After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. One of the early attempts at diplomacy was in the second half of the 17th century when John III Sobieski of Poland–Lithuania attempted to negotiate friendly relations with Kangxi Emperor.[4] In late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth began to decline and was eventually partitioned by the neighbouring powers. In 1864, following the January Uprising, some Lithuanians were deported to Siberia from where they managed to move to Manchuria.[5]
Modern diplomatic relations between Lithuania and the People's Republic of China (PRC) were officially established on 14 September 1991. In 1992, the PRC's embassy was established in Vilnius, and in 1995, the Lithuanian embassy was established in Beijing.
21st century
In August 2021, the ROC opened its representative office in Vilnius under the name of "Taiwanese" (the first under this name in Europe), with the Lithuanian office in Taipei to open by the end of 2021. In the opinion of the Chinese government, Lithuania has thus reneged on its 1991 agreement with PRC on the establishment of diplomatic relations where Lithuania recognized the One China principle; Lithuanian government does not consider being in breach of the agreement.[7] In response, the PRC recalled its ambassador in Vilnius, Shen Zhifei, and demanded that Lithuania recall its ambassador in Beijing, Diana Mickevičienė.[8] Trade between the two countries was also seriously disrupted.[9] Relations between the PRC and Lithuania were downgraded to the level of chargé d'affaires on 21 November 2021.[10][11] This is the second time China has taken diplomatic relations downgrading measures against a country since a brief period in the Netherlands between 1981 and 1984.[note 1][12]
On 3 December 2021, Lithuania reported that in an escalation of the diplomatic spat over relations with Taiwan, China had stopped all imports from the Baltic state. It said Beijing has delisted Lithuania as a country of origin, preventing items from clearing customs, and was rejecting all import applications.[13] As a result of the conflict, China pressured Continental AG and other international companies to stop doing business with Lithuania.[14] The spat spilled over to the rest of the European Union when China banned the import of goods which contained Lithuanian parts potentially disrupting integrated supply chains in the European single market. EU Ambassador to China Nicolas Chapuis supported Lithuania and attempted to intervene on their behalf. The president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China described the Chinese government's move as "unprecedented."[15]
In early 2022, reports emerged that German-Baltic Chamber of Commerce warned Lithuania that German-owned factories will be closed if relations with China are not improved.[16][17]
Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda said in a radio interview in January 2022 that he thought it was a mistake to allow Taiwan to open a representative office using the name 'Taiwan' in Vilnius.[18] These remarks were subsequently widely published across mainland Chinese media that reported Lithuania had admitted its mistake. Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said "Recognizing the mistake is a correct step, but what is more important is to take action, correct the 'One China, One Taiwan' mistaken act, and return to the principle of One China." However, political analysts quoted on the BBC claimed that Nauseda was not suggesting to make any significant change to Lithuanian policy regarding the opening of the office and improving relations with Taiwan, only that he thought it had caused an avoidable diplomatic crisis by using the name "Taiwan" rather than "Taipei" or something else as the name for the office in Vilnius.[19]
An independent 2022 poll commissioned by the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs showed that the Lithuanian population overwhelmingly opposes the government's policies towards China.[20] Only 13% of Lithuanians view the policies positively. Following the poll results, opposition parties have called on the government to respect popular opinion and repair ties with Beijing.[20][21] Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis claimed that the survey question was not worded accurately enough, stating: "Lithuania has de facto never changed its policy on China. China has decided to apply unannounced, most likely illegal measures against Lithuania and the European Union. [...] I would probably ask whether Lithuania should support, agree with the aspiration of Taiwan's people to be called Taiwanese, instead of asking about Lithuania's policy on China."[20] China's acting chargé d'affairs in Lithuania, Qu Baihua, responded by saying that unsanctioned visits by Lithuanian government officials that include agreements with sovereignty implications violate the One China policy that Lithuania agreed to.[22]
In November 2023, Landsbergis said that China and Lithuania were in talks about the normalization of relations and the return of ambassadors.[23] A year later, following the defeat of the incumbent coalition in the 2024 Lithuanian parliamentary election, the new presumptive Prime Minister Gintautas Paluckas of the LSDP pledged to re-establish full diplomatic relations with China. Paluckas described the previous government's decision to allow a representative office under the Taiwanese title as a "grave diplomatic mistake", but declined to announce any plans on the office's future.[24] In November 2024, Lithuania passed a law blocking Chinese access to wind and solar farms larger than 100 kW.[25] The same month, Lithuania declared three Chinese diplomats personas non grata.[26] Prime Minister-designate Paluckas claimed that he had not been informed about the decision to expel the diplomats.[27]
On 19 November 2021, group of members of Lithuanian national parliament (Seimas) released an official letter encouraging Lithuania to withdraw from the 2022 Winter Olympics due to human rights violations in China.[31]Daina Gudzinevičiūtė, president of National Olympic Committee of Lithuania, released a statement stating that the Olympic games should be politically neutral and confirmed that committee has no plans to boycott the games.[32]
^China downgraded diplomatic relations to the chargé d'affaires level with the Netherlands due to the Dutch government after the Netherlands approved the sale of two submarines to Taiwan on 11 May 1981 until resumed diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level on 1 February 1984.
^Szczesniak, Boleslaw B. (January 1969). "Diplomatic Relations between Emperor K'ang hsi and King John III of Poland". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 157–161. doi:10.2307/598287. ISSN0003-0279. JSTOR598287.
^"Lietuviai Kinijoje" (in Lithuanian). 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^"以台湾之名设立代表处是"错误" 立陶宛总统为何话锋突变". BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
