1523

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s
Years:	1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526

June 24: King Gustav of Sweden enters Stockholm and secures Sweden's independence from Denmark (painting by Carl Larsson)

1523 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1523 MDXXIII
Ab urbe condita	2276
Armenian calendar	972 ԹՎ ՋՀԲ
Assyrian calendar	6273
Balinese saka calendar	1444–1445
Bengali calendar	930
Berber calendar	2473
English Regnal year	14 Hen. 8 – 15 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2067
Burmese calendar	885
Byzantine calendar	7031–7032
Chinese calendar	壬午年 (Water Horse) 4220 or 4013     — to — 癸未年 (Water Goat) 4221 or 4014
Coptic calendar	1239–1240
Discordian calendar	2689
Ethiopian calendar	1515–1516
Hebrew calendar	5283–5284
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1579–1580
- Shaka Samvat	1444–1445
- Kali Yuga	4623–4624
Holocene calendar	11523
Igbo calendar	523–524
Iranian calendar	901–902
Islamic calendar	929–930
Japanese calendar	Daiei 3 (大永３年)
Javanese calendar	1440–1442
Julian calendar	1523 MDXXIII
Korean calendar	3856
Minguo calendar	389 before ROC 民前389年
Nanakshahi calendar	55
Thai solar calendar	2065–2066
Tibetan calendar	阳水马年 (male Water-Horse) 1649 or 1268 or 496     — to — 阴水羊年 (female Water-Goat) 1650 or 1269 or 497

July 7: The Frisian rebellion ends, fought by the Arumer Black Heap

Year 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 20 – Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the herredag at Viborg have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, Frederick, Duke of Holstein. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April. ^[1]
• February 15 – Construction of Fort Kastela by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of Ternate in Indonesia, is completed as Portugal claims the Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).^[2]
• February 25 – Battle of al-Shihr on the Arabian Peninsula (in what is now Yemen): Troops from Portugal fight against the Kathiri Sultanate, ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, Al-Shihr, and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
• February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now Nicaragua, after he arrives with Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at El Realejo.^[3]
• March 8 – In Spain's Kingdom of Valencia, a rebellion by the Brotherhoods of Mallorca is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, Palma de Mallorca, to Spanish and German troops.^[4]
• March 26 – Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at Viborg, although loyalists at Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.^[5]

April–June

• April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other Cistercian Catholic nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near Grimma and Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.^[6][7]
• April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao, leader of the friendly Nicarao people, to explore the area.^[8]
• April 14 – Mirza Shah Hossein, Grand Vizier of Persia since 1514, is assassinated in Qazvin (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi.^[9]
• April 15 – Sir Thomas More, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel Utopia, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
• April 17 – In Nicaragua, Diriangén, ruler of the Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.^[8] Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
• April 23 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, brings the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the Seventeen Provinces, which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.^[10]
• April 24 – The Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of Martin Luther within the Kingdom.^[11]
• May 6 – In the Rhineland in Germany, the Knights' War, led by Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.^[12] Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
• May 5 – An assassination attempt is made against King Sigismund of Poland, who is shot at while walking outside his residence at Wawel Castle overlooking Kraków.^[13]
• May 20 – Andrea Gritti is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, 13 days after the death of Antonio Grimani.^[14]
• May 27 – Swedish War of Liberation: The city of Kalmar in Sweden, occupied by troops of Denmark, falls to a Swedish Army force led by Arvid Västgöte after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.^[15] Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of Kalmar, only Stockholm remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
• May 31 – Following the Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the Chinese Empire and the Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.^[16]
• May – The Ningbo incident: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of Ningbo, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.^[17]
• June 3 – Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle at Madras (now Chennai) in India.
• June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing the full independence of Sweden from Denmark, which marks the end of the Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.^[18]
• June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day siege of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.^[5]
• June 12–July 19 – Franconian War: The Swabian League destroys 23 robber baron castles.^[19][20]
• June 17 – Swedish War of Liberation: The surrender of Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.^[15] In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
• June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in Panama in canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.^[8]
• June 27 – Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is appointed as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent.^[21] He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.

July–September

• July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in Brussels at the Grote Markt.^[22] In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
• July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, a Frisian warlord and military commander, is executed in Leeuwarden, ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the Arumer Black Heap.
• July 25 – In what is now Mexico, the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval founds the city of Colima.^[23]
• July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the Italian War that has gone for two years.^[24]
• c. July – Martin Luther's translation of the Pentateuch into German (Das allte Testament Deutsch) is published by Melchior Lotter Jr. in Wittenberg.^[25]
• August 22 – Lucien Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco, is assassinated by his nephew at the Prince's Palace.^[26] Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother, Jean II. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son, Honoré; Lucien's brother Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
• September 14 – Pope Adrian VI, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as Pope John Paul II.
• September 22 – Spanish conquest of Nicaragua: An agreement is made for an expedition by conquistadores into Nicaragua organized by Pedrarias Dávila.^[27]
• September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the Sultanate of Patani and the Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the China's Emperor Zhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.^[16]

October–December

• October 1 – A conclave of 32 cardinals begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope. Niccolò Fieschi and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.^[28]
• October 27 – Hürrem Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the Druze of Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.^[29]
• November 19 – Following the September 14 death of Pope Adrian VI, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th pope as Clement VII.^[30] The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years.
• November 26 – At Santa Maria in Via Lata, Cardinal Marco Cornaro carries out the coronation of Pope Clement at the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome.
• December 6 – Setting off from the Mexican Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with an army of 550 Spanish soldiers and 120 horses, Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras begins the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.^[31]

Date unknown

• The Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech–loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.^[32]
• In northern Italy, a French army under Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.^[33]

Births

Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry

Queen Anna

• January 29 – Enea Vico, Italian engraver (d. 1567)^[34]
• February 1 – Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568)^[35]
• February 13 – Valentin Naboth, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1593)^[36]
• February 20 – Jan Blahoslav, Czech writer (d. 1571)^[37]
• March 14 – Helena Magenbuch, German pharmacist (d. 1597)
• March 17 – Giovanni Francesco Commendone, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)^[38]
• March 21 – Kaspar Eberhard, German theologian (d. 1575)^[39]
• April 5 – Blaise de Vigenère, French diplomat and cryptographer (d. 1596)^[40][41]
• April 21 – Marco Antonio Bragadin, Venetian lawyer and military officer (d. 1571)^[42]
• June 5 – Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1574)^[43]
• July 4 – Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero and art patron (d. 1583)^[44]
• July 18 – Duke George II of Brieg (1547–1586) (d. 1586)^[45]
• September 21 – Sancho d'Avila, Spanish general (d. 1583)^[46]
• September 22 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, French church leader and pretender to the throne (d. 1590)^[47]
• October 10 – Ludwig Rabus, German martyrologist (d. 1592)^[48]
• October 11 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1544)
• October 18 – Anna Jagiellon, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1596)^[49]
• date unknown
  • Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist and physician (d. 1562)^[50]
  • Gaspara Stampa, Italian poet (d. 1554)^[51]
• probable
  • Crispin van den Broeck, Flemish painter (d. 1591)^[52]
  • Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b. in 1522 or 1523; d. 1581)^[53]
• possible – Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; executed 1542)^[54]

Deaths

Pope Adrian VI

Pietro Perugino

• January 17 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (b. 1466)^[55][56]
• February 4 – Thomas Ruthall, English chancellor of the University of Cambridge^[57]
• March 28 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein, founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (b. 1463)
• April 6 – Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English nobleman (b. 1479)^[58]
• May 7
  • Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral and Doge of Venice (b. 1434)^[59]
  • Franz von Sickingen, German knight (b. 1481)^[60]
• May 23 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (b. 1466)^{[61][unreliable source?]}
• May 24 – Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney, English politician (b. 1447)^[62]
• July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos, Flemish Lutheran martyrs^[22]
• July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian rebel and warlord (b. 1490)
• August 13 – Gerard David, Flemish artist (b. c. 1455)^[63]
• August 27 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (b. 1461)^[64]
• August 29 – Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)^[65]
• September 14 – Pope Adrian VI (b. 1459)^[66]
• October 2 – Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (b. 1461)^[67]
• October 5 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (b. 1454)^[68]
• October 11 – Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (b. 1450)^[69]
• October – William Cornysh, English composer (b. 1465)^[70]
• November 10 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (b. 1465)^[71]
• date unknown – Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (b. 1446)^[72][73]

References

1. Lockhart, Paul Douglas (July 1, 2007). Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy. Oxford University Press. p. 18. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
2. Charles Corn, The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade (Kodansha America, 1999) p. 57
3. "Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (September 1988) p.8
4. Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, Història de Catalunya (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372
5. [https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk
6. "Katharina von Bora Luther", by Dr. Jack Kilcrease, LutheranReformation.org
7. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950) p.223
8. Carlos Meléndez, Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua (Editorial San Jose, 1976) pp. 59–64
9. Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
10. Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in Handbook of Dutch Church History (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189
11. "Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in The Early Reformation in Europe, ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69
12. "Sickingen, Franz von", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36
13. " Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to Gazeta Krakowska (October 1994)
14. "Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)
15. Ulf Sundberg, "Befrielsekriget 1521-1523" ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org
16. Tien Tse Chang, (1978), Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60
17. Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1231–1232. ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
18. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1997. p. 463.
19. "Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151
20. Brandi, Karl (1927). Deutsche Reformation und Gegenreformation (in German). Quelle & Meyer. p. 169. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
21. Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" Turcica (2009) pp. 6–9
22. Block, Mathew. "Jan van Essen Archives". International Lutheran Council. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
23. Santos Protomártir, Vaquero (2020). El esforzado Capitán Gonzalo de Sandoval. Revista de Estudios Extremeños. pp. Tomo LXXVI, N.º II, pp. 243-307.
24. John Julius Norwich, A History of Venice (Vintage Books, 2003) p.439
25. Sæbø, Magne; Brekelmans, Christianus; Haran, Menahem; Fishbane, Michael A.; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (1996). Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 397. ISBN 978-3-525-53982-8. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
26. Françoise de Bernardy, The Princes of Monaco (Arthur Barker Ltd., 1961)
27. Werner, Patrick S. (1996). Los reales de minas de la Nicaragua colonial y la cuidad perdida de Nueva Segovia (in Spanish). Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura. p. 24. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
28. Frederic J. Baumgartner, Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) pp.98-101
29. Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650 (American University of Beirut, 1985) p.77
30. Desiderius Erasmus (January 1, 1974). The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524. University of Toronto Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-0-8020-5976-5.
31. Florine Asselbergs, Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97
32. Keay, John (2008). China: A History. London: HarperPress. ISBN 9780007221776. 0007221770. The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.
33. Mallett, Michael Edward (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : war, state and society in early modern Europe. Pearson. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
34. "Vico, Enea". Grove Art Online. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
35. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
36. Favaro, Antonio; Brahe, Tycho; Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie; Favaro, Antonio; Kepler, Johannes; Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1886). Carteggio inedito di Ticone Brahe, Giovanni Keplero e di altri celebri astronomi e matematici dei secoli XVI. Bologna: N. Zanichelli. p. 315. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
37. Hostinský, Otakar (1896). Jan Blahoslav a Jan Josquin: Příspěvek k dějinám české hudby a theorie umění XVI. věku (in Czech). České akademie císaře pro vědy, slovesnost a umění. p. vi. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
38. Herbermann, Charles George (1908). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Press. p. 156. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
39. Dibelius, Franz; Brieger, Theodor (1896). Beiträge zur sächsischen Kirchengeschichte (in German). Leipzig: J.A. Barth. p. 109. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
40. Dooley, John F. (September 24, 2013). A Brief History of Cryptology and Cryptographic Algorithms. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-319-01628-3. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
41. Métral, Denyse (1939). Blaise de Vigenère, archéologue et critique d'art (1523-1596) (in French). E. Droz. p. 6. ISBN 978-2-600-02247-7. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
42. "BRAGADIN, Marcantonio". www.treccani.it (in Italian).
43. Whale, Winifred Stephens (1912). Margaret of France, duchess of Savoy, 1523-74; a biography. New York: John Lane Company. p. 3. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
44. Ramieri, Anna Maria (2007). Le ville imperiali e rinascimentali nel Lazio (in Italian). Colombo. p. 245. ISBN 978-88-86359-95-5. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
45. Boras, Zygmunt (1982). Książęta piastowscy Śląska (in Polish). Śląsk. p. 396. ISBN 978-83-216-0248-6. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
46. Fagel, Raymond (October 1, 2021). Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries. Leuven University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-94-6270-287-5. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
47. Barjavel, Casimir François Henri (1841). Dictionnaire historique, biographique et bibliographique du département de Vaucluse (in French). Imprimerie de L. Devillario. p. 276. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
48. Gaier, Ulrich; Küble, Monika; Schürle, Wolfgang (2003). Schwabenspiegel: Literatur vom Neckar bis zum Bodensee 1000-1800 (in German). Oberschwäbische Elektrizitätswerke (OEW). p. 21. ISBN 978-3-937184-00-5. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
49. Bogucka, Maria (1964). Anna Jagiellonka (in Polish). Ksiazka i Wiedza. p. 6. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
50. Bayraktar, Elif; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Gayretli, Özcan (June 1, 2023). "The life of Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) and his contributions to medical terminology". Child's Nervous System. 39 (6): 1445–1447. doi:10.1007/s00381-022-05626-0. ISSN 1433-0350. PMID 35932323. S2CID 251351601.
51. Falkeid, Unn; Feng, Aileen (March 3, 2016). Rethinking Gaspara Stampa in the Canon of Renaissance Poetry. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-317-06421-3. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
52. Campbell, Gordon (November 26, 2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art. OUP USA. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-533466-1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
53. Carreira, José Nunes (1974). Filologia e crítica de Isaías no comentário de Francisco Foreiro (1522?-1581): subsídios para a história da exegese quinhentista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Gráfica de Coimbra. p. 225. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
54. Russell, Gareth (2017). Young & damned & fair : the life and tragedy of Catherine Howard at the court of Henry VIII. London: William Collins. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-00-812827-2. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
55. Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70.
56. Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden & Utrecht: A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95.
57. Fletcher, Stella (June 6, 2009). Cardinal Wolsey: A Life in Renaissance Europe. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-84725-245-6. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
58. Cokayne, George Edward (1898). Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, Or Dormant. G. Bell & sons. p. 166. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
59. Romanin, Samuele (1856). Storia documentata di Venezia (in Italian). P. Naratovich. p. 385. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
60. Cameron, Euan (March 1, 2012). The European Reformation. Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-267085-4. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
61. 船田合戦 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 65. Retrieved July 29, 2023.^{[unreliable source?]}
62. "Marney, Henry, first Baron Marney". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70724. Retrieved July 29, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
63. Hand, John Oliver; Wolff, Martha (1986). Early Netherlandish Painting. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-89468-093-9. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
64. Zanotto, Francesco (1858). Il palazzo ducale di Venezia (in Italian). Antonellico. p. 4. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
65. Reinhart, Max; Hardin, James N. (1997). German Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1280-1580. Gale Research. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7876-1069-2. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
66. "Adrian VI | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
67. "D'ALESSANDRO, Alessandro". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved July 29, 2023.
68. Baltische Studien (in German). T. von der Nahmer. 1912. p. 63. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
69. "Montagna, Bartolomeo". Grove Art Online. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
70. "Cornysh, William (ii)". Grove Music Online. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
71. Maclean-Bristol, Nicholas (1995). Warriors and Priests: The History of the Clan Maclean, 1300-1570. Tuckwell Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-898410-62-1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
72. Vasari, Giorgio (1907). Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects. C. Scribner's sons. p. 341. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
73. "Pietro Perugino". www.nga.gov. Retrieved July 29, 2023.