Chlorotrifluoromethane

Chlorotrifluoromethane
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Chloro(trifluoro)methane
	Other names Chlorotrifluoromethane; Monochlorotrifluoromethane; Trifluorochloromethane; Trifluoromethyl chloride; Trifluoromonochlorocarbon; Arcton 3; Freon 13; Genetron 13; R-13; CFC 13; UN 1022
Identifiers
CAS Number	75-72-9 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	6152 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.814
EC Number	200-894-4;
PubChem CID	6392;
RTECS number	PA6410000;
UNII	7C6U91JNED ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4052500 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5 Key: AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5 Key: AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYAV;
	SMILES ClC(F)(F)F;
Properties
Chemical formula	CClF3
Molar mass	104.46 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas with sweet odor
Density	1.526 g/cm3
Melting point	−181 °C (−293.8 °F; 92.1 K)
Boiling point	−81.5 °C (−114.7 °F; 191.7 K)
Solubility in water	0.009% at 25 °C (77 °F)
Vapor pressure	3.263 MPa at 21 °C (70 °F)
Thermal conductivity	0.01217 W m−1 K−1 (300 K)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Ozone depletor and asphyxiant
Flash point	Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0420
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Chlorotrifluoromethane, R-13, CFC-13, or Freon 13, is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and also a mixed halomethane. It is a man-made substance used primarily as a refrigerant. When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential, and long atmospheric lifetime.^[2] Only a few other greenhouse gases surpass CFC-13 in global warming potential (GWP).^[3]^: 2 The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's atmospheric lifetime was 640 years.^[4]

Production

CFC-13—like all chlorofluorocarbon compounds—contains atoms of carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F).^[5]^[6]

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:

CCl₄ + 3 HF → CClF₃ + 3 HCl

This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CCl₃F), dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl₂F₂) and tetrafluoromethane (CF₄).^[7]

Montreal Protocol

Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 Montreal Protocol—in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ozone layer-depletion in the stratosphere—a process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs.^[8] Research in the 1980s said that these man-made CFC compound compounds had opened a hole in ozone layer in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere that protects life on earth from UV radiation.^[5]

CFC-13's ozone depletion potential (ODP) is high— 1^[9] (CCl₃F = 1)—it is categorized as a Class I in the IPCC's list of ozone-depleting substances.^[9] CFC-13's radiative efficiency is high which results in a high global warming potential (GWPs) of 13 900 GWP-100 yr that is "surpassed by very few other greenhouse gases."^[3] It is categorized as a Class I in the list of ozone-depleting Substances.^[9]^: 2

Increase in atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 in 2010s

Starting in the 2010s, despite a global ban on the production of CFCs, five of these ozone-damaging emissions were on the rise.^[5]

The atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 rose from 3.0 parts per trillion (ppt) in year 2010 to 3.3 ppt in year 2020 based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the world.^[10] Contrary to the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric emissions of CFC-13 and four other chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increased between 2010 and 2020.^[11]

As of 2023, the drivers behind the increase in CFC-13 and CFC-112a emissions were not certain.^[11]

Physical properties

The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's Atmospheric lifetime was 640 years.^[12]

Property	Value
Density (ρ) at −127.8 °C (liquid)	1.603 g⋅cm⁻³
Density (ρ) at boiling point (gas)	6.94 kg⋅m⁻³
Density (ρ) at 15 °C (gas)	4.41 g⋅cm⁻³
Triple point temperature (T_t)	−181 °C (92 K)
Critical temperature (T_c)	28.8 °C (302 K)
Critical pressure (p_c)	3.86 MPa (38.6 bar)
Critical density (ρ_c)	5.5 mol⋅L⁻¹
Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point	149.85 kJ⋅kg⁻¹
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (C_p) at −34.4 °C	0.06 kJ⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹
Specific heat capacity at constant volume (C_V) at −34.4 °C	0.051 kJ⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹
Heat capacity ratio (к) at −34.4 °C	1.168016
Compressibility Factor (Z) at 15 °C	0.9896
Acentric factor (ω)	0.17166
Viscosity (η) at 0 °C (gas)	13.3 mPa⋅s (0.0133 cP)
Viscosity (η) at 25 °C (gas)	14.1 mPa⋅s (0.01440 cP)
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)	1^[9](CCl₃F = 1)
Global warming potential (GWP)	14,000^[4] (CO₂ = 1)
Atmospheric lifetime	640 years^[4]

References

^ Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.
^ Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
^ ^a ^b Vollmer, Martin; Young, Dickon; Trudinger, Cathy; Mühle, Jens; Henne, Stephan; Rigby, Matt; Park, Sunyoung; Li, Shihong; Guillevic, Myriam; Mitrevski, Blagoj; Harth, Christina; Miller, Benjamin; Reimann, Stefan; Yao, Bo; Steele, L.; Wyss, Simon; Lunder, Chris; Arduini, Jgor; McCulloch, Archie; Simmonds, Peter (October 10, 2017). "Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 2017 (39). doi:10.5194/acp-2017-935. hdl:1721.1/116270.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. p. 731.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ashworth, James (April 3, 2023). "Mystery emissions of ozone-damaging gases are fuelling climate change". Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ Elkins, James.W. (2013). "Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (Press release). Retrieved April 3, 2023 – via US Department of Commerce and NOAA.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Allen, Kate (April 3, 2023). "Remember ozone-destroying CFCs? They're on the rise again. And the source is a mystery". The Star. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Class I Ozone-depleting Substances". Science - Ozone Layer Protection. US EPA. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ "AGAGE Data and Figures". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
^ ^a ^b Western, Luke M.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Krummel, Paul B.; Adcock, Karina E.; Fraser, Paul J.; Harth, Christina M.; Langenfelds, Ray L.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Oram, David E.; Reimann, Stefan; Rigby, Matt; Vimont, Isaac; Weiss, Ray F.; Young, Dickon; Laube, Johannes C. (April 3, 2023). "Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020". Nature Geoscience. 16 (4): 309–313. Bibcode:2023NatGe..16..309W. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w. hdl:1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 257941769. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ Forster, Piers; Ramaswamy, Venkatachalam; Artaxo, Paulo; Berntsen, Terje; Betts, Richard; Fahey, David W; Haywood, James; Lean, Judith; Lowe, David C; Raga, Graciela; Schulz, Michael; Dorland, Robert Van; Bodeker, G; Etheridge, D; Foukal, P; Fraser, P; Geller, M; Joos, F; Keeling, C D; Keeling, R; Kinne, S; Lassey, K; Oram, D; O’Shaughnessy, K; Ramankutty, N; Reid, G; Rind, D; Rosenlof, K; Sausen, R; Schwarzkopf, D; Solanki, S K; Stenchikov, G; Stuber, N; Takemura, T; Textor, C; Wang, R; Weiss, R; Whorf, T; Nakajima, Teruyuki; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Ramaswamy, V; Artaxo, P; Berntsen, T; Betts, R; Fahey, D W; Haywood, J; Lean, J; Lowe, D C; Myhre, G; Nganga, J; Prinn, R; Raga, G; Schulz, M; Dorland, R Van. "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing". International Panel of Climate Change. AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

External links

[1] Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.

[Ull-2] Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.

[VollmerMartin_20171010-3] Vollmer, Martin; Young, Dickon; Trudinger, Cathy; Mühle, Jens; Henne, Stephan; Rigby, Matt; Park, Sunyoung; Li, Shihong; Guillevic, Myriam; Mitrevski, Blagoj; Harth, Christina; Miller, Benjamin; Reimann, Stefan; Yao, Bo; Steele, L.; Wyss, Simon; Lunder, Chris; Arduini, Jgor; McCulloch, Archie; Simmonds, Peter (October 10, 2017). "Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 2017 (39). doi:10.5194/acp-2017-935. hdl:1721.1/116270.

[ar5-4] "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. p. 731.

[Ashworth_20230403-5] Ashworth, James (April 3, 2023). "Mystery emissions of ozone-damaging gases are fuelling climate change". Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 3, 2023.

[NOAA_Elkins_2013-6] Elkins, James.W. (2013). "Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (Press release). Retrieved April 3, 2023 – via US Department of Commerce and NOAA.

[7] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Allen_20230403-8] Allen, Kate (April 3, 2023). "Remember ozone-destroying CFCs? They're on the rise again. And the source is a mystery". The Star. Retrieved April 3, 2023.

[EPAodsC1-9] "Class I Ozone-depleting Substances". Science - Ozone Layer Protection. US EPA. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16.

[agage-10] "AGAGE Data and Figures". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2021-02-11.

[Nature_Western_2023-11] Western, Luke M.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Krummel, Paul B.; Adcock, Karina E.; Fraser, Paul J.; Harth, Christina M.; Langenfelds, Ray L.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Oram, David E.; Reimann, Stefan; Rigby, Matt; Vimont, Isaac; Weiss, Ray F.; Young, Dickon; Laube, Johannes C. (April 3, 2023). "Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020". Nature Geoscience. 16 (4): 309–313. Bibcode:2023NatGe..16..309W. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w. hdl:1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 257941769. Retrieved April 3, 2023.

[IPCC_AR4_Forster_2007-12] Forster, Piers; Ramaswamy, Venkatachalam; Artaxo, Paulo; Berntsen, Terje; Betts, Richard; Fahey, David W; Haywood, James; Lean, Judith; Lowe, David C; Raga, Graciela; Schulz, Michael; Dorland, Robert Van; Bodeker, G; Etheridge, D; Foukal, P; Fraser, P; Geller, M; Joos, F; Keeling, C D; Keeling, R; Kinne, S; Lassey, K; Oram, D; O’Shaughnessy, K; Ramankutty, N; Reid, G; Rind, D; Rosenlof, K; Sausen, R; Schwarzkopf, D; Solanki, S K; Stenchikov, G; Stuber, N; Takemura, T; Textor, C; Wang, R; Weiss, R; Whorf, T; Nakajima, Teruyuki; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Ramaswamy, V; Artaxo, P; Berntsen, T; Betts, R; Fahey, D W; Haywood, J; Lean, J; Lowe, D C; Myhre, G; Nganga, J; Prinn, R; Raga, G; Schulz, M; Dorland, R Van. "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing". International Panel of Climate Change. AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

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