1984 New Zealand general election

1984 New Zealand general election

14 July 1984
95 seats in the Parliament 48 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party   Leader David Lange Sir Robert Muldoon Party Labour National Leader since 3 February 1983 9 July 1974 Leader's seat Mangere Tamaki Last election 43 seats, 39.01% 47 seats, 38.77% Seats won 56 37 Seat change 13 10 Popular vote 829,154 692,494 Percentage 42.98% 35.89% Swing 3.97% 2.88%   Third party Fourth party   Leader Bruce Beetham Bob Jones Party Social Credit NZ Party Leader since 14 May 1972 21 August 1983 Leader's seat Rangitikei (lost seat) None (contested Ohariu) Last election 2 seats, 20.65% Not yet founded Seats won 2 0 Seat change 0 0 Popular vote 147,162 236,385 Percentage 7.63% 12.25% Swing 13.02% 12.25%
Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin
Prime Minister before election Robert Muldoon National Subsequent Prime Minister David Lange Labour

The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the composition of the 41st New Zealand Parliament. It marked the beginning of the Fourth Labour Government, with David Lange's Labour Party defeating the long-serving Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, of the National Party. It was also the last election in which the Social Credit Party won seats as an independent entity. The election was also the only one in which the New Zealand Party, a protest party, played any substantial role.

A snap election, Muldoon called for it a month prior. When doing so he was both live on television and visibly drunk, leading to the election being dubbed the "schnapps election".^[1]

Background

Before the election, the National Party governed with 47 seats, a small majority. The opposition Labour Party held 43 seats, and the Social Credit Party held two. Although National theoretically commanded a two-seat lead over the other parties, dissent within the National caucus (particularly by Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) resulted in serious problems for National leader Robert Muldoon. Muldoon felt that he could no longer maintain a majority until the end of the sitting year.^[2]

The 1984 election was called when Marilyn Waring told Muldoon that she would not support his government in the vote over an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. Muldoon, visibly drunk,^[3][4][5] announced a snap election on national television on the night of 14 June. It is believed that Muldoon's behaviour was also the result of a number of personal factors, including, not least, tiredness and frustration, but alcohol and diabetes also, issues that had been plaguing him for some time.^[6] Muldoon's drunkenness while making the announcement led to the election being nicknamed the "schnapps election".^[7][8]

There is debate over whether the election was necessary — Waring had not threatened to block confidence and supply, meaning that the government could still have continued on even if it had lost the anti-nuclear vote. Nevertheless, Muldoon appears to have wanted an election to reinforce his mandate (just as Sidney Holland sought and won a mandate to oppose striking dock-workers with the 1951 snap election).

Muldoon's government, which had been growing increasingly unpopular in its third term, was seen as rigid, inflexible, and increasingly unresponsive to public concerns. The Labour Party had actually gained a plurality of the vote in the previous two elections, but had narrowly missed out on getting a majority of the seats. Labour's primary campaign message was one of change — Muldoon's government, which employed wage and price controls in an attempt to "guide" the economy, was widely blamed for poor economic performance. Labour also campaigned to reduce government borrowing, and to enact nuclear-free policy.

The New Zealand Party, founded by property tycoon Bob Jones, was launched primarily to oppose the Muldoon government (although it did not support Labour). A right-wing liberal party, it promoted less government control over markets, in contrast to the paternalist and somewhat authoritarian policies of National, the other significant right-wing party.^[9]

MPs retiring in 1984

Seven National MPs and two Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 40th Parliament.

Party		Name	Electorate	Date announced
	National	Duncan MacIntyre	East Cape	10 March 1984[10]
		Peter Wilkinson	Kaipara	8 November 1982[11]
		Derek Quigley	Rangiora	17 June 1984[12]
		Allan Highet	Remuera	24 March 1983[13]
		David Thomson	Taranaki	7 February 1984[14]
		Keith Allen	Tauranga	16 March 1984[15]
		Marilyn Waring	Waipa	13 February 1984[16]
	Labour	Bill Rowling	Tasman	23 April 1983[17]
		Mick Connelly	Yaldhurst	1 May 1983[18]

Table of major debates

Date	Time	Organiser(s)	Moderator(s)	Subject	Participants
					National	Labour	Socred	NZ Party
1 July[19][20]		TVNZ	Richard Harman Ian Johnstone Phillip Melchior	Multi-party	Present Muldoon	Present Lange	Present Beetham	Present Jones
8 July [21][22]	8:25pm	TVNZ	Ian Johnstone	Leaders debate	Present Muldoon	Present Lange	Absent	Absent
8 July [23]	10:00pm	RNZ	Sharon Crosbie	Multi-party	Present Muldoon	Present Lange	Present Beetham	Present Jones

Electoral changes

The 1983 electoral redistribution was even more politically influenced than the previous one in 1977. The Labour Party believed it had been disadvantaged in 1977 and it was not to let this happen again. Every proposal was put to intense scrutiny, and this resulted in the electoral redistribution taking forty-one working days; the average length of the five previous redistributions was eight. As Social Credit had two MPs, the Labour Party nominee on the commission formally represented that party, which further increased tensions. The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created, bringing the total number of electorates to 95.^[24] The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution.^[25] More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished (Dunedin Central and Papanui), while two electorates were recreated (Christchurch North and Dunedin West). In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (Glenfield, Otara, Panmure, Tongariro, Waikaremoana, and West Auckland), three electorates were recreated (Franklin, Raglan, and Rodney), and six electorates were abolished (Albany, Helensville, Hunua, Otahuhu, Rangiriri, and Taupo).^[26]

The election

The election was held on 14 July. There were 2,111,651 registered voters. Turnout was 93.7%, the highest turnout ever recorded in a New Zealand election. Most political scientists attribute the high turnout to a desire by voters for change.^[27]

Immediately after the election there was a constitutional crisis when Muldoon initially refused to follow the advice of the incoming Labour government and devalue the New Zealand Dollar.^[28]

Detailed map of results, with electorates named, numbered and shaded by winning margin. In bottom right are the Māori electorates.

Summary of results

The 1984 election saw the Labour Party win 56 of the 95 seats in parliament, a gain of 13. This was enough for it to hold an outright majority and form the fourth Labour government. The National Party won only 37 seats, a loss of ten. The New Zealand Party, despite winning 12.2% of the vote, failed to gain any seats at all. Social Credit managed to win two seats, the same number as it had held previously. The Values Party, an environmentalist group, gained fifth place, but no seats.

There were 95 seats being contested in the 1984 election, three more than in the previous parliament. All but two of these seats were won by one of the two major parties.

The Labour Party, previously in opposition, won 56 seats, an outright majority. Most of the seats won by Labour were in urban areas, following the party's typical pattern. Exceptions to this general trend include the eastern tip of the North Island and the western coast of the South Island. Labour's strongest regions were the Wellington area (where the party won every seat), as well as theWestern and Southern areas of Auckland where most of the poorest lived, Christchurch and Dunedin (cities in which it won most seats). Smaller cities such as Hamilton, Nelson, Napier, Hastings and Palmerston North were also won by Labour. As expected, Labour also won all four Māori seats, maintaining its traditional strength there.

The National Party, the incumbent government, was (as expected) strongest in rural areas. Most of the rural North Island was won by National, as were most of the rural areas on the South Island's eastern coast. In the larger cities, the party fared poorly, with the Northern and the Eastern affluent areas of Auckland and the Western areas of Christchurch being the only places that the party won seats. It was more successful in smaller cities, however, winning Rotorua, Tauranga, Invercargill, New Plymouth and Whangarei. It was placed second in two Māori electorates, and third in the other two.

The only minor party to win electorates was the Social Credit Party, which won East Coast Bays and Pakuranga (both in Auckland). It had held East Coast Bays before the election, but won Pakuranga for the first time. It did not manage to retain Rangitikei, which it had also held before the election. Social Credit candidates were placed second in six electorates, including Rangitikei.

The New Zealand Party, despite gaining more votes than Social Credit, did not win any seats. Some commentators have suggested that the party was not seeking to do so, and instead was merely acting as a spoiler for National. This impression has been backed up by comments by Bob Jones himself. The party was, however, placed second in the electorates of Remuera (an affluent part of Auckland), Kaimai, and Tauranga.

The Values Party, an environmentalist group, managed to win 0.2% of the vote, substantially below previous efforts. The party, which was in slow decline, would eventually vanish, but its ideals and goals would be reborn in the Green Party.

In two of the Māori electorates, the Mana Motuhake party gained second place, but the party did not gain a substantial number of votes elsewhere.

No independent candidates won seats, but one independent candidate, Mel Courtney, was placed second in the electorate of Nelson.

Detailed results

Party results

Party		Candidates	Votes		Seats won	Change
			Count	Of total (%)
	Labour	95	829,154	42.98	56	+13
	National	95	692,494	35.90	37	−10
	NZ Party	95	236,385	12.25	0	0
	Social Credit	95	147,162	7.63	2	0
	Mana Motuhake	8	5,989	0.31	0	0
	Values	29	3,871	0.20	0	0
	Others	57	20,588	1.07	0	0
Total		466	1,929,201		95	+3

Votes summary

Popular Vote Labour   42.97% National   35.89% NZ Party   12.25% Social Credit   7.63% Mana Motuhake   0.31% Values   0.20% Others   1.07%

Parliament seats Labour   58.95% National   38.95% Social Credit   2.10%

Electorate results

The tables below shows the results of the 1984 general election:

Key

National	Labour	NZ Party
Social Credit	Mana Motuhake	Independent

Electorate results for the 1984 New Zealand general election.^[29]

Electorate	Incumbent		Winner		Majority	Runner up
General electorates
Ashburton		Rob Talbot			472		Geoff Stone
Auckland Central		Richard Prebble			8,876		Maureen Eardley-Wilmot
Avon		Mary Batchelor			7,771		Andrew Cowie
Awarua		Rex Austin			384		Barry Rait
Bay of Islands		Neill Austin			3,298		Les Hunter
Birkenhead		Jim McLay			1,717		John Course
Christchurch Central		Geoffrey Palmer			8,508		Tony Willy
Christchurch North	New electorate			Mike Moore	5,728		David Dumergue
Clutha		Robin Gray			4,522		M J Sheppard
Dunedin North		Stan Rodger			5,129		Barbara Henderson
Dunedin West	New electorate			Clive Matthewson	6,011		Derek Russell
East Cape		Duncan MacIntyre		Anne Fraser	755		Robyn J. Leeming[30]
East Coast Bays		Gary Knapp			2,020		Murray McCully
Eastern Hutt		Trevor Young			6,005		Joy McLauchlan
Eden		Aussie Malcolm		Richard Northey	2,306		Aussie Malcolm
Fendalton		Philip Burdon			1,457		Murray Dobson
Franklin	New electorate			Bill Birch	5,210		Roy Haywood
Gisborne		Bob Bell		Allan Wallbank	2,168		Bob Bell
Glenfield	New electorate			Judy Keall	809		David Schnauer
Hamilton East		Ian Shearer		Bill Dillon	1,100		Ian Shearer
Hamilton West		Mike Minogue		Trevor Mallard	803		Mike Minogue
Hastings		David Butcher			4,273		Peter Brown
Hauraki		Graeme Lee			3,432		Alisdair Thompson
Hawke's Bay		Richard Harrison		Bill Sutton	974		Richard Harrison
Heretaunga		Bill Jeffries			4,537		Anna MacFarlane
Horowhenua		Geoff Thompson		Annette King	447		Geoff Thompson
Invercargill		Norman Jones			1,279		Dougal Soper
Island Bay		Frank O'Flynn			6,007		John Kananghinis
Kaimai		Bruce Townshend			3,696		Leslie Dickson
Kaipara		Peter Wilkinson		Lockwood Smith	5,564		Bill Campbell
Kapiti		Margaret Shields			4,514		June Oakley
King Country		Jim Bolger			5,617		James Edward Simons
Lyttelton		Ann Hercus			4,963		Doug Graham [nb 1]
Manawatu		Michael Cox			420		Dave Alton
Mangere		David Lange			8,375		Peter Saunders
Manurewa		Roger Douglas			4,933		Stuart Leenstra
Marlborough		Doug Kidd			612		George MacDonald
Matamata		Jack Luxton			5,785		Ross Clow
Miramar		Peter Neilsen			3,499		Don Crosbie
Mt Albert		Helen Clark			6,207		Rod Cavanagh
Napier		Geoff Braybrooke			6,399		M P Liddell
Nelson		Philip Woollaston			3,678		Mel Courtney
New Lynn		Jonathan Hunt			6,340		Ron Hanson
New Plymouth		Tony Friedlander			269		Ida Gaskin
North Shore		George Gair			3,710		Peter Harris
Ohariu		Hugh Templeton		Peter Dunne	1,371		Hugh Templeton[nb 2]
Onehunga		Fred Gerbic			4,508		Carol Freeman
Otago		Warren Cooper			1,375		David Polson
Otara	New electorate			Colin Moyle	6,519		Taua Michael Tafua
Pahiatua		John Falloon			5,478		Malcolm Brazendale
Pakuranga		Pat Hunt		Neil Morrison	172		Pat Hunt
Palmerston North		Trevor de Cleene			3,033		Colleen Singleton
Panmure	New electorate			Bob Tizard	5,979		Carolyn Tedesco
Papakura		Merv Wellington			1,447		Lynn John
Papatoetoe		Eddie Isbey			2,996		Peter O'Brien
Pencarrow		Fraser Colman			5,418		Barry Cranston
Porirua		Gerry Wall			5,418		A L Gadsby
Raglan	New electorate			Simon Upton	1,976		Linda Holmes
Rangiora		Derek Quigley		Jim Gerard	346		Brian Tomlinson
Rangitikei		Bruce Beetham		Denis Marshall	504		Bruce Beetham
Remuera		Allan Highet		Doug Graham	3,483		Kenneth Sandford
Rodney	New electorate			Don McKinnon	3,876		Brian Dent
Roskill		Phil Goff			4,208		Chris Knowles
Rotorua		Paul East			811		Brian Arps
St Albans		David Caygill			6,172		Ian Wilson
St Kilda		Michael Cullen			5,594		Stewart Clark
Selwyn		Ruth Richardson			3,829		Charles Manning
Sydenham		John Kirk[nb 3]		Jim Anderton	7,255		Pat Bonisch
Tamaki		Robert Muldoon			3,758		Robin Tulloch
Taranaki		David Thomson		Roger Maxwell	6,013		Graeme Waters
Tarawera		Ian McLean			3,377		Malcolm Moore
Tasman		Bill Rowling		Ken Shirley	1,854		Gerald Hunt
Tauranga		Keith Allen		Winston Peters	4,912		David Parlour
Te Atatu		Michael Bassett			4,991		Frank Diment
Timaru		Basil Arthur			2,219		Maurice McTigue
Tongariro	New electorate			Noel Scott	3,870		Nelson Rangi
Waikaremoana	New electorate			Roger McClay	1,737		John Harré
Waikato		Simon Upton		Rob Storey	1,658		Peter Cleave
Waipa		Marilyn Waring		Katherine O'Regan	5,667		Anthony H. Allen
Wairarapa		Ben Couch		Reg Boorman	394		Ben Couch
Waitakere		Ralph Maxwell			4,474		John McIntosh
Waitaki		Jonathan Elworthy		Jim Sutton	561		Jonathan Elworthy
Waitotara		Venn Young			3,314		Stuart Perry
Wallace		Derek Angus			5,663		Calvin Fisher
Wanganui		Russell Marshall			3,918		Terry Heffernan
Wellington Central		Fran Wilde			4,116		Rosemary Young-Rouse
West Auckland	New electorate			Jack Elder	2,229		Dail Jones
West Coast		Kerry Burke			4,293		John Bateman
Western Hutt		John Terris			4,348		John Tanner
Whangarei		John Banks			2,003		Barbara Magner
Yaldhurst		Mick Connelly		Margaret Austin	2,970		Howard Joseph
Māori electorates
Eastern Maori		Peter Tapsell			11,230		Barry Kiwara
Northern Maori		Bruce Gregory			7,688		Matiu Rata
Southern Maori		Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan			10,495		Amster Reedy
Western Maori		Koro Wētere			10,110		Bill Katene

Table footnotes:

1. The candidate Doug Graham who contested the Lyttelton electorate for National is a different person from Doug Graham, who contested and won the Remuera seat.
2. Bob Jones came third for the New Zealand Party in Ohariu
3. In July 1983 Kirk said he would not stand in 1984: when Anderton was selected for Sydenham, Kirk (a Lange supporter) withdrew from the Labour caucus and was suspended by Labour, becoming an independent

Summary of changes

• Eleven new seats were created, of which seven (Christchurch North, Dunedin West, Glenfield, Otara, Panmure, Tongariro and West Auckland) were won by Labour, and four (Franklin, Raglan, Rodney and Waikaremoana) by National.
• A further ten seats were won by Labour from National: East Cape, Eden, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hawkes Bay, Horowhenua, Ohariu, Wairarapa and Waitaki. Social Credit lost Rangitikei to National. National also lost Pakuranga to Social Credit.
• Nine electorates had incumbent MPs retire and replaced them with MPs from the same party, six National and three Labour. Kaipara, Rangiora, Taranaki, Tauranga, Waikato and Waipa remained National, while Sydenham, Tasman and Yaldhurst remained Labour. In Rangiora, National MP Derek Quigley's decision not to stand for re-election followed serious clashes with Muldoon over economic policy, while in Sydenham, John Kirk had resigned from the Labour Party.

Major policy platforms

Labour Party

• Central aims
  • "A society where people don't feel challenged to be nasty about everyone else" – David Lange.^[31] Drawn together to work for the interests of their country, a chance for everyone to have a chance to be equal, in education, society and jobs (regardless of gender or race).^[31] A programme of moderation and realism.
• State of economy
  • To take stock of the overseas debt, focus on the unemployment rates. To target money into jobs which use New Zealand resources which turn our primary production into a higher value product. Using tourism as an employment generator. Assigning resources to small businesses and enterprises.
• Nuclear issues
  • Opposed to nuclear testing. Keeping New Zealand defended without nuclear propelled vessels. Discuss with the allies and traders moving forward nuclear free,
• Prices, Incomes and industrial
  • Industrial relations policy government boss and worker have to fix limits, bargaining, you cannot have country where prices can soar and wages are screwed down.

National Party

• Central aims
  • To get New Zealand through difficult times with success.^[31] To deal with political issues sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. Match taxation to promises.
• State of economy
  • Continue to tackle problems at their source, support for wage and price freezes. To adopt a business mindset, use overseas borrowing for huge projects to get net earnings.^[31]
• Nuclear issues
  • Opposed to nuclear testing and weapons. Opposed to making them, using them or storing them. ANZUS nuclear propelled vessels are permitted to keep the ANZUS treaty.
• Prices, Incomes and industrial
  • Wage and price freeze will work, it's what the public wants. Long term wage-fixing system, agreement with unions and employers.

Further reading

• Nuclear context: New Zealand nuclear-free zone#Historical background
• Economic context: Think Big

Notes

1. "Robert Muldoon | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
2. Johansson, Jon (2005). Two titans : Muldoon, Lange and leadership. Wellington, N.Z.: Dunmore Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 1877399019. OCLC 63658626.
3. "Eyewitness News – Snap Election Setup". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
4. "Sips causing political slips". Television New Zealand. 28 March 2001. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
5. YouTube – Drunk Muldoon calls the 1984 election
6. Johansson, Jon (2005). Two titans : Muldoon, Lange and leadership. Wellington, N.Z.: Dunmore Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 1877399019. OCLC 63658626.
7. "Robert Muldoon". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
8. Martin Johnston (14 June 2019). "The night Prime Minister Rob Muldoon gambled on a snap election - June 1984 remembered". New Zealand Herald.
9. Shand, G. G. (22 August 1983). "Jones Party Aims to Occupy Political Gap". The New Zealand Herald. p. 20.
10. "News on deputy today?". The Press. 10 March 1984. p. 1.
11. "Kaipara M.P. to retire". The Press. 9 November 1982. p. 6.
12. Hannah, Michael (18 June 1984). "Quigley resignation shock for National". The Press. p. 1.
13. "Mr Highet hits back". The Press. 25 March 1983. p. 5.
14. "Mr Thomson to retire at election". The Press. 8 February 1984. p. 4.
15. "Ill-health forces Minister to quit". The Press. 17 March 1984. p. 1.
16. "Ms Waring to retire". The Press. 14 February 1984. p. 1.
17. "Mr Rowling 'not part'". The Press. 26 April 1983. p. 1.
18. "Mr Connelly to end 27 years as Labour M.P." The Press. 2 May 1983. p. 1.
19. "The leaders of the four main political parties (from left), Sir Robert Muldoon, Mr David Lange, Mr Bruce Beetham, and Mr Bob Jones, at the Avalon television studios yesterday. The four took part in a debate on the main issues of the election campaign in a programme on Television One last evening".
20. "ELECTION COVERAGE - THE LEADERS DEBATE ELECTION 1984".
21. "THE LEADERS DEBATE. 08/07/1984".
22. "Big two debate".
23. "Four leaders in radio talkback".
24. McRobie 1989, pp. 123f.
25. McRobie 1989, pp. 111, 123.
26. McRobie 1989, pp. 119–124.
27. "Election flashback: 'He's won on a nothing policy' – watch bitter Muldoon concede to Lange in 1984". TVNZ. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
28. Roughan, John (2 August 2005). "July 1984: When life in NZ turned upside down". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
29. Norton 1988, pp. ?.
30. Gustafson 1986, p. 372.
31. "Comments | The 1984 Leaders Debate | Television". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

References

• Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
• McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
• Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
• Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.