An autogyro (from Greekαὐτός and γύρος, "self-turning"), or gyroplane, is a class of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift. While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro's unpowered rotor disc must have air flowing upward across it to make it rotate.
Forward thrust is provided independently, by an engine-driven propeller.
It was originally named the autogiro by its Spanish inventor and engineer, Juan de la Cierva, in his attempt to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923, at Cuatro Vientos Airport in Madrid.[1] The aircraft resembled the fixed-wing aircraft of the day, with a front-mounted engine and propeller. The term Autogiro became trademarked by the Cierva Autogiro Company. De la Cierva's Autogiro is considered the predecessor of the modern helicopter.[2][3] The term gyrocopter (derived from helicopter) was used by E.Burke Wilford who developed the Reiseler Kreiser feathering rotor equipped gyroplane in the first half of the twentieth century. Gyroplane was later adopted as a trademark by Bensen Aircraft.
The success of the Autogiro garnered the interest of industrialists and under license from de la Cierva in the 1920s and 1930s, the Pitcairn & Kellett companies made further innovations.[4] Late-model autogyros patterned after Etienne Dormoy's Buhl A-1 Autogyro and Igor Bensen's designs feature a rear-mounted engine and propeller in a pusher configuration.
Principle of operation
An autogyro is characterized by a free-spinning rotor that turns because of the passage of air through the rotor from below.[5][6] The downward component of the total aerodynamic reaction of the rotor gives lift to the vehicle, sustaining it in the air. A separate propeller provides forward thrust and can be placed in a puller configuration, with the engine and propeller at the front of the fuselage, or in a pusher configuration, with the engine and propeller at the rear of the fuselage.
Whereas a helicopter works by forcing the rotor blades through the air, drawing air from above, the autogyro rotor blade generates lift in the same way as a glider's wing,[7] by changing the angle of the air[5] as the air moves upward and backward relative to the rotor blade.[8] The free-spinning blades turn by autorotation; the rotor blades are angled so that they not only give lift,[9] but the angle of the blades causes the lift to accelerate the blades' rotation rate until the rotor turns at a stable speed with the drag force and the thrust force in balance.
Because the craft must be moving forward with respect to the surrounding air to force air through the overhead rotor, autogyros are generally not capable of vertical takeoff (except in a strong headwind). A few types such as the Air & Space 18A have shown short takeoff or landing.
Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor fore and aft, and roll control is by tilting the rotor laterally. The tilt of the rotor can be effected by utilizing a tilting hub (Cierva), a swashplate (Air & Space 18A), or servo-flaps. A rudder provides yaw control. On pusher configuration autogyros, the rudder is typically placed in the propeller slipstream to maximize yaw control at low airspeed (but not always, as seen in the McCulloch J-2, with twin rudders placed outboard of the propeller arc).[citation needed]
Flight controls
There are three primary flight controls: control stick, rudder pedals, and throttle. Typically, the control stick is termed the cyclic and tilts the rotor in the desired direction to provide pitch and roll control (some autogyros do not tilt the rotor relative to the airframe, or only do so in one dimension, and have conventional control surfaces to vary the remaining degrees of freedom). The rudder pedals provide yaw control, and the throttle controls engine power.
Secondary flight controls include the rotor transmission clutch, also known as a pre-rotator, which when engaged drives the rotor to start it spinning before takeoff, and collective pitch to reduce blade pitch before driving the rotor. Collective pitch controls are not usually fitted to autogyros but can be found on the Air & Space 18A, McCulloch J-2 and the Westermayer Tragschrauber, and can provide near VTOL performance.[citation needed][10]
Pusher vs tractor configuration
Modern autogyros typically follow one of two basic configurations. The most common design is the pusher configuration, where the engine and propeller are located behind the pilot and rotor mast, such as in the Bensen "Gyrocopter". Its main advantages are the simplicity and lightness of its construction and the unobstructed visibility. It was developed by Igor Bensen in the decades following World War II, who also founded the Popular Rotorcraft Association (PRA) to help it become more widespread.[11]
Less common today is the tractor configuration. In this version, the engine and propeller are located at the front of the aircraft, ahead of the pilot and rotor mast. This was the primary configuration in early autogyros but became less common after the advent of the autogyro. Nonetheless, the tractor configuration has some advantages compared to a pusher, namely greater yaw stability (as the center of mass is farther away from the rudder), and greater ease in aligning the center of thrust with the center of mass to prevent "bunting" (engine thrust overwhelming the pitch control).[12]
History
Juan de la Cierva was a Spanish engineer, inventor, pilot, and aeronautical enthusiast. In 1921, he participated in a design competition to develop a bomber for the Spanish military. De la Cierva designed a three-engined aircraft, but during an early test flight, the bomber stalled and crashed. De la Cierva was troubled by the stall phenomenon and vowed to develop an aircraft that could fly safely at low airspeeds. The result was the first successful rotorcraft, which he named autogiro in 1923.[13] De la Cierva's autogiro used an airplane fuselage with a forward-mounted propeller and engine, an un-powered rotor mounted on a mast, and a horizontal and vertical stabilizer. His aircraft became the predecessor of the modern helicopter.[14]
After four years of experimentation, de la Cierva invented the first practical rotorcraft the autogyro (autogiro in Spanish), in 1923. His first three designs (C.1, C.2, and C.3) were unstable because of aerodynamic and structural deficiencies in their rotors. His fourth design, the C.4, made the first documented flight of an autogyro on 17January 1923, piloted by Alejandro Gomez Spencer at Cuatro Vientos airfield in Madrid, Spain (9January according to de la Cierva).[6]
De la Cierva had fitted the rotor of the C.4 with flapping hinges to attach each rotor blade to the hub. The flapping hinges allowed each rotor blade to flap, or move up and down, to compensate for dissymmetry of lift, the difference in lift produced between the right and left sides of the rotor as the autogyro moves forward.[13][15] Three days later, the engine failed shortly after takeoff and the aircraft descended slowly and steeply to a safe landing, validating de la Cierva's efforts to produce an aircraft that could be flown safely at low airspeeds.
De la Cierva developed his C.6 model with the assistance of Spain's Military Aviation establishment, having expended all his funds on the development and construction of the first five prototypes. The C.6 first flew in February 1925, piloted by Captain Joaquín Loriga,[16] including a flight of 10.5 kilometres (6.5 miles) from Cuatro Vientos airfield to Getafe airfield in about eight minutes, a significant accomplishment for any rotorcraft of the time. Shortly after de la Cierva's success with the C.6, he accepted an offer from Scottish industrialist JamesG. Weir to establish the Cierva Autogiro Company in England, following a demonstration of the C.6 before the British Air Ministry at RAE Farnborough, on 20October 1925. Britain had become the world centre of autogyro development.
A crash in February 1926, caused by blade root failure, led to an improvement in rotor hub design. A drag hinge was added in conjunction with the flapping hinge to allow each blade to move fore and aft and relieve in-plane stresses, generated as a byproduct of the flapping motion. This development led to the Cierva C.8, which, on 18September 1928, made the first rotorcraft crossing of the English Channel followed by a tour of Europe.
United States industrialist Harold Frederick Pitcairn, on learning of the successful flights of the autogyro, visited de la Cierva in Spain. In 1928, he visited him again, in England, after taking a C.8 L.IV test flight piloted by Arthur H.C.A. Rawson. Being particularly impressed with the autogyro's safe vertical descent capability, Pitcairn purchased a C.8 L.IV with a Wright Whirlwind engine. Arriving in the United States on 11December 1928 accompanied by Rawson, this autogyro was redesignated C.8W.[6] Subsequently, production of autogyros was licensed to several manufacturers, including the Pitcairn Autogiro Company in the United States and Focke-Wulf of Germany.
In 1927, German engineer Engelbert Zaschka invented a combined helicopter and autogyro. The principal advantage of the Zaschka machine is its ability to remain motionless in the air for any length of time and to descend in a vertical line so that a landing could be accomplished on the flat roof of a large house. In appearance, the machine does not differ much from the ordinary monoplane, but the carrying wings revolve around the body.
Development of the autogyro continued in the search for a means to accelerate the rotor before takeoff (called prerotating). Rotor drives initially took the form of a rope wrapped around the rotor axle and then pulled by a team of men to accelerate the rotor – this was followed by a long taxi to bring the rotor up to speed sufficient for takeoff. The next innovation was flaps on the tail to redirect the propeller slipstream into the rotor while on the ground. This design was first tested on a C.19 in 1929. Efforts in 1930 had shown that the development of a light and efficient mechanical transmission was not a trivial undertaking. In 1932 the Pitcairn-Cierva Autogiro Company of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, United States solved this problem with a transmission driven by the engine.
Buhl Aircraft Company produced its Buhl A-1, the first autogyro with a propulsive rear motor, designed by Etienne Dormoy and meant for aerial observation (motor behind pilot and camera). It had its maiden flight on 15December 1931.[17]
De la Cierva's early autogyros were fitted with fixed rotor hubs, small fixed wings, and control surfaces like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. At low airspeeds, the control surfaces became ineffective and could readily lead to loss of control, particularly during landing. In response, de la Cierva developed a direct control rotor hub, which could be tilted in any direction by the pilot. De la Cierva's direct control was first developed on the Cierva C.19 Mk.V and saw the production on the Cierva C.30 series of 1934. In March 1934, this type of autogyro became the first rotorcraft to take off and land on the deck of a ship, when a C.30 performed trials on board the Spanish navyseaplane tenderDédalo off Valencia.[18]
Later that year, during the leftist Asturias revolt in October, an autogyro made a reconnaissance flight for the loyal troops, marking the first military employment of a rotorcraft.[19]
When improvements in helicopters made them practical, autogyros became largely neglected. Also, they were susceptible to ground resonance.[15] They were, however, used in the 1930s by major newspapers, and by the United States Postal Service for the mail service between cities in the northeast.[20]
In World War II, Germany pioneered a very small gyroglider rotor kite, the Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 "Bachstelze" (wagtail), towed by U-boats to provide aerial surveillance.
The Imperial Japanese Army developed the Kayaba Ka-1 autogyro for reconnaissance, artillery-spotting, and anti-submarine uses. The Ka-1 was based on the Kellett KD-1 first imported to Japan in 1938. The craft was initially developed for use as an observation platform and for artillery spotting duties. The army liked the craft's short take-off span, and especially its low maintenance requirements. Production began in 1941, with the machines assigned to artillery units for spotting the fall of shells. These carried two crewmen: a pilot and a spotter.
Later, the Japanese Army commissioned two small aircraft carriers intended for coastal antisubmarine (ASW) duties. The spotter's position on the Ka-1 was modified to carry one small depth charge. Ka-1 ASW autogyros operated from shore bases as well as the two small carriers. They appear to have been responsible for at least one submarine sinking.
With the beginning of German invasion in USSR June 1941, the Soviet Air Force organized new courses for training Kamov A-7 aircrew and ground support staff. In August 1941, per the decision of the chief artillery directorate of the Red Army, based on the trained flight group and five combat-ready A-7 autogyros, the 1st autogyro artillery spotting aircraft squadron was formed, which was included in the strength of the 24th Army of the Soviet Air Force, combat active in the area around Elnya near Smolensk. From 30August to 5October 1941 the autogyros made19 combat sorties for artillery spotting. Not one autogyro was lost in action, while the unit was disbanded in 1942 due to the shortage of serviceable aircraft.[21]
Postwar developments
The autogyro was resurrected after World WarII when Dr. Igor Bensen, a Russian immigrant in the United States, saw a captured German U-boat's Fa330 gyroglider and was fascinated by its characteristics. At work, he was tasked with the analysis of the British military Rotachute gyro glider designed by an expatriate Austrian, Raoul Hafner. This led him to adapt the design for his purposes and eventually market the Bensen B-7 in 1955. Bensen submitted an improved version, the Bensen B-8M, for testing to the United States Air Force, which designated it the X-25.[24] The B-8M was designed to use surplus McCulloch engines used on flying unmanned target drones.
Ken Wallis developed a miniature autogyro craft, the Wallis autogyro, in England in the 1960s, and autogyros built similar to Wallis' design appeared for many years. Ken Wallis' designs have been used in various scenarios, including military training, police reconnaissance, and in a search for the Loch Ness Monster, as well as an appearance in the 1967 James Bond movie You Only Live Twice.
The Kaman KSA-100 SAVER (Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotorseat) is an aircraft-stowable gyroplane escape device designed and built for the United States Navy. Designed to be installed in naval combat aircraft as part of the ejection sequence, only one example was built and it did not enter service. It was powered by a Williams WRC-19turbofan making it the first jet-powered autogyro.
Bensen Gyrocopter
The basic Bensen Gyrocopter design is a simple frame of square aluminium or galvanized steel tubing, reinforced with triangles of lighter tubing. It is arranged so that the stress falls on the tubes, or special fittings, not the bolts. Afront-to-back keel mounts a steerable nosewheel, seat, engine, and vertical stabilizer. Outlying mainwheels are mounted on an axle. Some versions may mount seaplane-style floats for water operations.
Bensen-type autogyros use a pusher configuration for simplicity and to increase visibility for the pilot. Power can be supplied by a variety of engines. McCulloch drone engines, Rotax marine engines, Subaru automobile engines, and other designs have been used in Bensen-type designs.[citation needed]
The rotor is mounted atop the vertical mast. The rotor system of all Bensen-type autogyros is of a two-blade teetering design. There are some disadvantages associated with this rotor design, but the simplicity of the rotor design lends itself to ease of assembly and maintenance and is one of the reasons for its popularity. Aircraft-quality birch was specified in early Bensen designs, and a wood/steel composite is used in the world-speed-record-holding Wallis design. Gyroplane rotor blades are made from other materials such as aluminium and GRP-based composite.[citation needed]
Bensen's success triggered several other designs, some of them fatally flawed with an offset between the centre of gravity and thrust line, risking a power push-over (PPO or buntover) causing the death of the pilot and giving gyroplanes, in general, a poor reputation – in contrast to de la Cierva's original intention and early statistics. Most new autogyros are now safe from PPO.[25]
21st-century development and use
In 2002, a Groen Brothers Aviation's Hawk 4 provided perimeter patrol for the Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. The aircraft completed 67missions and accumulated 75hours of maintenance-free flight time during its 90-day operational contract.[26]
Worldwide, over 1,000 autogyros are used by authorities for military and law enforcement. The first U.S. police authorities to evaluate an autogyro were the Tomball, Texas, police, on a $40,000[27] grant from the U.S. Department of Justice together with city funds,[28][29] costing much less than a helicopter to buy ($75,000) and operate ($50/hour).[30][31] Although it is able to land in 40-knot crosswinds,[32] a minor accident happened when the rotor was not kept under control in a wind gust.[33]
Since 2009, several projects in Iraqi Kurdistan have been realized. In 2010, the first autogyro was handed over to the Kurdish Minister of Interiors, Mr. Karim Sinjari. The project for the interior ministry was to train pilots to control and monitor the approach and takeoff paths of the airports in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Dohuk to prevent terrorist encroachments. The gyroplane pilots also form the backbone of the pilot crew of the Kurdish police, who are trained to pilot on EurocopterEC 120 B helicopters.[34][35][36]
In18 months from 2009 to 2010, the German pilot couple Melanie and Andreas Stützfor undertook the first world tour by autogyro, in which they flew several different gyroplane types in Europe, southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and South America. The adventure was documented in the book "WELTFLUG – The Gyroplane Dream" and in the film "Weltflug.tv –The Gyrocopter World Tour".[37]
Helicopter autogyration
While autogyros are not helicopters, helicopters are capable of autorotation. If a helicopter suffers a power failure, the pilot can adjust the collective pitch to keep the rotor spinning generating enough lift to touch down and skid in a relatively soft landing via autorotation of its rotor disc.[38]
Certification by national aviation authorities
United Kingdom certification
Some autogyros, such as the Rotorsport MT03,[39] MTO Sport (open tandem), and Calidus (enclosed tandem), and the Magni Gyro M16C (open tandem)[40] & M24 (enclosed side by side) have type approval by the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) under British Civil Airworthiness Requirements CAP643 SectionT.[41]
Others operate under a permit to fly issued by the Popular Flying Association similar to theU.S. experimental aircraft certification. However, the CAA's assertion that autogyros have a poor safety record means that a permit to fly will be granted only to existing types of an autogyro. All new types of autogyro must be submitted for full type approval under CAP643 SectionT.[42] The CAA allows gyro flight over congested areas.[43]
In 2005, the CAA issued a mandatory permit directive (MPD) which restricted operations for single-seat autogyros and were subsequently integrated into CAP643 Issue 3 published on 12August 2005.[41] The restrictions are concerned with the offset between the centre of gravity and thrust line and apply to all aircraft unless evidence is presented to the CAA that the CG/Thrust Line offset is less than 2 inches (5 cm) in either direction. The restrictions are summarised as follows:
Aircraft with a cockpit/nacelle may be operated only by pilots with more than 50 hours of solo flight experience following the issue of their licence.
Open-frame aircraft are restricted to a minimum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h; 26 kn), except in the flare.
All aircraft are restricted to a Vne (maximum airspeed) of 70 mph (110 km/h; 61 kn)
Flight is not permitted when surface winds exceed 17 mph (27 km/h; 15 kn) or if the gust spread exceeds 12 mph (19 km/h; 10 kn)
Flight is not permitted in moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence and airspeed must be reduced to 63 mph (101 km/h; 55 kn) if turbulence is encountered mid-flight.
These restrictions do not apply to autogyros with type approval under CAA CAP643 Section T, which are subject to the operating limits specified in the type approval.
Wing CommanderKen Wallis (U.K.) held most of the autogyro world records during his autogyro flying career. These include a time-to-climb,[47] a speed record of 189 km/h (111.7 mph),[48] and the straight-line distance record of 869.23 km (540.11 mi). On 16November 2002, at 89 years of age, Wallis increased the speed record to 207.7 km/h (129.1 mph)[49] – and simultaneously set another world record as the oldest pilot to set a world record.
Until 2019, the autogyro was one of the last remaining types of aircraft which had not yet circumnavigated the globe. The 2004 Expedition Global Eagle was the first attempt to do so using an autogyro.[50] The expedition set the record for the longest flight over water by an autogyro during the segment from Muscat, Oman, to Karachi.[51] The attempt was finally abandoned because of bad weather after having covered 7,500 miles (12,100 km).
As of 2014[update], Andrew Keech (U.S.) holds several records. He made a transcontinental flight in his self-built Little Wing Autogyro "Woodstock" from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to San Diego, California, in October 2003, breaking the record set 72years earlier by Johnny Miller in a Pitcairn PCA-2. He also set three world records for speed over a recognized course.[52] On 9February 2006 he broke two of his world records and set a record for distance, ratified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI): Speed over a closed circuit of 500 km (311 mi) without payload: 168.29 km/h (104.57 mph),[53] speed over a closed circuit of 1,000 km (621 mi) without payload: 165.07 km/h (102.57 mph),[54] and distance over a closed circuit without landing: 1,019.09 km (633.23 mi).[55][56]
On 7 November 2015, the Italian astrophysicist and pilot Donatella Ricci took off with a MagniGyro M16 from the Caposile aerodrome in Venice, aiming to set a new altitude world record. She reached an altitude of 8,138.46 m (26,701 ft), breaking the women's world altitude record held for 84years by Amelia Earhart. The following day, she increased the altitude by a further 261 m, reaching 8,399 m (27,556 ft), setting the new altitude world record with an autogyro. She improved by 350 m (+4.3%) the preceding record established by Andrew Keech in 2004.[57]
First circumnavigation of the world[63] and speed around the world, eastbound[64]
44,450 km
Magni M16C
(G-KTCH)
22 September 2019
Norman Surplus, from Larne in Northern Ireland, became the second person to attempt a world circumnavigation by gyroplane/autogyro type aircraft on 22March 2010, flying a Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro, registered G-YROX. Surplus was unable to get permission to enter Russian airspace from Japan, but he established nine world autogyro records on his flight between Northern Ireland and Japan between 2010 and 2011. FAI world records for autogyro flight.[65]
G-YROX was delayed (by the Russian impasse) in Japan for over three years before being shipped across the Pacific to the state of Oregon, United States. From 1June 2015, Surplus flew from McMinnville, Oregon, across the continental United States, through northern Canada/Greenland, and in late July/August made the first crossing of the North Atlantic by autogyro aircraft to land back in Larne, Northern Ireland on 11August 2015. He established a further ten FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight.
After a nine-year wait (since 2010), permission to fly U.K. registered gyroplanes through the Russian Federation was finally approved, and on 22April 2019, Surplus and G-YROX continued eastwards from Larne, Northern Ireland, to cross Northern Europe and rendezvous with fellow gyroplane pilot James Ketchell piloting Magni M16 Gyroplane G-KTCH. Flying in loose formation the two aircraft made the first Trans-Russia flight by gyroplane together to reach the Bering Sea. To cross the Bering Strait, the two aircraft took off from Provideniya Bay, Russia on 7June 2019 and landed at Nome, Alaska on 6June having also made the first gyroplane crossing of the international date line. After crossing Alaska and western Canada, on 28June 2019, Surplus piloting G-YROX, became the first person to circumnavigate the world in a gyroplane upon returning to the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, U.S.[citation needed]
Over the nine years it had taken Surplus to complete the task, G-YROX flew 27,000 nautical miles (50,000 km) through 32countries.
The first physical circumnavigation of the globe by an Autogyro, Oregon to Oregon, had taken Surplus and G-YROX, four years and 28 days to complete, after being dogged by long diplomatic delays in gaining the necessary permission to fly across Russian Federation Airspace. However, as the flight had been severely stalled and interrupted en-route by lengthy delays it was no longer deemed eligible for setting a first, continuously flown, speed record around the world and so this task was then left to James Ketchell to complete, by setting a first official speed record flight around the world for an Autogyro type aircraft, some three months later.
Subsequently, on 22September 2019, Ketchell was awarded the world record from the Guinness World Records as the first circumnavigation of the world in an autogyro[63] and from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for the first certified "Speed around the World, Eastbound" circumnavigation in an E-3a Autogyro. He completed his journey in 175 days.[64]
^Garrison, Peter (2 October 2015). "Mail Drop: Weird Gyroplane Facts". Flying Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2015. The operation of a gyroplane's freewheeling rotor is often compared to that of an autorotating helicopter's ... It's better to think about a glider, because what the gyroplane's rotor blades are doing is gliding around the central mast.
^Autorotation (definition) (unabridged v 1.1 ed.). Random House, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2007. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)
^Garrison, Peter (2 October 2015). "Mail Drop: Gyroplane Facts". Flying Mag. Flying Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^"The first Dedalo was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US: Naval Ship Systems Command technical news.1966, v. 15–16, page 40
^Payne, Stanley G. (1993). Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931–1936. Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 219. ISBN0-299-13674-4
^
Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). "Blade Runner". Dallas Observer. Vol. 27, no. 27. Dallas, Tx. pp. 19–27. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012.
^Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony; Miller, Jay (June 2003). "Bensen Aircraft Corporation X-25"(PDF). American X-vehicles: an inventory, X-1 to X-50. NASA. p. 33. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^Hauck, Robert S (July–August 2011). "Broadening Horizons"(PDF). Air Beat Magazine. pp. 52–54. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
Note 1: A tiltwing or tiltrotor aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
Note 2: For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g. balloon helicopter) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
Autogyro Little Wing Autogyros, Inc. Little Wing Autogyro SkyCruiser Autogyro SkyCruiser CSIR Sara II Buhl A-1 Autogiro Australian Autogyro Australian Autogyro Skyhook Niki Lightning Wallis WA-116 Agile AutoGyro GmbH Pitcairn PCA-2 AutoGyro MT-03 BJJR Bulldog AutoGyro Cavalon AISA GN Cierva C.30 AutoGyro Calidus AutoGyro eCavalon List of rotorcraft
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سفارة فيتنام في الصين فيتنام الصين الإحداثيات 39°54′42″N 116°26′23″E / 39.9116°N 116.4398°E / 39.9116; 116.4398 البلد الصين المكان بكين الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل سفارة فيتنام في الصين هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي[1] لدولة فيتنام لدى الصين.[2][3 …
Darren Clarke Datos personalesNombre completo Darren Christopher ClarkeNacimiento Dungannon, Irlanda del Norte, Reino Unido14 de agosto de 1968 (55 años)Nacionalidad(es) Irlanda del Norte Irlanda del NorteCarrera deportivaDeporte GolfPágina web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] Darren Christopher Clarke (Dungannon, 14 de agosto de 1968)[1] es un golfista profesional norirlandés. Fue ganador de The Open Championship en 2011, segundo en 1997 y tercero en 2001.[2]…
69e cérémonie des Oscars Oscars du cinéma Organisé par l'Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Détails Date 24 mars 1997 Lieu Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles États-Unis Présentateur Billy Crystal Diffusé sur ABC Site web http://oscar.go.com/ Résumé Meilleur film Le Patient anglais Meilleur film étranger Kolja République tchèque Film le plus nommé Le Patient anglais (12) Film le plus récompensé Le Patient anglais (9) Chronologie 68e cérémonie des Oscars 70e c…
هذه المقالة عن فيلم أُنتج عام 2015. لالفيلم الآخر، طالع كابتن مصر (فيلم 1955). كابتن مصرملصق الفيلممعلومات عامةالصنف الفني كوميدي، رياضيتاريخ الصدور 8 أبريل 2015مدة العرض 90 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية العربيةالبلد مصرالطاقمالمخرج معتز التونيالكاتب عمر طاهرالبطولة محمد إمام حسن…
Зрењанин ZrenjaninGroßbetschkerek Nagybecskerek Becicherecul Mare Зрењанин Platz der Freiheit mit dem Rathaus und Römisch-katholischer Kathedrale St. Johannes Nepomuk im Stadtzentrum von Zrenjanin Zrenjanin (Serbien) Basisdaten Staat: Serbien Serbien Provinz: Vojvodina Okrug: Srednji Banat Koordinaten: 45° 23′ N, 20° 23′ O45.37777777777820.38611111111180Koordinaten: 45° 22′ 40″ N, 20° 23′ 10″ O Höhe: 80…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) دوغ باري معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 أكتوبر 1946 (77 سنة) إدمونتون مواطنة كندا الوزن 175 رطل الحياة العملية المهنة لاعب هوكي الجليد[1] الرياضة هوكي ا…
Jeux d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes de 2006 Généralités Sport Volley-ball Organisateur(s) NORCECA Éditions 20e Lieu(x) Colombie Date du 24 juillet 2006au 29 juillet 2006 Participants tournoi final : 8 équipes Site(s) Carthagène des Indes Site web officiel NORCECA Palmarès Vainqueur Porto Rico Meilleur joueur Hector Soto Navigation San Salvador 2002 Mayaguez 2010 modifier La 18e épreuve de volley-ball masculin de la 20e édition des Jeux d'Amérique centrale et des C…
General election held in Romania (1928) 1928 Romanian general election ← 1927 12–19 December 1928 1931 → All 387 seats in the Chamber of DeputiesAll 113 seats in the SenateTurnout77.37% First party Second party Third party Leader Iuliu Maniu Vintilă Brătianu György Bethlen Party PNȚ-led alliance PNL PM Leader since 10 October 1926(party foundation) 24 November 1927 1 April 1926 Last election 17 S / 54 D 92 S / 318 D 1 S / 15 D Seats won 10…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2023) هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً ت…
SMK Negeri 2 CipunagaraSekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri 2 CipunagaraLogo SMKN 2 CipunagaraInformasiDidirikan21 Juli 2017JenisNegeriAkreditasiAKreditasi BKepala SekolahDenny Nugraha Hapsapala,S.PdJumlah kelas3 Rombel Kelas X, 2 Rombel Kelas XI, dan 2 Rombel Kelas XIIJurusan atau peminatanAPHP, ATU dan DPIBRentang kelasX, XI, XIIKurikulumKurikulum 2013Jumlah siswa191StatusSekolah Standar NasionalAlamatLokasiJalan Cirasa No. 01 Desa Manyingsal Kec. Cipunagara, Subang, Jawa Barat, Ind…
Major-General Hugh Andrew Young CBE DSO (3 April 1898 – 21 January 1982) was a Canadian military officer and civil servant who served as the commissioner of the Northwest Territories from 1950 to 1953.[1] Military career Young was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Andrew Young and Emma Florence Nesbitt, and was of Irish descent.[2] He graduated from the University of Manitoba became joining the military, serving in the Yukon and Arctic. Once while facing starvation in the extr…
2021 film by Patrick Hughes Hitman's Wife's BodyguardTheatrical release posterDirected byPatrick HughesScreenplay by Tom O'Connor Brandon Murphy Phillip Murphy Story byTom O'ConnorBased onCharactersby Tom O'ConnorProduced by Matt O'Toole Les Weldon Yariv Lerner Starring Ryan Reynolds Samuel L. Jackson Salma Hayek Antonio Banderas Morgan Freeman Frank Grillo Caroline Goodall Rebecca Front Gabriella Wright Alice McMillan Kristofer Kamiyasu Tom Hopper Blake Ritson Richard E. Grant CinematographyTer…
Former Austrian aircraft manufacturer Sun FlightcraftTypePrivately held companyIndustryAerospaceHeadquartersInnsbruck, AustriaProductsPowered parachutesOwnerHerbert HofbauerParentHofbauer GmbHWebsitewww.sunflightcraft.com Sun Flightcraft (formally Pro-Design & Sun Flightcraft) is a former Austrian aircraft manufacturer based in Innsbruck, founded by Herbert Hofbauer. The company at one time specialized in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft f…