Alveolar ejective fricative

Alveolar ejective fricative
Alveolar ejective fricative
sʼ
IPA number	132 401
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	sʼ
Unicode (hex)	U+0073 U+02BC
X-SAMPA	s_>
Image

The alveolar ejective fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨sʼ⟩.

Features

Features of the alveolar ejective fricative:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

In many languages, it is allophonic with the affricate [ts'].^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe	Shapsug^{[citation needed]}	сӏэ	[sʼa]^ⓘ	'name'	Corresponds to [tsʼ] in other dialects.
Amharic		^{[example needed]}			More frequently realized as an allophone [t͡sʼ]
Ganza^[2]^: 101		[sʼásʼà]		‘fat, thick’
Hausa^[3]		tsutsa	[sʼusʼa]	'worm'	Allophone of /tsʼ/ in some dialects
Keres^{[citation needed]}		s'eeka	[sʼeːkʰa]	'sure'
Lakota^{[citation needed]}		s'a	[sʼa]	'habitually'
Tlingit^[4]		sʼeek	[sʼiːkʰ]^ⓘ	'bear'
Upper Necaxa Totonac^[5]		[ˈsʼa̰ta̰]		'small'
Emberá-Catío^[6]		/s'okʰo/ [s'okxo]		'type of water jar'

^ Shosted, Ryan K.; Rose, Sharon (2011). "Affricating ejective fricatives: The case of Tigrinya". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (1): 41–65. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000319. ISSN 0025-1003. JSTOR 44526590. S2CID 17186877.
^ Smolders, Joshua (2016). "A Phonology of Ganza" (pdf). Linguistic Discovery. 14 (1): 86–144. doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jaggar, Philip J. (19 December 2001). Hausa. London Oriental and African Language Library. Vol. 7. John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/loall.7. ISBN 978-90-272-8304-7.
^ Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; Bessell, Nicola (2001). "Aspects of the Phonetics of Tlingit". Anthropological Linguistics. 43 (2): 135–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028779.
^ Beck, David (1 January 2006). "The emergence of ejective fricatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac". University of Alberta Working Papers in Linguistics.
^ Mortensen, Charles Arthur (1994). Nasalization in a revision of Embera-Katio phonology (masters thesis). Arlington: MA thesis, University of Texas.