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Deviled egg
	A bowl of deviled eggs
Alternative names	stuffed eggs, Russian eggs, dressed eggs, curried eggs
Course	Hors d'oeuvre
Place of origin	Spain, England
Region or state	Andalusia
Serving temperature	Cold
Main ingredients	Eggs, mayonnaise, mustard
Variations	Multiple
Food energy; (per serving)	200 kcal (837 kJ)
	Media: Deviled egg;

Deviled eggs, also known as stuffed eggs, curried eggs or dressed eggs, are hard-boiled eggs that have been peeled, cut in half, with the yolk scooped out and then refilled having been mixed with other ingredients such as mayonnaise, mustard and sprinkled with paprika, cinnamon or curry powder.^[1] They are generally served cold as a side dish, appetizer or a main course during gatherings or parties. The dish is popular in Europe, North America and Australia.

Etymology

The English word "devil", in reference to highly seasoned food, was in use in the 18th century, with the first known print reference appearing in 1786.^[2] In the 19th century, the adjective "deviled" came to be used most often with spicy or zesty food, including eggs prepared with mustard, pepper, or other ingredients stuffed in the yolk cavity.^[3] Similar uses of "devil" for spiced foods include deviled ham and fra diavolo sauce (from the Italian word for "devil").

At church functions in parts of the Southern and Midwestern United States, the terms "stuffed eggs", "salad eggs", and "dressed eggs" occur instead, to avoid reference to the word "devil".^[4] For this reason, the term "angel eggs" is also occasionally used.^[5]

History

Recipes for hard-boiled eggs stuffed with herbs, cheese and raisins can be found in the cookery texts of medieval European cuisine.^[6]

The earliest known recipe for stuffed eggs, and the one that most closely resembles the modern-day deviled egg, is believed to have been written in the Andalusian region of Spain during the 13th century. According to the English translation of a recipe found in an unnamed 13th century Andalusian cookbook, boiled egg yolks were mixed with cilantro (coriander), pepper, and onion juice, then beat with murri (a sauce made of fermented barley or fish), oil and salt. The mixture was then stuffed into the hollowed-out egg whites, and the two halves of the egg were fastened back together with a small stick and topped with pepper.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

In his 1585 cookery book The Good Huswifes Jewell, Thomas Dawson suggests filling hardboiled eggs with a "farsing stuffe as you do for flesh".^[11]

The first known recipe to suggest the use of mayonnaise as an ingredient in deviled eggs was in the 1896 version of The Boston Cooking School Cook Book by Fannie Farmer.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Preparation and ingredients

Video demonstration preparing deviled eggs

Cooled hard-boiled eggs are peeled and halved lengthwise, with the yolks then removed. (They can be cut crosswise for more filling). The yolk is then mashed and mixed with a variety of other ingredients.^[17] These usually incorporate a fat-based product (such as butter, heavy cream, or mayonnaise) with spicy and/or piquant ingredients to contrast taste (and, sometimes, texture). One recipe has the yolks mashed with mayonnaise, dijon mustard, vinegar, pickle relish and salt and pepper.^[6] The yolk mixture is then scooped into each egg "cup" formed by the firm egg whites.

Ingredient choices vary widely and there is no standard recipe. Although mayonnaise is most common, some recipes use butter, and sweet pickle relish sometimes replaces the sour pickles.^[18]

Variations

There are many variations on the basic recipe that may add ingredients such as:

mayonnaise
cod liver [ru]
diced pickle or pickle relish
herbs and spices
vinegar
mustard
scallions
green olives
pimentoes
poppyseed
minced onion
caviar
capers
cream or sour cream

In different countries

United States of America

Devilled eggs came over from the UK to the United states. ^[19]In the United States, deviled eggs are a common dish that are typically served as hors d'oeuvres or appetizers during gatherings and parties.^[20]

The eggs are boiled, cooled, shelled, and then sliced in half. The yolk is then removed and mixed with other ingredients, such as mayonnaise, mustard, vinegar, pickle relish, and other spices and herbs. It is then blended into a smooth paste which is used to fill the hollowed-out egg whites. They are generally served cold and are often dusted with paprika.^[21]^[22]

The earliest known American recipe for deviled eggs was printed in the Montgomery Advertiser, a news publication in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1877.

The first known recipe to use mayonnaise as an ingredient in deviled eggs was in the 1896 version of an American cookbook titled The Boston Cooking School Cookbook by Fannie Farmer. In this early recipe, the mayonnaise was recommended as a binding agent for the yolk mixture.^[23]^[24]

Deviled eggs have been a popular dish in the United States dating as far back as the 1920s. In 1923, Wanda Barton suggested in her newspaper column, “Home-Making Helps”, to save egg cartons because "they are fine for carrying boiled or deviled eggs."^[25] By the 1940s, deviled eggs had become a staple food at picnics, parties and gatherings in the United States.^[26]

According to an online survey commissioned by McCormick in 2019, nearly 61 percent of Americans planned to make and/or eat deviled eggs during Easter Sunday of that same year.^[27]

Europe

In many European countries, especially Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Germany, a variation is served known as "Russian eggs"^{[citation needed]}. This consists of eggs cut in half, served with vegetable macédoine and garnished with mayonnaise, parsley and tomato.^[28] Contrary to what the name might suggest, the dish does not originate in Russia; its name derives from the fact that the eggs are served on a bed of macédoine, which is sometimes called "Russian salad". In German cuisine, other common flavourings of the yolks are anchovies, cheese and caper.

In France, the dish is called œuf mimosa ("mimosa egg", named after the appearance of the mimosa tree); in Italy uova ripiene (literally stuffed eggs) in Hungary, töltött tojás ("stuffed egg") or kaszinótojás ("casino egg"); in Poland, jajka faszerowane ("stuffed eggs"); in the Netherlands gevuld ei ("stuffed egg"); in Sweden fyllda ägg ("stuffed eggs"); on the island of Malta bajd mimli ("stuffed eggs")

United Kingdom

A 16th century recipe for devilled eggs comes from the book the good housewife jewel. It stuffs the eggs with a mixture of herbs and spices. At the time these were called farce eggs. ^[29]

The term devilled eggs is British first appearing in print in 1786.^[30]

In the UK, the dish is popular at buffets. The eggs are made with a mixture or mayonnaise, English mustard, paprika and chives. Cayenne pepper or Tabasco sauce is often added to the mixture.

Italy

In Italy uova ripiene are usually stuffed with minced boiled egg yolks, tuna, capers, anchovies, chopped parsley, and mayonnaise. They are usually prepared around Easter time.

Sweden

In Sweden, the deviled egg (fyllda ägghalvor) is a traditional dish for the Easter Smörgåsbord, where the yolk is mixed with caviar, cream or sour cream, optionally chopped red onion, and decorated with chopped chives or dill, perhaps with a piece of anchovy or pickled herring.

Hungary

In Hungarian cuisine, the yolks are mashed and mixed with white bread soaked in milk, mustard and parsley, often served as an appetizer with mayonnaise, or as a main course baked in the oven with Hungarian sour cream topping and served with French fries.

Romania

In Romania, deviled eggs are called ouă umplute („stuffed eggs”) and are a popular dish frequently prepared both for religious and secular celebrations. Several stuffings are available with the most frequent consisting of the classic mixture of yolks with mayonnaise, or with liver paté added, a different mixture with cheese or fish paste decorated with carrot or pickle slices and parsley or dill leaves.