Cullen was first elected in 1981 as the Member of Parliament for St Kilda after a ten-year career as a history lecturer at the University of Otago. He was a junior minister in the second term of the Fourth Labour Government, where his appointments as Minister of Social Welfare and Associate Minister of Finance were intended by Prime MinisterDavid Lange to temper the government's economic reforms known as Rogernomics. When Helen Clark became Labour's leader in opposition from 1993, Cullen became the Labour Party's finance spokesperson. Later, he became Clark's deputy leader and served as her deputy prime minister from 2002 to 2008.
Cullen was born in Enfield in north London on 5 February 1945,[2] the son of Ivy May Cullen (née Taylor) and John Joseph Thomas Cullen.[3] His father was a spectacle frame maker and his mother was a secretary.[4]
He attended West Green and later North Harringay schools (both in Harringay) the latter of which was close to his maternal grandparents house. When his paternal grandmother died in 1953 his family received a modest inheritance and considered moving to a better house elsewhere in London before instead deciding to move to New Zealand.[5]
Receiving a Commonwealth Scholarship he then gained a PhD in social and economic history from the University of Edinburgh.[7] He was the first person in his family to attend university.[4] From 1971 to 1981 he was a lecturer at the University of Otago, with a term as a visiting fellow at the Australian National University from 1975 to 1976.[8] One of his students was future MP Michael Laws, whom he called a "very bright student, but you knew there was something not quite right, even then."[4]
Whilst Cullen was researching his thesis on poverty in the late 19th century in London he discovered that the street in which his maternal grandparents grew up was famed for semi-criminal activities. They proceeded to become "working class respectables" and then his father became a semi-skilled tradesman.[4]
Cullen became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1975.[2]
Cullen joined the Labour Party in 1974, and served on the party's Executive and Council between 1976 and 1981. At the 1981 general election he was elected MP for the Dunedin electorate of St Kilda.[9] In 1983 he was appointed Labour's spokesperson for the environment.[10] In his first several years in parliament he had deliberately avoided his previous career focuses (of welfare and finance) to avoid being "pigeonholed" in those areas.[11]
When Labour entered government in 1984, Cullen became Senior Whip. Due to his knowledge of economics, Cullen became increasingly involved in the disputes surrounding the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, who supported the liberalisation of trade and the sale of state assets plus deep tax cuts. These goals, which were against traditional Labour policies, angered both party members and the public. When the Prime Minister, David Lange, attempted to limit the influence Douglas had on the government's direction, Cullen became involved on Lange's side. After Labour's re-election in 1987, Cullen was made Associate Minister of Finance (an attempt by Lange to provide an anti-reform counterbalance to the radical Douglas) and Minister of Social Welfare.[12] There were two other associate finance ministers (David Butcher and Peter Neilson) both of whom were on side with Douglas' reforms so Cullen's ability to temper financial policies were minimal. Of the three he was the more senior and deputised for Douglas when he was unable to attend parliamentary sessions.[13]
He implemented the Puao-te-Ata-tu report which reorganised the administration of welfare provisions in relation to Māori and passed the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act.[14] Soon after Cullen had been elevated to Cabinet, his father died following a long and painful illness, his marriage ended, and his dog died prompting him to ponder resigning; "I seriously considered quitting from Cabinet, but the least I could do was stay there for Helen [Clark] and David [Lange] and make sure we didn't lose social policy to the Rogernomes who were driving so much of the policy."[4]
Eventually, Douglas was forced to resign, but a month later the political controversies around the dispute prompted the resignation of Lange himself. Douglas was succeeded as Finance Minister by David Caygill, one of his allies (albeit a considerably less radical one). Cullen was made Associate Minister of Health, in an attempt reduce the effect of reforms on that sector.[15]
When Labour lost the 1990 election – attributed to public anger at Douglas' reforms, and disarray within the Labour Party – Cullen returned to being Labour's spokesperson on social welfare.[16] The following year he replaced David Caygill as Shadow Minister of Finance, Cullen being seen as more fiscally moderate to help blunt the growth of the newly formed Alliance party (which was made up largely of Labour dissidents).[17] After Labour's narrow defeat at the 1993 election, Helen Clark won the leadership of the party. At the same time Cullen ran to replace her as deputy leader, but was defeated by Caygill by the narrow margin of 23 votes to 21.[18]
Before Labour's position in the polls improved, Cullen was also involved in an attempt to oust Clark as party leader, which was not successful. Soon after, when Caygill decided to retire from politics in 1996, Cullen took the deputy leader's post unopposed as well.[19] Cullen has claimed to be happy with his position as second, saying that in terms of personality, he is "a number two sort of person". Many commentators agree, believing that Cullen's strength lies more in administration than leadership.[4]
Prior to the 1999 New Zealand general election, Cullen and his family moved to Napier, prompting him to stand down as Labour's candidate in his Dunedin South electorate at the upcoming election as it would have been to difficult to have a family base in Napier, while also being in Dunedin for electorate business and Wellington for Parliamentary business. After Labour MP Geoff Braybrooke signaled his intention to retire in 1999, Cullen expressed interest in running for Braybrooke's Napier electorate seat, although after Braybrooke reversed his decision Cullen decided to contest the 1999 election as a list only candidate. As Deputy leader Cullen was guaranteed the number 2 placing on Labour's list and Labour's electoral victory in 1999 resulted in Cullen easily being returned to Parliament as a List MP and becoming Minister of Finance.
As Minister of Finance, Cullen delivered nine consecutive budget surpluses, the longest unbroken run by any finance minister since the 1940s.[21] After the government's defeat in 2008, his successor Bill English praised the Labour government, telling reporters that New Zealand was starting from a “reasonable position” due to Cullen's budgets “saving up for” a rainy day fund in dealing with the global financial crisis.[21]
After the 2002 election, the electoral support for Labour's junior coalition partner (the Progressive Party) was not sufficient to justify its leader holding the Deputy Prime Minister position, resulting in Michael Cullen replacing Jim Anderton as Deputy Prime Minister.[22]
In 2005 Helen Clark appointed Cullen to the post of Attorney-General following the election of Margaret Wilson as Speaker of the House. His appointment became controversial because of his non-legal background (only one other non-lawyer had previously held the post) and because of his previous criticisms of the judiciary, including of the Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias.[23][24] His term in the position ended following the 2005 general election. However, with the resignation of David Parker in March 2006, Cullen took over the position again.[25]
He had a reputation as one of the Labour Party's best parliamentary debaters, and is known for his sometimes "acerbic" sense of humour.[26]
Cullen presented his seventh budget in 2006. Cullen's guiding principle was, he stated, "The fool who spends on the upturn will find himself broke on the downturn".[27]
Labour's eighth budget in 2007 reduced company tax from 33% to 30%[28]
and introduced a 15% research and development tax credit.[28] It also made a number of changes to the KiwiSaver scheme.[29]
Cullen delivering the 2008 budget press conference
The New Zealand economy entered recession in December 2007.[30] Cullen's final budget was delivered in this context in May 2008; it reduced income tax on the first $9,500 earned from 15% to 12.5%,[31] and the company tax rate from 30% to 29%.[31]
Resignation and retirement from politics
The day after the defeat of Labour in the 2008 general elections and Helen Clark's resignation as party leader, Cullen announced his resignation as deputy leader of the Labour Party.[32]Phil Goff was elected the new leader and Annette King succeeded him as deputy leader. Goff appointed Cullen as Shadow Leader of the House and Spokesperson for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations.[33]
When he resigned from Parliament in 2009 he was replaced as an MP from the party list by Damien O'Connor.[34]
In 2004 Cullen declared his support for the monarchy of New Zealand, describing himself as "a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days".[36] However, in 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends.[37]
Despite his opposition to a capital gains tax during his term as finance minister on grounds that it was "political suicide", as the head of the Tax Working Group appointed by Jacinda Ardern, he recommended one in 2019. Cullen changed his views and saw the tax as necessary to reduce inequality in New Zealand.[21] Cullen was being paid more than $1000 a day as chairman of the Tax Working Group.[40]
In March 2020, Cullen stood down from most of his public roles after announcing that he had been diagnosed with stage IVsmall-cell lung cancer.[47] His memoir, Labour Saving, was published in June 2021.[48] He died of the illness in Whakatāne on 19 August 2021, aged 76.[49]
In 1990, Cullen was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.[50] On 16 December 2009, he received an honorary LLD from the University of Otago in recognition of "his contributions as an Otago academic and as a respected and highly influential politician".[51]
^Normally, list MPs do not have individual predecessors or successors, but Cullen resigned during a sitting parliament and therefore was succeeded by O'Connor.
Assassin's Creed: BloodlinesvideogiocoScreenshot dal trailer ufficialePiattaformaPlayStation Portable Data di pubblicazione 19 novembre 2009 17 novembre 2009 GenereAvventura dinamica, stealth TemaMedioevo OrigineCanada SviluppoUbisoft Montreal PubblicazioneUbisoft DesignPatrice Desilets (Creative director) Modalità di giocoGiocatore singolo SupportoUMD SerieAssassin's Creed Preceduto daAssassin's Creed Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines è un videogioco esclusivo per console PSP[1][...
Seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988 Museum of Australian Democracy redirects here. For the similarly named museum in Ballarat, see Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka. Old Parliament HouseFront (northeastern) elevationFormer namesProvisional Parliament HouseAlternative namesParliament HouseGeneral informationTypeParliament HouseArchitectural styleStripped ClassicalAddress18 King George Terrace, Parkes, Canberra, Australian Capital TerritoryCountryAustraliaCoordinates35...
Мірза Телетович Mirza Teletović Телетович у грі за Мілвокі Завершив кар'єру Важкий форвард Особисті дані Зріст: 206 см Вага: 111 кг Громадянство: Боснія і Герцеговина Народився: 17 вересня 1985(1985-09-17) (38 років) Мостар, СР Боснія і Герцеговина, СФР Югославія Драфт: Не вибраний, 2007 рі
Bagian dari seriGereja Katolik menurut negara Afrika Afrika Selatan Afrika Tengah Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guinea Khatulistiwa Jibuti Kamerun Kenya Komoro Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Maroko Mauritania Mauritius Mesir Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Pantai Gading Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland ...
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: П'єтроаса. село П'єтроасаPietroasa Країна Румунія Повіт Біхор Комуна П'єтроаса Код SIRUTA 30345 Поштові індекси 417365 Телефонний код +40 259 (Romtelecom, TR)+40 359 (інші оператори) Координати 46°35′32″ пн. ш. 22°33′26″ сх. д.H G O Висот
Shopping mall is Los Angeles County, California, U.S. Puente Hills MallSouth ExteriorLocationCity of Industry, CaliforniaCoordinates33°59′37″N 117°55′39″W / 33.99356°N 117.92750°W / 33.99356; -117.92750Opening date1974DeveloperThe Hahn CompanyOwnerKam Sang CompanyNo. of stores and services155No. of anchor tenants7 (3 open, 4 vacant by December 2022)[1]Total retail floor area1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)[2]No. of floors2 Puente H...
Семенівський район адміністративно-територіальна одиниця Герб Прапор Район на карті Чернігівська область Основні дані Країна: Україна Область: Чернігівська область Код КОАТУУ: 7424700000 Утворений: 1926 р. Населення: ▼ 17 164 (на 1.01.2019) Площа: 1470 км² Густота: 12.9 осіб/км² Те...
American judge This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Plea...
Plank adalah jenis latihan isometrik yang dapat secara intensif mengaktifkan otot-otot inti tubuh.[1] Latihan isometrik adalah latihan kekuatan dengan mengkontraksikan otot secara statis tanpa menggerakan sendi tulang.[2][3] Sederhananya, latihan isometrik adalah semua jenis latihan yang menahan tubuh dalam satu posisi. Otot-otot berkontraksi tetapi panjang (kontraksi eksentrik) dan pendeknya (kontraksi konsentris) otot tidak berubah saat melakukan gerakan.[4] ...
Kanada Jean-François Sauvé Geburtsdatum 23. Januar 1960 Geburtsort Sainte-Geneviève, Québec, Kanada Größe 168 cm Gewicht 79 kg Position Center Schusshand Links Karrierestationen 1977–1980 Draveurs de Trois-Rivières 1980–1983 Buffalo SabresRochester Americans 1983–1986 Nordiques de Québec 1986–1987 Fribourg-Gottéron 1987 Nordiques de Québec 1987–1989 Fribourg-Gottéron 1989 Adirondack Red Wings 1989–1991 ASG Tours Jean-François Sauvé (* 23. Januar 1960 in Sai...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2020) الآخرة هي مصطلح إسلامي يشير إلى الحياة ما بعد الموت.[1] ورد ذكر الآخرة مِرارًا وتكرارًا في آيات القرآن التي تتحدث عن يوم القيامة. تُعَد الآخرة جزءَ مهمًا م
Unincorporated community in Wisconsin, United StatesRush Lake, WisconsinUnincorporated communityintersection of County E & V in Rush LakeRush Lake, WisconsinShow map of WisconsinRush Lake, WisconsinShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°55′26″N 88°50′21″W / 43.92389°N 88.83917°W / 43.92389; -88.83917Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyWinnebagoElevation260 m (853 ft)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST...
For other uses, see Roller coaster (disambiguation). This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Australian TV series or program RollercoasterGenreChildren's blockPresented byElliot Spencer Ruben MeermanOpening themeGreat Adventure by Nick HardcastleCountry of originAustraliaOr...
Map of the results of the 2012 Reading Borough Council election. Labour in red, Liberal Democrats in yellow, Conservatives in blue and the Greens in green. Elections to Reading Borough Council took place on 3 May 2012, with 16 council seats up for election. The Labour Party gained Church, Katesgrove, Redlands, Kentwood and Caversham wards, giving them a working majority and control of the council. The Conservative Party lost three seats but gained Peppard ward from an independent. The Liberal...
1810 في الولايات المتحدةمعلومات عامةالسنة 1810 1809 في الولايات المتحدة 1811 في الولايات المتحدة تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات سنوات 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 علم الولايات المتحدة الجدول الزمني لتاريخ الولايات المتحدة تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1789–1849) فيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت ...
Bluffing display of an animal used to startle or scare a predator Spirama helicina resembling the face of a snake in a deimatic or bluffing display Deimatic behaviour or startle display[1] means any pattern of bluffing behaviour in an animal that lacks strong defences, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots, to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape.[2][3] The term deimatic or dymantic originates fro...
Simple acoustic torpedo. Two acoustic transducers will react upon sound and the torpedo will detect that the signal comes from one of the sides. It will then issue a command to turn towards the target. When the sound is equal on both sides, the torpedo will follow a straight path until it reaches its target. An acoustic torpedo is a torpedo that aims itself by listening for characteristic sounds of its target or by searching for it using sonar (acoustic homing). Acoustic torpedoes are usually...
American philosopher John KaagBorn27 September 1979Reading, Pennsylvania, USNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Oregon John Kaag (born 1979)[1] is an American philosopher and Chair and Professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.[2] Kaag specializes in American philosophy.[2] His writing has been published in The Paris Review, The New York Times, and Harper’s Magazine.[3][4][5] Early life and education Kaag wa...
Italian traditional Easter cake Colomba pasqualeAlternative namesColomba di PasquaCourseDessertPlace of originItalyRegion or stateMilanCreated byAngelo MottaMain ingredientsFlour, eggs, sugar, butter, candied peel, pearl sugar, almonds Media: Colomba pasquale Colomba pasquale [koˈlomba paˈskwaːle] or colomba di Pasqua [koˈlomba di ˈpaskwa] (Easter Dove in English) is an Italian traditional Easter bread, the counterpart of the two well-known Italian Christmas des...
