Wasabi

For other uses, see Wasabi (disambiguation).

Wasabi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Brassicales
Family:	Brassicaceae
Genus:	Eutrema
Species:	E. japonicum
Binomial name
Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.[1]
Synonyms[3]
Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum. Alliaria wasabi (Maxim.) Prantl Cochlearia wasabi Siebold. Eutrema koreanum Eutrema okinosimense Taken. Eutrema wasabi Maxim Lunaria japonica (basionym) Miq.[2] Wasabia hederifolia Wasabia okinosimensis (Taken.) Hatus. Wasabia pungens Matsum. Wasabia wasabi (Maxim.) Makino

Wasabi (Japanese: ワサビ, わさび, or 山葵, pronounced [waꜜsabi]) or Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum^[3] syn. Wasabia japonica)^[4] is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. The plant is native to Japan, the Russian Far East^[1] including Sakhalin, and the Korean Peninsula.^[5]: 133 It grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan.

Wasabi is grown for its rhizomes, which are ground into a paste as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chilli peppers, in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue, but freshly grated wasabi has a subtly distinct flavour.^[6]: 53 The main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others.^[6]

The oldest record of wasabi as a food dates to the 8th century AD.^[7] The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has coincided with that of sushi, growing steadily from about 1980.^[8] Due to constraints that limit the Japanese wasabi plant's mass cultivation and thus increase its price and decrease availability outside Japan, the western horseradish plant is widely used in place of wasabi. This is commonly referred to as "western wasabi" (西洋わさび) in Japan.

Taxonomy

Fresh wasabi stems

Siebold named Cochlearia (?) wasabi in 1830, noting its use pro condimento or "as a condiment";^[9]: 54 however, this is a nomen nudum, and the synonym Eutrema wasabi, published by Maximovich in 1873,^[10]: 283 is thus an illegitimate name.^[5]: 133 The wasabi plant was first described by Miquel in 1866, as Lunaria (?) japonica, from the type collected by Siebold in Japan, though the precise type locality was not recorded.^[2]: 74

In 1899 Matsumura erected the genus Wasabia, recognising within it the species Wasabia pungens and Wasabia hederaefolia;^[11] these are now regarded as synonyms of Eutrema japonicum.^[5]: 133 In 1912 Matsumura recognised the species Wasabia japonica, treating his earlier Wasabia pungens as a synonym.^[12] In 1930, Koidzumi transferred the wasabi plant to the genus Eutrema,^[13] the correct name and author citation being Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.^[1]

Description

It has large leaves produced from long, thin stalks.^[6]: 54 They are simple and large, 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) long and 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) wide with palmate veins.^[14]

Wasabi flowers appear in clusters from long stems that bloom from late winter to early spring.^{[14][additional citation(s) needed]}

Culinary uses

Wasabi root and wasabi paste on a plate

As condiment

Wasabi is mainly used to make wasabi paste, which is a pungent, spicy condiment eaten with foods like sushi. The part used for wasabi paste has been characterized as the rhizome or the stem, or the "rhizome plus the base part of the stem".^[15][16][17] Stores generally sell only this part of the plant.

The fresh rhizome is grated into a paste, and eaten in small amounts at a time. Traditionally, coarse sharkskin is used to grate the root, but metal graters called oroshigane are used in modern times. Fresh wasabi paste loses its flavor quickly if left uncovered, and so the paste is grated on the spot in some high-end restaurants.^[18] Sushi chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice, to cover the wasabi and preserve its flavour.

Store-bought wasabi paste is usually made from dried wasabi powder, and sold in bottles or squeezable toothpaste-like tubes.^[19]

• 
  Wasabi paste on a plate of sushi
• 
  Wasabi paste on a green shiso leaf
• 
  Wasabi in a bowl of noodles, with nameko mushrooms
• 
  Tako-wasabi, raw octopus mixed with wasabi
• 
  Itawasa with wasabi
• 
  Wasabi with soba noodles
• 
  A chef grating fresh wasabi root
• 
  Wasabi and metal oroshigane grater
• 
  Bottle of horseradish, artificial flavorings, and wasabi powder

As flavoring

Wasabi coated peas

Wasabi is used to flavor many foods, especially dry snacks. Wasabi-mame (わさび豆, "wasabi bean") are legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) that are roasted or fried and then coated with wasabi powder, and eaten as a snack.

Others

Wasabizuke, wasabi leaves pickled in sake lees

Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten raw, having a spicy flavor,^[20] but a common side effect is diarrhea.^[14] Wasabizuke is made of wasabi leaves pickled in sake lees, and is considered a specialty of Shizuoka Prefecture.

Surrogates

Wasabi favors growing conditions that restrict its wide cultivation – among other things, it is quite intolerant of direct sunlight, requires an air temperature between 8 and 20 °C (46 and 68 °F), and prefers high humidity in summer. This makes fully satisfying commercial demand impossible for growers, which makes wasabi quite expensive.^[21][22][23] Therefore, outside Japan, finding real wasabi plants is rare.

A common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food colouring or spinach powder.^[24] Often packages are labelled as wasabi while the ingredients do not include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference is colour, with wasabi being naturally green.^[25] Fresh horseradish root is described as having a similar (albeit simpler) flavor and texture to that of fresh wasabi.^[26]

In Japan, horseradish is referred to as seiyō wasabi (西洋わさび, "western wasabi").^[27] Outside of Japan, where fresh wasabi is hard to obtain, a powdered mixture of horseradish and mustard oil, known as kona wasabi, is used at a majority of sushi restaurants, including reputable ones.^[28] In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants.^[29]

Chemistry

Drawing of a wasabi plant, by Iwasaki Kanen, 1828

The chemical in wasabi that provides its initial pungency is the volatile compound allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant.^[30][31][32] The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged because it is being used as a defense mechanism.^[33] The sensory neural target of mustard oil is the chemosensory receptor, TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor.^[34]

The unique flavour of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides, including sinigrin^[35] and other glucosinolates, into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates:^[18][30][31]

• 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC)
• 7-Methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate
• 8-Methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate

Such isothiocyanates inhibit microbial growth, perhaps with implications for preserving food against spoilage and suppressing oral bacterial growth.^[36]

Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chilli peppers and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapour sprayed into his sleeping chamber.^[37] The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency.^[38]

Nutritional information

Wasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (23.5%), water (69.1%), fat (0.63%), and protein (4.8%).^[39]

Cultivation

Wasabi crop growing at Azumino, Nagano, Japan

Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, which is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:

• Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture ("Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan" is a Globally and Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System^[40][41])
• Nagano Prefecture including the Daio Wasabi Farm in Azumino (a popular tourist attraction and the world's largest commercial wasabi farm)
• Iwate Prefecture
• Shimane Prefecture known as its Hikimi wasabi

Wasabi roots being sold in Azumino, Nagano

2016 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)^[42]

Prefecture	Cultivated in water		Cultivated in soil		Total
	Stem	Leafstalk	Stem	Leafstalk	Stem	Leafstalk	Total
Nagano	226.9	611.4	2.7	14.7	229.6	626.1	855.7
Iwate	8.2	5.5	16.0	488.4	24.2	493.9	518.1
Shizuoka	237.9	129.2	-	138.1	237.9	267.3	505.2
Kochi	0.1	0.1	26.7	45.8	26.8	45.9	72.7
Shimane	3.5	1.7	1.8	42.5	5.3	44.2	49.5
Oita	0.1	0.6	38.8	9.5	38.9	10.1	49.0
Others	32.9	59.7	46.4	76.3	79.3	136.0	215.3
Total	509.6	808.2	132.4	815.3	642.0	1,623.5	2,265.5

2009 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)^[43]

Prefecture	Cultivated in water		Cultivated in soil		Total
	Stem	Leafstalk	Stem	Leafstalk	Stem	Leafstalk	Total
Shizuoka	295.1	638.2	4.5	232.3	299.6	870.5	1,170.1
Nagano	316.8	739.2	7.2	16.8	324.0	756.0	1,080.0
Iwate	8.8	1.5	2.4	620.5	11.2	622.0	633.2
Shimane	2.4	10.1	9.0	113.0	11.4	123.1	134.5
Oita	0.5	8.9	–	94.0	0.5	102.9	103.4
Yamaguchi	2.5	2.2	22.5	54.2	25.0	56.4	81.4
Others	65.8	48.1	61.7	108.0	127.5	156.1	283.6
Total	691.9	1,448.2	107.3	1,238.8	799.2	2,687.0	3,486.2

Numerous artificial cultivation^{[clarification needed]} facilities also exist as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is higher than that which can be produced within Japan, Japan imports copious amounts of wasabi from the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Pakistan, Thailand and New Zealand.^[44] In North America, wasabi is cultivated by a handful of small farmers and companies in the rain forests on the coast of Western Canada, the Oregon Coast,^[45] and in areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee.^[46] In Europe, wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland,^[47] the Netherlands, Hungary, and the UK.^[48][49]

Modern cultivars of wasabi mostly derive from three traditional cultivars, 'Fujidaruma', 'Shimane No. 3' and 'Mazuma'. Sequencing of the chloroplastic genome, which is inherited maternally in wasabi, supports this conclusion.^[50]

See also

• Satoyama

References

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17. Lim, Tong Kwee (2014). "Eutrema japonicum: Edible Plant Parts and Uses". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer. p. 790. ISBN 978-94-017-9511-1.
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25. Gazzaniga, Donald A.; Gazzaniga, Maureen A. (2007). "Glossary". The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium International Cookbook. Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4668-1915-3. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
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41. 静岡県 わさび栽培地域 [Shizuoka Prefecture – Wasabi Cultivation Area] (in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
42. "特用林産物生産統計調査-平成28年特用林産基礎資料 – 2016年 – 3.平成28年主要品目別生産動向 – (16)わさび(生産量）" [Wasabi production]. e-Stat (Statistics of Japan). 13 September 2017. Excel file u008-28-032.xls
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46. "Can I Grow Wasabi in Western North Carolina?". NC State Extension. 15 March 2010.
47. "Sustainably". Nordic Wasabi. Jurt Hydroponics. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
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Further reading

• Il Shik Shin; Hideki Masuda; Kinae Naohide (August 2004). "Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. PMID 15246236.
• Miles, Carol; Chadwick, Catherine (1 May 2008). Growing Wasabi in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension. PNW605.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• A. Depree, J.; M. Howard, T.; P. Savage, G. (June 1998). "Flavour and pharmaceutical properties of the volatile sulphur compounds of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)". Food Research International. 31 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00105-7.

External links

• Douglas, James A. (1993). "New Crop Development in New Zealand". In Janick, Jules; Simon, James E. (eds.). New crops. Second National Symposium, New Crops: Exploration, Research, and Commercialization. Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products. Wasabi. ISBN 0-471-59374-5. OCLC 468737540.
• "Wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.)". Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. 11 February 2007.
• "Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 1: Seeking 'Japan's No.1'". The Asahi Shimbun. 29 December 2016.
• "Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 2: Exceed Real Ones". The Asahi Shimbun. 9 August 2017.
• "How to grow wasabi: step-by-step guide". Gardeningnorm. 1 August 2022.