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Audio connectors and video connectors are electrical or optical connectors for carrying audio or video signals. Audio interfaces or video interfaces define physical parameters and interpretation of signals. For digital audio and digital video, this can be thought of as defining the physical layer, data link layer, and most or all of the application layer. For analog audio and analog video these functions are all represented in a single signal specification like NTSC or the direct speaker-driving signal of analog audio.

Physical characteristics of the electrical or optical equipment include the types and numbers of wires required, voltages, frequencies, optical intensity, and the physical design of the connectors. Any data link layer details define how application data is encapsulated (for example for synchronization or error-correction). Application layer details define the actual audio or video format being transmitted, often incorporating codecs not specific to the interface, such as PCM, MPEG-2, or the DTS Coherent Acoustics codec. In some cases, the application layer is left open; for example, HDMI contains an Ethernet channel for general data transmission.

Some types of connectors are used by multiple hardware interfaces; for example, RCA connectors are used both by the composite video and component video interfaces, but DVI is the only interface that uses the DVI connector. This means that in some cases not all components with physically compatible connectors will actually work together.

Analog A/V connectors often use shielded cables to inhibit radio frequency interference (RFI) and noise.

Interfaces and their connectors

Interface			Connectors
Audio or video	Digital or analog	Description	Connectors
Audio only	Analog	Often unmarked on consumer audio equipment since it is so common, or labelled with headphones symbol or as "line out". Computers and other equipment sometimes use Microsoft-Intel color coding scheme, especially when there are multiple input/output plugs.	3.5 mm TRS minijack RCA connector
	Analog	Balanced audio	6.35 mm TRS audio jack (shielded twisted pair), XLR (shielded twisted pair)
	Digital	S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format). Via coaxial or optical cables.	RCA jack (coaxial), TOSLINK (optical), BNC (rare)
		AES3 (also known as AES/EBU)	RCA jack (coaxial), XLR (shielded twisted pair), TOSLINK (optical), BNC
		MADI	BNC (coaxial), ST (optical)
Video only	Analog	Video Graphics Array (VGA)	D-subminiature 15-pin
		Composite. Often designated by the CVBS acronym, meaning "Color, Video, Blank and Sync".	RCA jack, normally yellow (often accompanied with red and white for right and left audio channels respectively)
		S-Video (Separate Video). Carries standard definition video and does not carry audio on the same cable.	Mini-DIN 4-pin
		Component. In popular use, it refers to a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. Either RGB interfaces or YPbPr	3 RCA jacks
		Composite, S-Video, and Component	VIVO = Mini-DIN 9-pin with breakout cable.
	Digital and analog	Digital Visual Interface (DVI)	DVI connector
Video and audio	Analog	SCART (Peritel)	SCART
	Digital	High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), BNC	HDMI connector
		DisplayPort	DisplayPort connector
		HDBaseT	8P8C connector
		IEEE 1394 "FireWire"	FireWire or i.LINK connectors

Multiple signals

Several generic digital data connection standards are designed to carry audio/video data along with other data and power:

USB was designed as a single connector to support all needs, including any generic data, audio/video, power, and more; DisplayLink is its most successful Audio+Video protocol. Until the 3.0 revision, very low data rates meant most A/V needed alternative connectors.
USB-C can directly transport USB 3.1, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, HDMI, and MHL protocols, with power, and audio and many other protocols are possible.
Thunderbolt is the successor to FireWire, a generic high-speed data link with well-defined audio/video uses. The latest Thunderbolt 3 uses USB-C as its connector, though not all USB-C is Thunderbolt-compatible.
FireWire is a generic data link with audio/video standards used on Camcorders (particularly MiniDV), and high-end studio audio and video equipment.
DisplayPort carries digital audio and video, as well as auxiliary information, along with its Mini DisplayPort cousin.
30-pin dock connector, a docking cradle for Apple iPod, iPhone and iPad, and its Lightning successor
Apple Display Connector (ADC), now-defunct Apple Display Connector
Ethernet using modular connectors supports audio over Ethernet, audio over IP, IPTV and other digital multimedia formats.

Some digital connection standards were designed from the beginning to primarily carry audio and video signals simultaneously:

HDMI combines DVI-compliant uncompressed video data with compressed or uncompressed audio, and supports other protocols.
Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL)

Many analog connectors carry both:

F connectors, also known as RF connectors, were the standard analog connector of the analog era in the Americas, used primarily with coaxial cable (RG-59 and RG-6), and have been repurposed for generic digital data connections.
SCART was the standard connector of the analog era in Europe.
S-Video was an improvement over the F connector.
Tip-ring connector with 4 conductors.

S/PDIF

S/PDIF is an audio-only format carried over electrical coaxial cable (with RCA jacks) or optical fibre (TOSLINK).

Note that there are no differences in the signals transmitted over optical or coaxial S/PDIF connectors—both carry exactly the same information. Selection of one over the other rests mainly on the availability of appropriate connectors on the chosen equipment and the preference and convenience of the user. Connections longer than 6 meters or so, or those requiring tight bends, should use coaxial cable, since the high light signal attenuation of TOSLINK cables limits its effective range.

HDMI

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a compact audio/video standard for transmitting uncompressed digital data.

There are three HDMI connector types. Type A and Type B were defined by the HDMI 1.0 specification. Type C was defined by the HDMI 1.3 specification. Type A is electrically compatible with single link DVI-D. Type B is electrically compatible with dual link DVI-D but has not yet been used in any products.

IEEE 1394 "FireWire"

IEEE 1394 (branded "FireWire") is a digital data transfer protocol commonly used for digital cameras (common on MiniDV tape camcorders), but also used for computer data and audio data transfers.

Unlike Point-to-Point connections listed above, IEEE 1394 is able to host several signals on the same wire, with the data delivered and shown on the destination set. It is also fully bi-directional, with its full bandwidth used in one direction or the other, or split directions up to its maximum.^[1]

DisplayPort

External connector (source-side) on PCB

DisplayPort is a digital display interface standard (approved May 2006, current version 1.4 published on March 1, 2016). It defines a new license-free, royalty-free, digital audio/video interconnect, intended to be used primarily between a computer and its display monitor, or a computer and a home-theater system.

The video signal is not compatible with DVI or HDMI, but a DisplayPort connector can pass these signals through. DisplayPort is a competitor to the HDMI connector, the de facto digital connection for high-definition consumer electronics devices.

Audio connectors

Audio connectors are used for audio frequencies. They can be analog or digital.

Single-wire connectors used frequently for analog audio include:

Banana connectors
Spade connectors
Five-way binding posts and banana plugs for loudspeakers
Fahnestock clips on early breadboard radio receivers.
Euroblock "European-style terminal block" or "Phoenix connectors", screw terminal connectors used for audio and control signals

Multi-conductor connectors:

DB25 is for multi-track recording and other multi-channel audio, analog or digital
DIN connectors and mini-DIN connectors
Euroblock "European-style terminal block" or "Phoenix connectors", screw terminal connectors used for audio and control signals
RCA connectors, also known as phono connectors or phono plugs, used for analog or digital audio or analog video
Speakon connectors by Neutrik for loudspeakers
Phone connector also known as tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) or tip-sleeve plug, phone plug, jack plug, mini-jack, and mini-stereo. This includes the original 6.35mm (quarter inch) jack and the more recent and standard 3.5mm (miniature or 1/8 inch) and 2.5mm (subminiature) jacks, both mono and stereo (balanced) versions.^[2]
XLR connectors, also known as Cannon plugs, used for analog or digital balanced audio with a balanced line.

Digital audio interfaces and interconnects:

ADAT interface (DB25)
AES/EBU interface, normally with XLR connector
S/PDIF, either over electrical coaxial cable (with RCA jacks) or optical fiber (TOSLINK).

Phone connector

A phone connector (tip, ring, sleeve) also called an audio jack, phone plug, jack plug, stereo plug, mini-jack, or mini-stereo. This includes the original 6.35 mm (quarter inch) jack and the more recent 3.5 mm (miniature or 1/8 inch) and 2.5 mm (subminiature) jacks, both mono and stereo versions. There also exists 4.4 mm Pentaconn connectors.

DIN

A DIN connector is a connector that was originally standardized by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN). Mini-DIN is a variation.

BNC

The BNC connector is a very common type of RF connector used for terminating coaxial cable.

TOSLINK

TOSLINK or Optical Cable is a standardized optical fiber connection system.

XLR

XLR3 cable connectors, female on left and male on right

XLR connector plugs and sockets are used mostly in professional audio and video electronics cabling applications. XLR connector are also known as Cannon plugs after their original manufacturer. They are used for analog or digital balanced audio with a balanced line

Digital audio interfaces and interconnects with the AES/EBU interface also normally use an XLR connector.

RCA

RCA Plugs for composite video (yellow) and stereo audio (white and red)

RCA connectors, also known as phono connectors or phono plugs, are used for analog or digital audio or analog video. These were first used inside pre–World War II radio-phonographs to connect the turntable pickup to the radio chassis. They were not intended to be disconnected and reconnected frequently, and their retaining friction was quite sufficient for their original purpose. Furthermore, the design of both cable and chassis connectors was for minimum cost. Initially intended for audio-frequency connections only, the RCA plug was also used for analog composite video and non-critical radio-frequency applications.

Video connectors

Video connectors carry only video signals. Common video-only connectors include:

Component video aka YPbPr (3 RCA or BNC; or D-Terminal)
Composite video (1 RCA, Antenna socket, or BNC)
DB13W3 ("13W3" computer video connector)
DMS-59, single connector carrying two DVI and two VGA
Musa, British connector used in broadcasting and telecommunications
PAL connector, common in Europe as an antenna connector
S-Video (1 Mini-DIN)
SDI - Broadcast grade digital interface over BNC cables
VGA connector A type of D-sub connector standard on most video cards
Mini-VGA Found on some laptop computers
5 BNC Connectors can also be used to carry the VGA signal as R, G, B, HSync, VSync
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) A hybrid analog/digital connector commonly found on PC graphics cards and LCD monitors
Mini-DVI Found on some Apple laptops
Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
RGB interface
RGBI interface
VESA Digital Flat Panel

Mini-DIN

The Mini-DIN connectors are a family of multi-pin electrical connectors used in a variety of applications. Mini-DIN is similar to the larger, older DIN connector. Both are standards of the Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German standards body.

D-subminiature

D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of electrical connector used particularly in computers. Calling them "sub-miniature" was appropriate when they were first introduced, but today they are among the largest common connectors used in computers. The DB25 is used for multi-track recording and other multi-channel audio, analog or digital (ADAT interface (DB25)), and was the standard connector for IBM compatible PC printer connection before USB and other connections became popular. It offered 8 simultaneous data pathways to the printer.

Video In Video Out

A graphics card with VIVO, DVI and VGA outputs

Video In Video Out, usually seen as the acronym VIVO (commonly pronounced vee-voh), is a graphics card port which enables some video cards to have bidirectional (input and output) video transfer through a Mini-DIN, usually of the 9-pin variety, and a specialised splitter cable (which can sometimes also transfer sound).

VIVO is found predominantly on high-end ATI video cards, although a few high-end NVIDIA video cards also have this port. VIVO on these graphics cards typically supports Composite, S-Video, and Component as outputs, and composite and S-Video as inputs. Many other video cards only support component and/or S-Video outputs to complement Video Graphics Array or DVI, typically using a component breakout cable and an S-Video cable.

DVI Connector

The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video interface standard designed to maximize the visual quality of digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital projectors. It is designed for carrying uncompressed digital video data to a display.

There are four basic connectors:

DVI-D (digital only)
DVI-A (analog only)
DVI-I (integrated, digital & analog)
M1-DA (integrated, digital, analog & USB)

The connector also includes provision for a second data link for high resolution displays, though many devices do not implement this. In those that do, the connector is sometimes referred to as DVI-DL (dual link).

So we need to know two things about the connector:

Whether it carries analog, digital, or both; and
For connectors that carry digital links, if it is single or dual link, and if it carries USB

Color codes

Audio

	white RCA/TS	analogue audio, left channel; also mono (RCA/TS), stereo (TRS only), or undefined/other
	black RCA/TS/TRS
	grey RCA/TS/TRS
	red RCA/TS	analogue audio, right channel
	orange RCA	S/PDIF digital audio

For computers:

	green TRS 3.5 mm	stereo output, front channels
	black TRS 3.5 mm	stereo output, rear channels
	grey TRS 3.5 mm	stereo output, side channels
	gold TRS 3.5 mm	dual output, center and subwoofer
	blue TRS 3.5 mm	stereo input, line level
	pink TRS† 3.5 mm	mono microphone input

† Although the mic input is usually mono, the input is still a TRS phone socket. Many mono 'computer' mics are fitted with TRS plugs. The tip is for the MIC and the ring is for power (to power an electret-condenser style MIC).

There are exceptions to the above:

Hosa cables use grey and orange for left and right analogue channels.
RadioShack cables sometimes use grey and black for left and right.
Older sound cards had non-standard colour codes until after PC 99, prior to that there were no colors at all.^{[clarification needed]}

PC System Design Guide audio

Older sound cards had no common standard color codes until after PC 99. The PC System Design Guide (also known as the PC 97, PC 98, PC 99, or PC 2001 specification) is a series of hardware design requirements and recommendations for IBM PC compatible personal computers, compiled by Microsoft and Intel Corporation during 1997–2001. PC 99 introduced a color code for the various standard types of plugs and connectors used on PCs.

The color codes for audio plugs follow:^[3]

	Orange TRS 3.5 mm	Output, subwoofer
	Blue TRS 3.5 mm	Input, line level
	Pink TRS† 3.5 mm	microphone input
	Lime TRS 3.5 mm	Output, front channels
	Brown TRS 3.5 mm	Output, 'Right-to-left speaker'
	Gold TRS 3.5 mm	MIDI/game

† Though the input is often mono, the actual connector is usually still a 3-conductor TRS phone minijack. Many mono computer microphones have 3-conductor TRS plugs.

Video

	yellow RCA/BNC	composite video
	red RCA/BNC	red or Pr/Cr chrominance
	green RCA/BNC	green or luminance
	blue RCA/BNC	blue or Pb/Cb chrominance
	white BNC	horizontal sync
	black BNC	vertical sync

Newer connectors are identified by their shape and not their colour.

Storage

For efficiency and simplicity, the same codec or signal convention is used by the storage medium. For example, VHS tapes can store a magnetic representation of an NTSC signal, and the specification for Blu-ray Discs incorporates PCM, MPEG-2, and DTS. Some playback devices can re-encode audio or video so that the format used for storage does not have to be the same as the format transmitted over the A/V interface (which is helpful if a projector or monitor cannot handle a newer codec).

References

^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Demonstrating the multi-device capabilities of IEEE A/V network.
^ "2.5mm Audio Cables". Archived from the original on September 26, 2013.
^ "Chapter 3: PC 99 basic requirements". PC 99 System Design Guide (EXE). Intel Corporation and Microsoft Corporation. 14 July 1999. Archived from the original (EXE) on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2009. Requirement 3.18.3: Systems use a color-coding scheme for connectors and ports. (Self-extracting zipped Word file)