Тэрмадынаміка чорных дзірак

Тэрмадынаміка чорных дзір у фізіцы — фенаменалагічны падыход да вывучэння чорных дзір, заснаваны на яе апісанні ў тэрмінах макраскапічнага падыходу, аналагічнага тэрмадынаміцы. Паспяховасць такога падыходу звязана з крайняй прастатой раўнаважных чорных дзірак, якія валодаюць малым лікам ступеней свабоды.

Першапачатковыя ідэі адносна прымянення тэрмадынамікі да апісання чорных дзір былі выказаны Бекенштейнам у 1973 годзе[1]. Ён пералічыў наступны набор уласцівасцей чорных дзір:

  • Сіла гравітацыі аднолькавая па ўсёй паверхні гарызонту падзей.
  • Плошча гарызонту падзей чорнай дзіры не можа змяншацца з часам пры любым класічным працэсе.
  • У любых нераўнаважных працэсах з удзелам чорных дзірак (напрыклад, пры іх сутыкненні) плошча паверхні павялічваецца.

Гэтыя ўласцівасці вельмі нагадваюць (і больш таго, матэматычна эквівалентныя) пачаткі тэрмадынамікі (існаванне тэмпературы, сувязь унутранай энергіі з энтрапіяй, і закон узрастання энтрапіі). Гэта значыць увесь апарат тэрмадынамікі можна прымяніць да чорнай дзіры, калі прыняць, што сіла гравітацыі іграе ролю тэмпературы, а плошча паверхні гарызонту падзей прапарцыянальная энтрапіі.

Адным з прадказанняў дадзенай тэорыі стаў вывад аб тым, што чорныя дзіры павінны выпраменьваць. Аднак гэтая выснова знаходзіцца ва ўяўнай супярэчнасці з уласцівасцю чорнай дзіры не выпускаць нічога з-пад свайго гарызонту падзей. Вырашэнне гэтага парадоксу было дадзена Стывенам Хокінгам[2]. Ён паказаў, што выпраменьванне чорнай дзіры — названае пасля выпраменьваннем Хокінга — узнікае за кошт квантавых эфектаў, прычым выпрамененыя часціцы не выходзяць з-пад гарызонту падзей, а нараджаюцца паблізу яго. Вылічаная Хокінгам інтэнсіўнасць выпраменьвання супала з той, якая чакалася на аснове тэрмадынамічнага падыходу. Гэта стала пацвярджэннем таго, што тэрмадынаміка чорных дзір сапраўды мае рэальны фізічны сэнс.

Зноскі

  1. ↑ Jacob D. Bekenstein Black Holes and Entropy(англ.) // Phys. Rev. D. — 1973. — Т. 7. — С. 2333—2346. Архівавана з першакрыніцы 25 ліпеня 2008.
  2. ↑ S. W. Hawking Particle creation by black holes(англ.) // Comm. in Math. Phys. — 1975. — Т. 43. — С. 199—220.

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