China–Ethiopia relations

Sino-Ethiopian relations

Ethiopia	China

People's Republic of China–Ethiopia relations were established in 1970. Ethiopia has an embassy in Beijing^[1] and the People's Republic of China has an embassy in Addis Ababa.^[2]

China's bilateral relationship with Ethiopia is one of its most prioritized in Africa and China believes Ethiopia is particularly significant in peace and security within east Africa.^[3]: 109 Relations are longstanding, with Chinese direct investment (FDI) in Ethiopia reaching US$4 billion and bilateral trade growing to $5.4 billion by 2016-2018.^[4][5][6][7]

History

It is not precisely known when China and Ethiopia first made direct contact. The sinologist A. Hermann believed that a live rhinoceros that arrived at the court of the Chinese Emperor Ping from the country of the "Agazi" or "Agazin" between AD 1 and 6 came from the Horn of Africa. Ethiopian expert Richard Pankhurst is certain that by the Tang dynasty (618–907) "the Chinese were certainly acquainted with the Horn of Africa." From that period onwards, China traded with not only Ethiopia and the Horn, but with the peoples of the Eastern African coast, obtaining elephants' tusks, rhinoceros horns, pearls, the musk of the civet cat, ambergis, and slaves. Starting in the Yuan dynasty the Chinese began to increasingly trade directly with Africans, which is attested not only in contemporary documents, but from archeological finds of Chinese coins and porcelain.^[8]

Despite this early commercial contact, neither side showed much interest in diplomatic activity with one another until the twentieth century. China was one of only five governments which refused to recognize Italy's conquest of Ethiopia.^[9] Relations were poor during the Haile Selassie era, when Ethiopia was allied with the western powers in the Cold War. Chinese support for the Eritrean People's Liberation Front contributed to tension between the countries from 1967.

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1970^[3]: 347 when the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong agreed to recognize Eritrea as Ethiopian, in exchange for Haile Selassie's recognition of Taiwan (controlled by the Republic of China) as Chinese, although Ethiopia was among the signatories of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, in which the political status of Taiwan remains undetermined after 1952. In 1971 Ethiopia voted in favour to change the representation of a China by admitting the Beijing government expelling the unlawful representatives based in Taipei. Relations improved for a short period after the Ethiopian revolution of 1974, but became strained as the Ethiopian military junta developed increasingly close ties with the Soviet Union. After the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front took power in 1991, relations have steadily improved, with increasing diplomatic contacts and growing trade and Chinese investment in the Ethiopian economy.^[10]

As a part of China's diplomacy, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) conducted significant party-to-party relations with the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).^[3]: 111 The EPRDF's disintegration in 2019 disrupted China's knowledge and understanding of the domestic situation in Ethiopia.^[3]: 111 Although the CCP has also conducted party-to-party relations with the Prosperity Party, as of 2023 it has yet to reach the same level of relations it had with the EPRDF and the Tigray People's Liberation Front.^[3]: 112

Official contacts and treaties

Zhou Enlai and Haile Selassie in 1964

Chinese premier Zhou Enlai visited Ethiopia in January 1964.^[10] The Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie visited Beijing in October 1971, where he was received by Mao Zedong.^[11] Qian Qichen, China's vice-premier and minister of foreign affairs, visited Ethiopia in July 1989, January 1991 and January 1994. Chinese president Jiang Zemin visited in May 1996.^[12]

In June 2001, the Ethiopian deputy foreign minister visited Beijing, where he expressed support for the "One China" policy in the dispute with Taiwan.^[13] In December 2003, Chinese premier Wen Jiabao visited Ethiopia to attend the opening of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation. In December 2004, the heads of the Ethiopian and Chinese legislatures met in Beijing and in a joint statement said that the two counties wish to expand all aspects of cooperation.^[14] In May 2007, China's Assistant Minister of Commerce Wang Chao visited Addis Ababa and signed a debt relief agreement worth US$18.5 million.^[15] In February 2008, the Chinese minister of construction met his counterpart in Addis Ababa, and reemphasized the commitment of the two governments to cooperation. The Ethiopian minister welcomed the involvement of Chinese construction companies in improving Ethiopian infrastructure.^[16] In November 2008, the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress visited Ethiopia where he met senior Ethiopian officials and political leaders including President Girma Wolde-Giorgis and discussed ways to strengthen economic cooperation.^[17][18]

Agreements between the two countries include Agreement for Economic and Technological Cooperation (1971, 1988 and 2002); Trade Agreement (1971, 1976); Trade Protocol (1984,1986,1988); Agreement for Trade, Economic and Technological Cooperation (1996) and Agreement for Mutual Promotion and Protection of Investment (1988).^[12] In May 2009 the two countries signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation, expected to boost trade and investment.^[19]

Ethiopia and China signed a military cooperation agreement in 2005 which covers military training, technology exchange, and joint peacekeeping missions.^[3]: 239 As part this military cooperation agreement, Ethiopian field-grade officers routinely receive training in China.^[3]: 239

China has an extradition treaty with Ethiopia.^[3]: 188

Economic relations

Ethiopian Embassy in Beijing

The economic relationship is multi-faceted. Between 2000 and 2014, China provided over $12 billion in loan finance (usually tied to infrastructure projects undertaken by Chinese firms).^{[citation needed]} There is growing Chinese investment in the Ethiopian economy, while imports of cheap consumer goods from China ($3.4 billion in 2015) greatly exceeding exports from Ethiopia to China ($380 million in 2015).^{[citation needed]} The Chinese appear to be interested in Ethiopia for political reasons (among African countries, its governance and developmental orientation is closest to that of China, and it hosts the African Union headquarters), and as a business partner. Ethiopia's focus on infrastructure has created numerous opportunities for Chinese construction firms. Ethiopia is also a significant market for Chinese exports that will expand as Ethiopia's rapid economic growth continues. For Ethiopia, Chinese finance provides critical support for the government's legitimacy, as electricity, transport, and employment opportunities continue to expand, stimulating economic growth and helping promote exports to other countries. China's "business is business" approach is welcome by comparison to western aid providers who often link their contributions to changes in the Ethiopian legal and political structure.^[10][20]

Direct aid

Chinese aid to Ethiopia has included dispatch of medical teams and teachers, and educational scholarships for Ethiopian students studying in China.^[12][21] Former Ethiopian President Mulatu Teshome was educated in China.^[22] China's aid program funded the construction of a vocational school in Ethiopia. Although the plan was to use Chinese vocational instructions, the school eventually switched to German instructors, with students learning skills including engineering, automobile, architecture and construction.^[23] In June 2009, the Chinese ambassador assisted in laying the foundation stone for the Tirunesh Dibaba Beijing Hospital, planned as a modern hospital 6000 square meters in size with 100 beds.^[24] The Chinese government is funding construction and will provide medical instruments and equipment.^[25] The hospital is named after Ethiopian runner Tirunesh Dibaba, who won two gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.^[26] The hospital was completed in November 2011 and handed over to the Ethiopian government. Fifteen Chinese medical personnel were sent to help their Ethiopian counterparts.^[27]

Infrastructure Loans

Chinese government has also provided significant loans to Ethiopia, most of which are concessional.^[28]: 229 These are nearly all tied to construction projects to be undertaken by Chinese enterprises such as the Addis Ababa ring road opened in 2003.^[29][30]

Some Chinese-built projects are financed by the Ethiopian government. In 2002, for example, the Sino Hydro Corporation started work on the estimated US$224 million Tekeze hydroelectric project with a 607-foot dam on the Tekezé River due for completion in 2007.^[31] After delays due in part to problems with massive landslides, the project was completed for a final cost of US$365 million in July 2009 and should deliver 300 megawatts of power.^[32][33] In July 2009, Ethiopia signed further agreements with China for the Sino Hydro Corporation to build 2,150 megawatts of hydro-electric capacity with the Gibe IV (Omo River) and Halele Werabesa dams, in a deal worth US$2.67 billion. China will cover 85% of the project costs through preferential buyer's credit and concessionary loans.^[34][35] The environmentalist Richard Leakey has expressed concerns about the possible impact of the Omo river dams on Lake Turkana.^[36] The Export-Import Bank of China funded a railway from Addis Ababa to landlocked Ethiopia's main port in neighboring Djibouti, completed in 2016.^[37]

Investment and trade

Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Ethiopia is a particularly emphasized place where Chinese companies should "go out" to, with Chinese top leadership describing Ethiopia as a "bridge" between the Belt and Road Initiative and Africa's development, as well as "a pilot country for China-Africa production capacity cooperation."^{[28]: 222–223} Chinese firms investing in Ethiopia are generally greenfield investors.^[28]: 233

By 2009, direct Chinese investment in Ethiopia had reached US$900 million.^[38]

Exports from Ethiopia to China have grown from negligible levels before 2000 to around US$130 million in 2006, primarily in raw materials such as sesame seeds and partially finished leather. Meanwhile, exports from China to Ethiopia have grown from under US$50 million in 1996 to US$430 million in 2006, including low-priced clothing, machinery and electronics equipment.^[10] The Ethiopian government has encouraged imports, purchasing Chinese equipment and supplying it to local construction and manufacturing firms on a lease-to-buy basis.^[39] Trade continues to grow rapidly. By 2015 bilateral trade had grown to $3.8 billion, with Ethiopian exports encouraged through special quota and tariff arrangements on many goods.^[38] In a paper prepared for the OECD, economist Tegegne Gebre Egziabher of Addis Ababa University notes that in the short term, cheap Chinese imports may have damaged local producers. However, the longer term benefit may be to stimulate improvements in efficiency and quality. Chinese investment in local infrastructure may assist towards this outcome.^[40]

Sinopec is a part owner of the joint venture POLY-GCL Petroleum, which as of 2023 is developing a $4 billion natural gas project in Ethiopia and which will include a pipeline to the Djiboutian coast and an export terminal.^[3]: 165 According to David H. Shinn and academic Joshua Eisenman, the project underscore China's commitment to expanding its import of liquified natural gas from African countries.^[3]: 165

Currency swap 2024

Space cooperation

The China Academy of Space Technology and Ethiopian engineers partnered to develop a remote-sensing microsatellite for Ethiopia, which China launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in 2019.^[3]: 304 China provided a grant covering 75% of the project, financing training for Ethiopian engineers and the microsatellite itself.^[3]: 304 Ethiopia funded the construction of ground station facilities for the project.^[3]: 304 Ethiopia uses the satellite for environmental protection, weather forecasting, crop monitoring, natural resources applications, and earth observatory tasks.^[3]: 304

China launched a second satellite for Ethiopia in 2020, this one a remote sensing satellite for natural disaster monitoring.^[3]: 304

The Abole incident

Main article: Abole oil field raid

In April 2007 fighters from the Ogaden National Liberation Front, a group of ethnic Somalis seeking independence from Ethiopia attacked workers at an exploratory oilfield in Abole, a small town about 120 km south of Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. They killed about 65 Ethiopian and nine Chinese workers, and kidnapped another seven Chinese.^[41] The oilfield is run by a subsidiary of the government-owned China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (Sinopec). A Sinopec spokesperson said that the incident would not discourage the firm from further exploration.^[42] The Chinese Foreign Ministry avoided discussing the attackers' motives beyond stating that they were attempting to sabotage China's relationship with Ethiopia.^[43] A Chinese team was dispatched to investigate what had happened and look into ways of improving safety in the future.^[44]

See also

• Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
• Foreign relations of Ethiopia
• Sino-African relations
• Chinese people in Ethiopia
• AU Conference Center and Office Complex
• Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway
• Addis Ababa Light Rail
• Addis Ababa–Adama Expressway

References

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5. Ethiopia licenses 1,294 Chinese investment projects in 2017/18
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7. Chinese projects in Ethiopia worth over $4bln
8. Pankhurst discusses this in much more extensive detail in his book, An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia (London: Lalibela House, 1961), "Chapter 30: Chinese Trade"
9. Haile Selassie I, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, Haile Sellassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia: Addis Abeba, 1966 E.C. translated by Ezekiel Gebissa, et alia, (Chicago: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 2 pp. 22f
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26. "China to honour Olympian Dibaba with hospital". Walta Information Center. June 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
27. China hands over Tirunesh-Beijing Ethio-China Friendship Hospital to Ethiopia. http://ayyaantuu.com/horn-of-africa-news/ethiopia/china-hands-over-tirunesh-beijing-ethio-china-friendship-hospital-to-ethiopia/^{[permanent dead link]}
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31. "Hydroelectric dams in Africa". Water Institute of Southern Africa. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
32. "Ethiopia Completes Construction of Africa's Tallest Dam". Tradefair Group. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
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34. "CORRECTED - China, Ethiopia sign 1.9 bln euro hydro power deal". Reuters. Jul 15, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
35. Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. [1]
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37. "Ethiopia Becomes China's China in Global Search for Cheap Labor". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
38. "China's direct investment to Ethiopia reaches (sic) $900mln". Ethiopolitics.com. July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
39. "Ethiopia helps import 2000 trucks from China". Africa News. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
40. "The Developmental Impact of China and India on Ethiopia with Emphasis on Small Scale Footwear Producers" (PDF). Development Policy Research Unit. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
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42. Cody, Edward (April 26, 2007). "Ethiopia attacks reveal price of China's expands role". The Seattle Times Company. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
43. "Chinese workers in Ethiopia paying for Beijing's Africa policy". AsiaNews C.F. 2007-04-26. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
44. "China evaluates safety after Ethiopia killings". China daily. 2007-04-26. Retrieved 2009-07-28.

External links

• Chris Alden, International African Institute, Royal African Society (2007). China in Africa. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-864-7.