The basic Azerbaijani alphabet used in Iran, lacking ؽ and ۆ, among others
The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan əlifbası, آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ, Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы) has three versions which includes the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.
1937 program for the opera Koroğlu, in the old Latin script
From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1922, a Latin alphabet was created by Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkic Alphabet Committee; Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[4]
An additional reason for the Soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would work towards secularizing Azerbaijan's Muslim culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azeri religious establishment on the grounds that Arabic script, the language of the Koran, was "holy and should not be tampered with.[5]
There was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turkology Congress in Baku during 1926[6] where the reform was voted for 101 to 7.
The Azeri poet Samad Vurgun declared "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"[7]
As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the Arabic script in use at the time.[8] From 1922 to 1929, both Arabic and Latin scripts were used in Soviet Azerbaijani editions; in 1929, the Latin script was finally chosen. In 1933, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages.[9] The reform changed glyphs for some letters and phonetic values for some other letters. In 1939 Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azeri Latin script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script[10] in order to sever the Soviet Azerbaijani Turks' ties with the Turkish people in the Republic of Turkey.[4]
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet. The period from 1991 to 2001 was declared the transitional period, when both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet were accepted. Since 2001, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is the official alphabet of the Azerbaijani language in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[11][12]
From 1922 until 1933 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):
From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin and abolition of the letters Ээ, Юю, Яя):
The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for Әə, Xx, and Qq, the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet of 1933, as well as the 1991 version: Ğğ has replaced the historic Ƣƣ; the dotless Iı has replaced the historic I with bowl Ьь (also, the lowercase form of the letter B was changed from small capital ʙ to the usual b, while the uppercase form of the letter y was also changed from a Cyrillic-looking У to the usual Y); the dotted İi has replaced the historic soft-dotted Ii, with the addition of the tittle on its uppercase counterpart, additionally I is now the uppercase counterpart of ı, while i is the lowercase counterpart of İ; Jj has replaced the historic Ƶƶ; Öö has replaced the historic Ɵɵ; Üü has replaced the historic Yy; and Yy has replaced the historic Jј. Әə was replaced by Ää, which was placed between Aa and Bb, but was then changed back to Әə, placed between Ee and Ff in the alphabet. Consequently, Jj, Yy, and some other several letters (Cc, Çç) have also changed their phonetic values in comparison with the historical alphabet.
The sounds [k] and [ɡ] in loanwords were rendered as respectively as q and ƣ in the Latin alphabet of 1933, but as к and г in Cyrillic and are rendered as k and q in the current Latin alphabet: ƣrafiqa (1933 Latin) — графика (Cyrillic) — qrafika (current Latin).
In translingual contexts (e.g. mathematics), the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet are named in Azerbaijani in the following way:[13]a, be, ce (se),[14][15] de, e, ef, qe, aş (haş),[15] i, yot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, dubl-ve, iks, iqrek, zet.
Schwa (Ə)
When the new Latin script was introduced on December 25, 1991, A-diaeresis (Ä ä) was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on May 16, 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme schwa (Ə ə), used previously. Although use of Ä ä (also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.
However, the "upside-down 'e'" on computers caused considerable problems during the early 1990s[16] as its placement on standard Azerbaijani keyboards and its assignment in computer encodings[17] had not yet become standardized.
Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet
The development of a modern standardized Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has been an ongoing project in Iran in the past several decades. Persian alphabet, without modification or standardization is not suitable for Azerbaijani as:
It contains multiple letters for the same consonant sounds, for example there are two letters for the sound [t] (ت، ط)
Persian alphabet does not have letters and diacritics for many of the vowels used in Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages.
The first steps in the process of standardization started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.[1] This standard of writing is today canonized by the official Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled "lugat name-ye Turki-ye Azarbayjani".[18]
The use of Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, is widespread. However, due to a failure by the Iranian government to implement the constitutionally-required formal education of Azerbaijani language in the Iranian education system, and due to the spread of use of computers and smartphones, and the ease of using Latin alphabet on these platforms, the Latin alternative from Iran's northern neighbor has been gaining popularity in the last two decades.
Vowels
In Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, nine vowels are defined. Six of those vowels are present in Persian, whereas three are missing. Diacritics (including hamza) in combination with the letters alef (ا), vav (و) or ye (ی) are used in order to mark each of these vowels.
Important to note that similar to Persian alphabet, vowels in the initial position require an alef (ا) all the time—and if needed, followed by either vav (و) or ye (ی). This excludes Arabic loanwords that may start with ʿayn (ع).
Below are the six vowel sounds in common with Persian, their representation in Latin and Arabic alphabets.
Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه / ه); /æ/; A front vowel; only marked with fatha (ـَ) diacritic, or with a he at middle or final positions in a word. Examples include: əlاَل'hand', ətاَت'meat', əzməkاَزمَک'to crush'
E-e (ائ / ئ); /ɛ/; A front vowel; marked with a hamza on top a ye (ئ). Examples include: elائل'people', enائن'wide'
O-o (اوْ / وْ); /o/; A rounded back vowel; Shown with vav (و), either unmarked, or marked with sukun (zero-vowel) (ـْ). Examples include: odاوْد'fire', otاوْت'grass', onاوْن'ten'.
A-a (آ / ـا); /ɑ/; A back vowel; shown with alef (ا) in middle and final positions, and alef-maddeh (آ) in initial position. Examples include: adآد'name', atآت'horse'
İ-i (ای / ی) /i/; A front vowel; shown with a ye (ی) and no diacritic. Examples include: ilایل'year', ipایپ'rope'
U-u (اۇ / ۇ) /u/; A back vowel; shown with a vav and a Ḍammah (ـُ). Examples include: uzunاۇزۇن'long', ucuzاۇجۇز'cheap'
Below are the three vowels that don't exist in Persian, and are marked with diacritics.
Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) /œ/; A front vowel; shown with a hamza on top a vav (ؤ). Examples include: öyüdاؤیوٚد'advice', gözگؤز'eye'
Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) /y/; A front vowel; shown with a "v" diacritic on top a vav (وٚ). Examples include üstاوٚست'up', üzümاوٚزوٚم'grapes', güzgüگوٚزگوٚ'mirror'
I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ) /ɯ/ (rarely used and usually substituted by ى); A back vowel; shown with an inverted "v" diacritic on top of a ye (یٛ). Examples include: qızılقیٛزیٛل'gold', açıqآچیٛق'open, turned on', sırğaسیٛرغا'earring', sarıساریٛ'yellow'
Like other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has a system of vowel harmony. Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth.[19] In Azerbaijani there are two suffixes that make a plural. It is either -ـلَر-lər or -ـلار-lar, front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exists across the board in Azerbaijani. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal:
The word for 'dog' is ایتit. The word for 'dogs' is ایتلَرitlər. (ایتلارitlar is incorrect.)
And below are examples for back vowels:
The word for 'mountain' is داغdağ, thus the word for 'mountains' is داغلارdağlar.
A secondary vowel harmony system exists in Azerbaijani language, which is a rounded/unrounded system. This applies to some (but not all) of the suffixes. For example, there are four variations for the common suffix لی--lı/-li and -لو-lu/-lü.
The word for 'salt' is دوُزduz. The word for 'salty' will be دوُزلوduzlu.
In Azerbaijani, the city of Tabriz is تبریزTəbriz. The word for someone from Tabriz is تبریزلیTəbrizli.
Conventions on writing of vowels
In the Perso-Arabic script, or in Arabic scripts in general, diacritics are usually not written out, except in texts for beginners or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word.
In the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, there are conventions with regards to writing of diacritics.[1]
For A-a (آ / ـا), the vowel is always written and shown with alef.
For Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه / ه), the initial vowel is written with an alef. Vowels in the middle of the word are written in two ways. They are either shown, i.e. written with a diacritic, which usually needs not be written; or they are written with a final he (ـه / ه). The former is used in closed syllables (CVC), or in the first open syllable of the word. The latter is used in open syllables (CV) with the exception of the first syllable of the word. Note that the vowel he (ـه / ه) is not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a Zero-width non-joiner. For example, the word gələcəyim (gə-lə-cəy-im) 'my future' is written as گلهجگیم. Note that the first syllable of the word is open, but it is not marked. The second syllable is open, and thus the vowel is marked with he (ـه / ه), not attached to the following letter. Also note the breakdown of the word into syllables – this is because the word is made up of gələcək plus possessive pronoun -im.
For E-e (ائ / ئ), the sound is shown with a hamzeh on top of a ye in almost all cases. The exceptions are loanwords of Persian, Arabic, or European origin. For example, enerji'energy' is written as انرژی. Writing it as ائنئرژی is incorrect. Other examples include تلویزیونteleviziyon'TV'), علمelm'science', and قانعqane'satisfied'. In words, for both Azerbaijani and loanwords, if ⟨E⟩ and ⟨Y⟩ come side by side, both letters are written; e.g., قئیدqeyd, شئیداşeyda, ویئتنامVyetnam, غئیرتğeyrət. Loanwords from Persian or Arabic which contain the sound [i], but are adopted in Azerbaijani with an [e] sound, are shown with ⟨ئ⟩. Examples include تسبئحtəsbeh, بئساوادbesavad, پئشکشpeşkəş.
For İ-i (ای / ی), the sound is always shown with ye (ی).
For I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ), the sound is shown with ye (ی) all the time. The writing of the diacritic is optional and not necessary, and is only ever actually done in beginner language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word. Native speakers can usually read words without the use of diacritic, as they are aware of vowel harmony rules (meaning that they can interpolate the correct pronunciation of ⟨ی⟩ by the presence of other vowels in the word). In words like qızılقیزیل'gold', familiarity with the vocabulary helps native speakers.[citation needed]
For round vowels, O-o (اوْ / وْ), U-u (اوُ / وُ), Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ), and Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ), it is recommended that the first syllable containing such vowel be marked with diacritic, while the rest can remain unmarked and solely written with a vav (و). This reduces the effort of marking vowels, while also providing readers with a clue with respect to vowel harmony, namely as to whether the vowels of the word are to be front or back. Examples include گؤرونوشgörünüş, اوْغوزoğuz, دوٚیونdüyün.
However, it is recommended[by whom?] new learners write diacritics on all round vowels, e.g., گؤروٚنوٚشgörünüş, اوْغوُزoğuz, دوٚیوٚنdüyün.
In daily practice, it is rare to see vowels other than Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) marked. This may be due to the fact that hamza is the only one of such symbols that is frequently written in Persian as well, and due to the fact that the inverted "v" diacritic for Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) does not exist on typical Persian keyboards.
Consonants
While Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has nine vowels and twenty-three consonants, Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has thirty consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. Highlighted columns indicate letters from Persian or Arabic that are exclusively used in loanwords, and not in native Azerbaijani words.[1]
Arabic loanwords that in their original spelling end in ʿayn (ع), such as "طمع" (təmə') (meaning greed), or "متاع" (məta') (meaning baggage), are instead pronounced in Azerbaijani with a final [h]. Thus they are to be written with a "ح" (he). e.g. "طاماح" (tamah), "ماتاح" (matah). (Note that the vowels of these words are also changed in accordance with the vowel harmony system) If the change in pronunciation of ʿayn (ع) happens mid-word, it would be written as "ه / هـ". An example being "فعله" (fə'lə) (meaning worker) being written as "فهله" (fəhlə).
Loanwords that start with consonant sequences "SK, ST, SP, ŞT, ŞP", in Azerbaijani Arabic script, they are to be written starting with an "ای" (i). e.g. ایستئیک (isteyk) (meaning steak), ایسپورت (isport) (meaning sports)
There is a distinction between the pronunciation of "غ" and "ق" in Azerbaijani. Such distinction does not exist in standard Iranian Persian. But in any case, loanwords from Arabic or Persian, regardless of how their "غ" and "ق" is pronounced, are to be kept as their original writing. This is not a rule in Latin alphabet. An example being the word meaning Afghan, "افغان" (Əfqan). The "غ" in Azerbaijani is pronounced as a [g], meaning that, as it is done in Latin, it is being pronounced as if it is a "ق". But the writing of the loanword in Azerbaijani Arabic will remain the same.
Loanwords whose original spelling was with a "گ" (G g) but are written in Latin alphabet with a Q q, are to be written with a "ق". Examples include "قاز" (Qaz) (meaning gas, written as "گاز" in Persian), "اوْرتوقرافی" (Orfoqrafi) (meaning orthography, written as "اورتوگرافی" in Persian)
When suffixes are added to words ending in "ک" (K k), resulting in the letter "ک" (K k) being between two vowels, will have its pronunciation modified to [j], equivalent to the letter "ی" (Y y). This change is reflected in Latin writing. However, in the Arabic script, in order to maintain the original familiar shape of the word, the letter "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G") is used, as the letter is similar in shape to "ک". Examples: "çörək+im" becoming "çörəyim" in Latin script (meaning my bread), but "چؤرک+یم" becoming "چؤرگیم". "gələcək+im" becoming "gələcəyim" in Latin script (meaning my future), but "گلهجک+یم" becoming "گلهجگیم".
Whenever the letter "ی" (Y) is placed between two "ای" (İ-i) vowels, it is written as "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G"). This is not something done in Latin script. Example: "ایگیرمی" (iyirmi) (meaning twenty)
The letters "و" ,"ه / هـ", and "ی" have a double function, as consonant, and as part of vowels. When used as consonant, they are written with no diacritic or marking.
Shadda, the Arabic diacritic for gemination, is retained for loanwords from Arabic. Examples: "مۆکمّل" (mükəmməl) (meaning complementary), "مدنیّت" (mədəniyyət) (meaning civility). In native Azerbaijani words and in loanwords of European origin, double consonants are written twice. Examples: "یئددی" (yeddi) (meaning seven), "ساققال" (saqqal) (meaning beard), "اوْتللو" (Otello).
^It is rare to find native Azerbaijani words with "ژ / j"
Comparison of Azerbaijani alphabets
National anthem
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaŋalif, Georgian, and Arabic alphabets.
Azerbaijani in Latin script 1992–Present
Azerbaijani in Arabic script (Modern convention)
English
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!
Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız!
Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!
Minlərlə can qurban oldu,
Sinən hərbə meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçən əsgər,
Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu!
Sən olasan gülüstan,
Sənə hər an can qurban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اؤولادؽن شانلؽ وطنی!
سندن اؤترۆ جان وئرمهیه جۆمله حاضؽرؽز!
سندن اؤترۆ قان تؤکمهیه جۆمله قادیریز!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قۇربان اوْلدۇ،
سینهن حربه مئیدان اوْلدۇ!
حۆقۇقۇندان کئچن عسگر،
هره بیر قهرمان اوْلدۇ!
سن اوْلاسان گۆلۆستان،
سنه هر آن جان قۇربان!
سنه مین بیر محبّت
سینهمده تۇتمۇش مکان!
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمهیه،
بایراغؽنؽ یۆکسلتمهیه
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمهیه،
جۆمله گنجلر مۆشتاقدؽر!
شانلؽ وطن! شانلؽ وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Oh you glorious fatherland of the brave child!
We are all together ready to give our lives for you!
We are all together strong to sacrifice our blood for you!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!
Thousands of lives were sacrificed,
Your chest was an arena for battles!
Soldiers gave their life for you!
All of them became heroes!
You shall be a garden full of roses,
Every moment our life can be sacrificed for you!
For you one-thousand-one carresses
are constant in my chest!
Guard your honor,
To held up high your flag,
Guard your honor,
The whole youth is enthused!
Honorable fatherland! Honorable fatherland!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijani in Latin script 1991-1992
Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script 1958-1991 (Still used in Dagestan)
Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script 1939-1958
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Ey qähräman övladın şanlı Vätäni!
Sändän ötrü can vermäyä cümlä hazırız!
Sändän ötrü qan tökmäyä cümlä qadiriz!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!
Minlärlä can qurban oldu,
Sinän härbä meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçän äsgär,
Härä bir qähräman oldu!
Sän olasan gülüstan,
Sänä här an can qurban!
Sänä min bir mähäbbät
Sinämdä tutmuş mäkan!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اولادین شانلی وطنی
سندن اوترو جان ورمهیه جومله حاضریز
سندن اوتروقان توکمهیه جومله قادیریز
اوچ رنگلی بایراقینلا مسعود یاشا!
اوچ رنگلی بایراقینلا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قوربان اولدو
سینن حربه میدان اولدو!
حقوقوندان کچن عسکر
هره بیر قهرمان اولدو!
سن اولاسان گولوستان!
سنه هرآن جان قوربان!
سنه مین بیر محبت
سینهمده توتموش مکان!
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمهیه
بایراقینی یوکسلتمهیه
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمهیه
جومله گنجلر موشتاقدیر
شانلی وطن! شانلی وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
Transliteration
The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
The Azeri Arabic alphabet originally contained the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. This letter no longer exists in the Azerbaijani Arabic orthographic conventions anymore either.[1]
The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, like in most Turkic languages, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].
The apostrophe was used until 2004 in loanwords from Arabic for representing the glottal stop or vowel length. Since 2004, the apostrophe is not used in Azerbaijani except in foreign proper names.
^ abHatcher, Lynley (July 2008). "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (192): 106. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038.
^Wright, Sue (2004). Language Policy and Language Planning. Basingstokes: Palgrave MacMillan.
^Clement, Victoria (2005). The politics of script reform in Soviet Turkmenistan: alphabet and national identity formation (PhD thesis). Ohio State University., cited in Hatcher 2008
^Г. Г. Исмаилова (G. G. Ismailova). К истории азербайджанского алфавита // Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР / Н. А. Баскаков. — Moscow: Наука (Nauka) Publishers, 1972. — P. 28—40 (in Russian).
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American politician (1812–1873) For his son, also a Senator, see Stephen Mallory II. Stephen MalloryConfederate States Secretary of the NavyIn officeMarch 4, 1861 – May 2, 1865PresidentJefferson DavisPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedUnited States Senatorfrom FloridaIn officeMarch 4, 1851 – January 21, 1861Preceded byDavid YuleeSucceeded byAdonijah Welch Personal detailsBorn1812Trinidad, British West Indies(now Trinidad and Tobago)DiedNovembe...
View of the church San Giorgio ai Tedeschi is a Roman Catholic church located in the centre of Pisa, Italy.[1] The brickchurch was built after 1316 in memory of the German soldiers who died in the Battle of Montecatini; it was called San Giorgio degli Innocenti because in 1414 it belonged to the Ospedale dei Trovatelli (hospital of the foundlings); then from 1784 it belonged to the Ospedali Riuniti di Santa Chiara. The church, built entirely in brick, consists of only one room. The in...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada December 2008. 6344 P-L (2007 RR9)Ciri-ciri orbitPeriode orbit4.7 tahun 6344 P-L adalah kemungkinan sebauh asteroid atau nukelus komet yang pertama ditemukan tahun 1960 oleh pemburu asteroid Tom Gehrels, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, dan Cornelis Johannes van Houten...
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Dezembro de 2020) Rio Claro Município do Brasil Panorama da cidade de Rio Claro durante o 21.º Campeonato Mundial de Balonismo.Panorama da cidade de Rio Claro durante o 21.º Campeonato Mundial de Balonismo. Símb...
Ilustrasi keong emas Keong mas adalah sebuah dongeng dari Jawa, ada beberapa versi dongeng Keong Emas. Plot Versi pertama Dongeng ini menceritakan tentang Dewi Limaran, istri dari Pangeran Raden Putra. Saat ia sedang berjalan-jalan di taman, ia menemukan sebuah keong di salah satu bunga dan kemudian melemparnya. Keong itu ternyata adalah seorang penyihir jahat yang sedang menyamar. Untuk membalas dendam, si penyihir mengubah sang putri menjadi keong mas. Pada suatu hari, seorang janda mencari...
For other people named Michael Ryan, see Michael Ryan (disambiguation). Michael E. RyanOfficial portrait as Chief of Staff of the Air ForceBorn (1941-12-24) December 24, 1941 (age 81)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1965–2001RankGeneralCommands heldChief of Staff of the United States Air ForceAllied Air Forces Central EuropeU.S. Air Forces in Europe16th Air ForceAllied Air Forces Southern Europe432nd Tactical Fight...
Bilateral relationsHong Kong–United States relations Hong Kong United States Diplomatic missionHong Kong Economic and Trade Office, Washington, D.C.United States Consulate General, Hong Kong Hong Kong–United States relations are bilateral relations between Hong Kong and the United States. History Before 1997 Bilateral relationsHong Kong–United States relations Hong Kong United States The United States had a consulate in British Hong Kong. Hong Kong was often used as a trade lane between...
Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit, chapbook, title page, London, John Bailey, 1822.The first page. Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit is an 1822 chapbook based on Percy Bysshe Shelley’s 1811 Gothic horror novel St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian.[1] Background The 1811 novel St. Irvyne, or, The Rosicrucian was republished by John Joseph Stockdale in 1822 following Shelley’s death. Two chapbooks were also published based on the novel. No publication date appeared on the title pag...
Roman Catholic prelate (1936–2023) His ExcellencyNei Paulo MorettoBishop Emertus of Caxias do SulArchdioceseRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Porto AlegreAppointed26 May 1983Term ended6 July 2011PredecessorBenedito ZorziSuccessorAlessandro Carmelo RuffinoniOrdersOrdination16 November 1972by Faustino M. TissotConsecration28 January 1973by Alfredo SchererPersonal detailsBorn(1936-05-25)25 May 1936Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDied6 April 2023(2023-04-06) (aged 86)Caxias d...
Serigne Saliou Mbacké Serigne Saliou Mbacké, auch Serigne Bara Faliou Mbacké (* Mai 1915; † 28. Dezember 2007 in Touba, Senegal) war ein senegalesischer Kalif und Religionsführer der Mouriden. Leben Serigne Saliou Mbacké wurde 1990 der fünfte Kalif der Mouriden, ein so genannter „Marabout“. Er war ein Sohn von Scheich Amadou Bamba, der die Sufi-Bruderschaft (Tariqa) Muridiyya 1883 in Senegal begründete und von den Mouriden als ein Heiliger verehrt wird. Serigne Saliou Mbacké war...
This article is about the Iranian Super League for Futsal. For other uses, see Iranian Super League. Football leagueFutsal Super LeagueFounded1998 officially2003 with current formatCountryIranConfederationAFCNumber of teams14Level on pyramid1Relegation toIran Futsal's 1st DivisionInternational cup(s)AFC Futsal Club ChampionshipCurrent championsMes Sungun (5th title) (2022–23)Most championshipsMes Sungun (5 titles)TV partnersIRIB VarzeshIRIB Provincial ChannelsCurrent: 2023–24 Iranian Futs...
Not to be confused with Duran Duran. 2000 filmDurian DurianMovie poster for Durian DurianChinese nameTraditional Chinese榴槤飄飄Simplified Chinese榴莲飘飘Literal meaningDurian fluttering in the windTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinliúlián piāopiāoYue: CantoneseJyutpingLau4 Lin4 Piu1 Piu1 Directed byFruit ChanWritten byFruit ChanChan Wai KeungZhi Min ShengProduced byCarrie WongStarringQin HailuMak Wai FanCinematographyLam Wah ChuenEdited byTin Sam FatMusic byChu Hing...
2005 video gameAnubis IINorth American Wii cover artDeveloper(s)Data Design InteractivePublisher(s)EuropeMetro3D Europe (PlayStation 2 and PC)Data Design Interactive (Wii)North AmericaConspiracy EntertainmentProgrammer(s)Adrian FoxArtist(s)Michael RookerPlatform(s)Wii, PlayStation 2, Microsoft WindowsReleasePS2EU: 14 July 2005WindowsEU: July 2005WiiEU: 21 September 2007NA: 25 September 2007Genre(s)ActionMode(s)Single-player Anubis II[a] is an 2005 action video game by British develope...
Marca Anconitana (dettagli) Informazioni generaliNome ufficialeMarca Anconitana Capoluogo Ancona (fino al 1210) Fermo (fino al XV secolo) Macerata (dal XV secolo) Dipendente da Stato Pontificio Evoluzione storicaInizioc. 1090 Fine1798 CausaOccupazione dell'Italia da parte dei francesi Preceduto da Succeduto da Ducato di Spoleto Repubblica Romana Cartografia La Marca Anconitana (chiamata anche Marca Anconetana o Marca d'Ancona) corrispondeva all'incirca all'attuale regione Marche, che ne ...
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (December 2008) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English W...
Third tier of the football pyramid of professional football league in Bangladesh Football leagueDhaka Senior Division Football LeagueLogo of 2021–22 seasonFounded1948; 75 years ago (1948) (as Dhaka League) 1993; 30 years ago (1993) (as Dhaka Premier Division Football League) 2007; 16 years ago (2007) (as Dhaka Senior Division Football League)First season1948Country BangladeshConfederationAFCNumber of teams14Level on pyramid1 (1948–2006...
