4603
0.4873
0.5054
0.5128
0.5145
0.484
0.516
0.516
0.499
0.494
0.492
N/A
Zambia
Africa
0.6360
0.6288
0.6205
0.6310
0.6293
0.6300
0.6279
0.6312
0.6364
0.650
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.731
0.726
0.723
Zimbabwe
Africa
0.6461
0.6464
0.6485
0.6518
0.6574
0.6607
N/A
N/A
0.7013
0.709
0.71
0.717
0.721
0.730
0.732
0.734
Criticisms and controversies
The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[ 16]
In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[ 19]
In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary argued that the Global Gender Gap Index has limitations as a measure of gender equality, because of the way it caps scores and because it ignores specific issues on which men are known to fall behind (e.g., risks of working in hazardous jobs).[ 20] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[ 18]
See also
Notes
^ Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.
References
^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2017" . Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11 .
^ a b 2008 Report, p. 24
^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023" . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 2023-08-17 .
^ "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental" . European Investment Bank . Retrieved 2023-08-17 .
^ 2014 report, page 5
^ 2008 Report, p. 5
^ a b c d The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men. GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
^ a b c d GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944, GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06. GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
^ 2016 Report, Page 6
^ Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26 .
^ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. pp. 12– 13.
^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum" . Global Gender Gap Report 2014 .
^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings" . World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016 .
^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings" . World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017 .
^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019 .
^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021 .
^ Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited , Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
^ Stoet, G. & Geary, D.C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality , PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349
External links
Reports
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF) . World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26 .
The Global Gender Gap Report 2011 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum.
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19 .
Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19 .