On April 9, 2010, John Paul Stevens announced that he would retire from the Supreme Court on June 29, at the start of Court's summer 2010 recess. He had served as an associate justice for 34 years.[1] Those considered front-runners for the nomination by press reports, in addition to Elena Kagan, were Diane Wood and Merrick Garland.[2] Kagan had also been a finalist for the Court vacancy one year earlier, when Justice Sonia Sotomayor was selected to succeed the retiring David Souter.[3]
Announcement
President Barack Obama nominates Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court (14 min 6 secs).
PresidentBarack Obama announced the nomination of Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court on May 10, 2010.[3] He praised Kagan as a "consensus builder", and said that she "is widely regarded as one of the nation's foremost legal minds".[4] The nomination was formally received by the Senate that same day, and was subsequently referred to the Judiciary Committee.[5]
Response to the nomination
In the Senate, Kagan's nomination was received positively by most Democrats. Judiciary Committee chairman Patrick Leahy applauded Kagan's experience and qualifications. In doing so, he called attention to her work in academia and with the federal government – noting that both were outside the so-called "judicial monastery" from which most contemporary justices have come. The last justices to join the Court without any prior judicial experience had been Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, both appointed by President Richard Nixon in 1972.[6]
Republicans were quick to express criticism, particularly over her handling of military recruiters during her time as Dean of Harvard Law School, as well as her work as a law clerk for the late Justice Thurgood Marshall, whom many of them deemed a liberal activist.[7] Even so, minority whip Jon Kyl, who supported Kagan's nominations for solicitor general (a "temporary political appointment") but was reticent to support her associate justice (a "lifetime appointment"),[6] all but ruled out using a filibuster to block a final Senate floor vote on the nomination, telling CBS's Face the Nation, "The filibuster should be relegated to extreme circumstances, and I don't think Elena Kagan represents that."[8] Opposition to Kagan among Senate Republicans was not universal however. A few expressed support for her, including Lindsey Graham, Susan Collins and Richard Lugar.[9]
The deans of over one-third of the country's law schools, 69 people in total, endorsed Elena Kagan's nomination in an open letter in early June. The letter lauded what it considered her coalition-building skills and "understanding of both doctrine and policy" as well as her written record of legal analysis.[10]
The National Rifle Association of America announced its opposition to Kagan, and stated that it would score the vote on her confirmation, meaning that Senators who vote in favor of Kagan would receive a lower rating from the organization.[11] At the same time, the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence announced its support for Kagan's nomination.[12]
Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy swears in Kagan during her first day of testimony.
Kagan's Confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee began on June 28, 2010.[13] From the 28th through the 30th, Kagan underwent two rounds of questioning by each member of the committee.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid meeting with KaganJudiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy meeting with Kagan
Several witnesses were called to give testimony before the Judiciary Committee at the hearings.[14] These witnesses included Kim Askew and William J. Kayatta, Jr. of the American Bar Association.[14] The Democratic members of the committee called witnesses that included:[14]
Professor Robert C. Clark, Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor, Austin Wakeman Scott Professor of Law, and former Dean, Harvard Law School
After the completion of testimony, Republicans on the Judiciary Committee successfully delayed a vote on forwarding the nomination to the full Senate for one week.[15] On July 20, the committee voted 13–6 to endorse and forward the nomination, with only one Republican, Lindsey Graham, voting in the affirmative.[16] To date she is the last nominee to the Supreme Court to have a Bipartisan committee vote.
Full Senate vote
President Obama signing Kagan's commission, August 6, 2010, following Senate confirmation
Kagan's swearing-in ceremony as Associate Justice took place on August 7, 2010, at the White House. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the prescribed constitutional and judicial oaths of office, at which time she became the 112th justice (100th associate justice) of the Supreme Court.[20][21]
^Rehnquist and Powell were nominated by Richard Nixon in 1971 to fill two simultaneous vacancies arising from the retirements and imminent deaths of John Marshall Harlan II and Hugo Black. They took their positions on the bench on the same date – January 7, 1972
Devins, Neal; Baum, Lawrence (2016). "Split Definitive: How Party Polarization Turned the Supreme Court into a Partisan Court". William & Mary Law School Research Paper No. 09-276. SSRN2432111.
