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Tours

Tours
Montage of Tours views and sights
Montage of Tours views and sights
Flag of Tours
Coat of arms of Tours
Location of Tours
Map
Tours is located in France
Tours
Tours
Tours is located in Centre-Val de Loire
Tours
Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.393611°N 0.689167°E / 47.393611; 0.689167
CountryFrance
RegionCentre-Val de Loire
DepartmentIndre-et-Loire
ArrondissementTours
CantonTours-1
Tours-2
Tours-3
Tours-4
IntercommunalityTours Métropole Val de Loire
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Emmanuel Denis[1] (The Greens)
Area
1
34.7 km2 (13.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2018)
684.9 km2 (264.4 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2018)
3,631.6 km2 (1,402.2 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
137,658
 • Rank26th in France
 • Density4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2018)
359,992
 • Urban density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2018)
516,973
 • Metro density140/km2 (370/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Tourangeau (masculine)
Tourangelle (feminine)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
37261 /37000, 37100, 37200
Elevation44–119 m (144–390 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Tours (/tʊər/ TOOR, French: [tuʁ] ) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973.[3]

Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Formerly named Caesarodunum by its founder, Roman Emperor Augustus, it possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre. Known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, it is a National Sanctuary with connections to the Merovingians and the Carolingians, with the Capetians making the kingdom's currency the Livre tournois. Saint Martin and Gregory of Tours were from Tours. Tours was once part of Touraine, a former province of France. Tours was the first city of the silk industry. It was wanted by Louis XI, royal capital under the Valois Kings with its Loire castles and city of art with the School of Tours. The prefecture was partially destroyed during the French Wars of Religion in the late 16th century and again during the Second World War in June 1940.

The White and Blue city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed "Le Petit Paris" and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019. Tours is a popular culinary city with specialties such as: rillettes, rillons, Touraine vineyards, AOC Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine cheeses and nougats. The city is also the end-point of the annual Paris–Tours cycle race.

Etymology

A popular folk etymology of the word "Tours" is that it comes from Turonus, the nephew of Brutus. Turonus died in a war between Corineus and the king of Aquitaine, Goffarius Pictus, provoked by Corineus hunting in the king's forests without permission. It is said that Turonus was buried in Tours and the city is founded around his grave.[4]

History

In Gallic times, Tours was an important crossing point over the river Loire. It became part of the Roman Empire during the 1st century AD, and the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became "Civitas Turonum", and then "Tours". It was at this time that the Tours Amphitheatre was built.

Tours became a metropolis in the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388 AD, dominating Maine, Brittany, and the Loire Valley. One important figure in the city was Saint Martin of Tours, a bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. The importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, a major centre during the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages

In the 6th century Gregory of Tours, author of the Ten Books of History, restored a cathedral destroyed by a fire in 561. Saint Martin's monastery benefited from its inception, at the very start of the 6th century from patronage and support from the Frankish king, Clovis I, which increased considerably the influence of the saint, the abbey and the city in Gaul. In the 9th century, Tours was at the heart of the Carolingian Rebirth, in particular because of Alcuin, an abbot of Marmoutier Abbey.

In 732, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and an army of Muslim horsemen from Al-Andalus advanced 500 kilometres (300 miles) deep into France, and were stopped at Moussais-la-Bataille[5] (between Châtellerault and Poitiers) by Charles Martel and his infantry. This ignited the Battle of Tours. The Muslim army was defeated, preventing an Islamic conquest of France.

In 845, Tours repelled the first attack of the Viking chief Haesten. In 850, the Vikings settled at the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. Still led by Haesten, they went up the Loire again in 852 and sacked Angers, Tours and Marmoutier Abbey.

During the Middle Ages, Tours consisted of two juxtaposed and competing centres. The "City" in the east, successor of the late Roman 'castrum', was composed of the cathedral and palace of the archbishops as well as the castle of Tours. The castle of Tours acted as a seat of the authority of the Counts of Tours (later Counts of Anjou) and the King of France. In the west, the "new city" structured around the Abbey of Saint Martin was freed from the control of the city during the 10th century (an enclosure was built towards 918) and became "Châteauneuf". This space, organized between Saint Martin and the Loire, became the economic centre of Tours. Between these two centres were Varennes, vineyards and fields, little occupied except for the Abbaye Saint-Julien established on the banks of the Loire. The two centres were linked during the 14th century.

Place Plumereau, Medieval buildings

Tours became the capital of the county of Tours or Touraine, a territory bitterly disputed between the counts of Blois and Anjou – the latter were victorious in the 11th century. It was the capital of France at the time of Louis XI, who had settled in the castle of Montils (today the castle of Plessis-les-Tours, at the junction of the Loire and the Indre rivers ). Tours and Touraine remained a permanent residence of the kings and court until the 16th century. The rebirth gave Tours and Touraine many private mansions and castles, joined to some extent under the generic name of the Châteaux of the Loire. It is also at the time of Louis XI that the silk industry was introduced – despite difficulties, the industry still survives to this day.

16th–18th centuries

Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine. At this time, the Catholics returned to power in Angers: the attendant assumed the right to nominate the aldermen. The Massacre of Saint-Barthelemy was not repeated at Tours. The Protestants were imprisoned by the aldermen – a measure which prevented their extermination. The permanent return of the Court to Paris and then Versailles marked the beginning of a slow but permanent decline. Guillaume the Metayer (1763–1798), known as Rochambeau, the well known counter-revolutionary chief of Mayenne, was shot in Tours.

19th–20th centuries

The arrival of the railway in the 19th century saved the city by making it an important nodal point. The main railway station is known as Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. At that time, Tours was expanding towards the south into a district known as the Prébendes. The importance of the city as a centre of communications contributed to its revival and, as the 20th century progressed, Tours became a dynamic conurbation, economically oriented towards the service sector.

First World War

Tours Cathedral: 15th-century Flamboyant Gothic west front with Renaissance pinnacles, completed 1547.

The city was greatly affected by the First World War. A force of 25,000 American soldiers arrived in 1917, setting up textile factories for the manufacture of uniforms, repair shops for military equipment, munitions dumps, an army post office and an American military hospital at Augustins. Because of this, Tours became a garrison town with a resident general staff. The American presence is remembered today by the Woodrow Wilson bridge over the Loire, which was officially opened in July 1918 and bears the name of the President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Three American air force squadrons, including the 492nd, were based at the Parçay-Meslay airfield, their personnel playing an active part in the life of the city. Americans paraded at funerals and award ceremonies for the Croix de Guerre; they also took part in festivals and their YMCA organised shows for the troops. Some men married women from Tours.

Inter-war years

In 1920, the city hosted the Congress of Tours, which saw the creation of the French Communist Party. One future consequence of that congress was the presence of Hô Chi Minh, the Vietnamese nationalist, who became there one of the first members of the French Communist Party.

Second World War

Tours was also marked by the Second World War as the city suffered massive destruction in 1940. For four years it was a city of military camps and fortifications. From 10 to 13 June 1940, Tours was the temporary seat of the French government before its move to Bordeaux.

German incendiary bombs caused a huge fire which blazed out of control from 20 to 22 June and destroyed part of the city centre. Some architectural masterpieces of the 16th and 17th centuries were lost, as was the monumental entry to the city. The Wilson Bridge that carried a water main which supplied the city was dynamited to slow the progress of the German advance. With the water main severed, nobody was able to extinguish the inferno, therefore inhabitants had no option but to flee to safety. More heavy air raids by Allied forces devastated the area around the railway station in 1944, causing several hundred deaths.

Post-war developments

A plan for the rebuilding of the downtown area drawn up by the local architect Camille Lefèvre was adopted even before the end of the war. The plan was for 20 small quadrangular blocks of housing to be arranged around the main road (la rue Nationale), which was widened. This regular layout attempted to echo, yet simplify, the 18th-century architecture. Pierre Patout succeeded Lefèvre as the architect in charge of rebuilding in 1945. At one time there was talk of demolishing the southern side of the rue Nationale in order to make it in keeping with the new development.

The recent history of Tours is marked by the personality of Jean Royer, who was Mayor for 36 years and helped save the old town from demolition by establishing one of the first Conservation Areas. This example of conservation policy would later inspire the Malraux Law for the safeguarding of historic city centres. In the 1970s, Jean Royer also extended the city to the south by diverting the course of the river Cher to create the districts of Rives du Cher and des Fontaines. At the time, this was one of the largest urban developments in Europe. In 1970, the François Rabelais University was founded; this is centred on the bank of the Loire in the downtown area, and not – as it was then the current practice – in a campus in the suburbs. The latter solution was also chosen by the twin university of Orleans. Royer's long term as Mayor was, however, not without controversy, as exemplified by the construction of the practical – but aesthetically unattractive – motorway which runs along the bed of a former canal just 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) from the cathedral. Another bone of contention was the original Vinci Congress Centre by Jean Nouvel. This project incurred debts although it did, at least, make Tours one of France's principal conference centres.

Jean Germain, a member of the Socialist Party, became Mayor in 1995 and made debt reduction his priority. Ten years later, his economic management was regarded as much wiser than that of his predecessor due to the financial stability of the city returning. However, the achievements of Jean Germain were criticized by the municipal opposition for a lack of ambition. There were no large building projects instituted under his double mandate. This position is disputed by those in power, who affirm their policy of concentrating on the quality of life, as evidenced by urban restoration, the development of public transport and cultural activities.

Climate

Tours has an oceanic climate that is very mild for such a northern latitude. Summers are influenced by its inland position, resulting in frequent days of 25 °C (77 °F) or warmer, whereas winters are kept mild by Atlantic air masses. The entire valley between Orlans and Angers is famous for the luminosity of its air and for its fabulous châteaux, most of them Renaissance (over 600 between Orlans and Angers)

Climate data for Tours (1991–2020 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4)
22.1
(71.8)
25.3
(77.5)
29.2
(84.6)
31.8
(89.2)
39.1
(102.4)
40.8
(105.4)
39.8
(103.6)
35.5
(95.9)
31.1
(88.0)
22.3
(72.1)
18.5
(65.3)
40.8
(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)
9.0
(48.2)
12.9
(55.2)
16.0
(60.8)
19.6
(67.3)
23.4
(74.1)
25.9
(78.6)
26.0
(78.8)
22.1
(71.8)
17.0
(62.6)
11.4
(52.5)
8.1
(46.6)
16.6
(61.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)
5.6
(42.1)
8.6
(47.5)
11.0
(51.8)
14.5
(58.1)
18.0
(64.4)
20.2
(68.4)
20.2
(68.4)
16.8
(62.2)
13.0
(55.4)
8.3
(46.9)
5.5
(41.9)
12.2
(54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)
2.3
(36.1)
4.3
(39.7)
6.0
(42.8)
9.4
(48.9)
12.6
(54.7)
14.4
(57.9)
14.3
(57.7)
11.4
(52.5)
9.0
(48.2)
5.3
(41.5)
2.9
(37.2)
7.9
(46.2)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7)
−14.2
(6.4)
−10.3
(13.5)
−3.4
(25.9)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.6
(36.7)
4.3
(39.7)
4.8
(40.6)
0.9
(33.6)
−2.3
(27.9)
−7.1
(19.2)
−18.5
(−1.3)
−18.5
(−1.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.0
(2.48)
52.4
(2.06)
48.7
(1.92)
53.0
(2.09)
57.7
(2.27)
53.2
(2.09)
46.6
(1.83)
44.0
(1.73)
51.8
(2.04)
66.0
(2.60)
69.3
(2.73)
72.1
(2.84)
677.8
(26.69)
Average precipitation days 11.0 9.8 9.3 8.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 6.6 7.5 9.8 11.4 11.5 109.0
Average snowy days 2.4 2.9 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.7 10.6
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 79 74 77 75 72 73 77 84 87 89 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.4 95.2 148.8 187.3 214.2 228.5 247.1 237.7 191.3 122.9 78.9 64.6 1,884.8
Source 1: Météo France[6][7]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[8]

Sights

Hôtel de Ville, Place Jean Jaurès
St Gatien Cathedral, from Rue Lavoisier, just north of the Rue Colbert intersection.
Pont Wilson

Tours Cathedral

The cathedral of Tours, dedicated to Saint Gatien, its canonized first bishop, was begun about 1170 to replace the cathedral that was burnt out in 1166 during the dispute between Louis VII of France and Henry II of England. The lowermost stages of the western towers belong to the 12th century, but the rest of the west end is in the profusely detailed Flamboyant Gothic of the 15th century, completed just as the Renaissance was affecting the patrons who planned the châteaux of Touraine. These towers were being constructed at the same time as, for example, the Château de Chenonceau.

When the 15th-century illuminator Jean Fouquet was set the task of illuminating Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, his depiction of Solomon's Temple was modeled on the nearly-complete cathedral of Tours. The atmosphere of the Gothic cathedral close permeates Honoré de Balzac's dark short novel of jealousy and provincial intrigues, Le Curé de Tours (The Curate of Tours), and his medieval story Maître Cornélius opens in the cathedral itself.

Other points of interest

Language

Before the French Revolution, the inhabitants of Tours (Les Tourangeaux) were known for speaking the "purest" form of French in the entire country.[9] The pronunciation of Touraine was traditionally regarded as the most standard pronunciation of the French language, until the 19th century when the standard pronunciation of French shifted to that of the Parisian bourgeoisie.[10] This is explained by the fact that the court of France was living in Touraine between 1430 and 1530. French, the language of the court, had become the official language of the entire kingdom.

A Council of Tours in 813 decided that priests should preach sermons in different languages because the common people could no longer understand classical Latin. This was the first official recognition of an early French language distinct from Latin, and can be considered as the birth of French.

The ordinance of Montils-lès-Tours, promulgated by Charles VII in 1454, made it mandatory to write laws and oral customs in the native language of the area.

An ordinance of Charles VIII (born in Amboise, near Tours) in 1490 and one of Louis XII (born in Blois, near Tours) in 1510 broaden the scope of the ordinance of Charles VII.

Finally the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, signed into law by Francis I in 1539, called for the use of French in all legal acts, notarized contracts and official legislation to avoid any linguistic confusion.

Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century that some people in this area could still speak Gaulish.

City

Pont Wilson crosses the river Loire at the old civic core

The city of Tours has a population of 140,000 and is called "Le Jardin de la France" ("The Garden of France"). There are several parks located within the city. Tours is located between two rivers, the Loire to the north and the Cher to the south. The buildings of Tours are white with blue slate (called Ardoise) roofs; this style is common in the north of France, while most buildings in the south of France have terracotta roofs.

Tours is famous for its original medieval district, called le Vieux Tours. Unique to the Old City are its preserved half-timbered buildings and la Place Plumereau, a square with busy pubs and restaurants, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square. The Boulevard Beranger crosses the Rue Nationale at the Place Jean-Jaures and is the location of weekly markets and fairs.

Tours is famous for its many bridges crossing the river Loire. One of them, the Pont Wilson, collapsed in 1978, but was rebuilt.

In the garden of the ancient Palais des Archevêques (now Musée des Beaux-Arts) is a huge cedar tree said to have been planted by Napoleon.[11] The garden also has a stuffed elephant named Fritz. He escaped from the Barnum and Bailey circus during their stay in Tours in 1902. He went mad and had to be shot down, but the city paid to honor him, and he was taxidermied as a result.

Tours is home to University of Tours (formerly known as University François Rabelais of Tours), the site of one of the most important choral competitions, called Florilège Vocal de Tours International Choir Competition, and is a member city of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.

Population

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Tours proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Tours absorbed the former commune of Saint-Étienne in 1845 and Sainte-Radegonde-en-Touraine and Saint-Symphorien in 1964.[12]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 21,000—    
1800 20,240−0.53%
1806 21,703+1.17%
1821 21,928+0.07%
1831 23,235+0.58%
1836 26,669+2.80%
1841 30,072+2.43%
1846 30,766+0.46%
1851 33,530+1.74%
1856 38,055+2.56%
1861 41,061+1.53%
1866 42,450+0.67%
1872 43,368+0.36%
1876 48,325+2.74%
1881 52,209+1.56%
1886 59,585+2.68%
1891 60,335+0.25%
1896 63,267+0.95%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 64,695+0.45%
1906 67,601+0.88%
1911 73,398+1.66%
1921 75,096+0.23%
1926 77,192+0.55%
1931 78,585+0.36%
1936 83,753+1.28%
1946 80,044−0.45%
1954 83,618+0.55%
1962 92,944+1.33%
1968 128,120+5.50%
1975 140,686+1.35%
1982 132,209−0.88%
1990 129,509−0.26%
1999 132,820+0.28%
2007 136,578+0.35%
2012 134,978−0.24%
2017 135,787+0.12%
Source: EHESS[12] and INSEE (1968–2017)[13]

Transportation

Tram model, design by the French agency RCP Design Global

Today, with extensive rail (including TGV) and autoroute connections linking to the rest of the country, Tours is a jumping-off point for tourist visits to the Loire Valley and the royal châteaux.

Tours is on one of the main lines of the TGV. It is possible to travel to the west coast of Bordeaux in two and a half hours. From there, the line follows the Mediterranean coast via Avignon, and then to Spain and Barcelona. There are also lines to Lyon, Strasbourg and Lille. It takes less than one hour by train to get from Tours to Paris by TGV and one and a half hours to get to Charles de Gaulle Airport. Tours has two main stations: Gare de Tours, the central station, and Gare de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, used by trains that do not terminate in Tours.

Tours Loire Valley Airport connects the Loire Valley to European cities.

Tours has a tram system, which began service at the end of August 2013. Twenty-one Alstom Citadis trams were ordered.[14]

There is also a bus service, the main central stop being Jean Jaurès, next to the Hôtel de Ville, and rue Nationale, the high street of Tours. The tram and bus networks are operated by Fil Bleu and they share a ticketing system. A second tram line is scheduled for 2025.[15]

Sport

The city's football team, Tours FC, currently play in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football. They also have a second team, CCSP Tours. CCSP's home stadium is the Stade des Tourettes and they play in the Division d'Honneur Regionale de Centre, the seventh tier of the French football league system.[citation needed]

Tours has served as the finish location for Paris–Tours, a one-day road cycling classic race held almost every October since 1896.[16]

Tours also has a volleyball club named the Tours VB.

Catholics from Tours

Venerable Leo Dupont, Holy Man of Tours

Tours is a special place for Catholics who follow the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus and the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. In 1843, Sister Marie of St Peter of Tours reported a vision which started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus, in reparation for the many insults Christ suffered in His Passion. The Golden Arrow Prayer was first made public by her.

The Venerable Leo Dupont also known as The Holy Man of Tours lived in Tours at about the same time. In 1849 he started the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament, which spread throughout France. Upon hearing of Sister Marie of St Peter's reported visions, he started to burn a vigil lamp continuously before a picture of the Holy Face of Jesus. The devotion was eventually approved by Pope Pius XII in 1958 and he formally declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics.[17] The Oratory of the Holy Face on Rue St. Etienne in Tours receives many pilgrims every year.

Tours was the site of the episcopal activity of St. Martin of Tours and has further Christian connotations in that the pivotal Battle of Tours in 732 is often considered the very first decisive victory over the invading Islamic forces, turning the tide against them. The battle also helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire.[18]

Notable people

Louise de la Vallière, 17th.C
General Régis de Trobriand, 1865

Public service

The Arts

Jean Fouquet self portrait, ca.1450
Philippe Néricault Destouches, 1741
statue of Honoré de Balzac

Science and business

Gabriel Lamé

Sport

Pascal Hervé, 2000

Twin towns — sister cities

Tours is twinned with:[28]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire". INSEE. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  4. ^ Historia Brittonum 7, 10–11
  5. ^ The Andalusian History, from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92–897 A.H. (711–1492 C.E.), by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El-Hajji, a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University, published in Dar Al-Qalam, in Damascus, and in Beirut. "Second Edition". p. 194
  6. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Tours" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  7. ^ "TOURS (37)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Tours – St Symphorien (37) – altitude 112m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Tours, France". Meet Minneapolis. 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  10. ^ de Montvalon, Jean-Baptiste. "Philippe Boula de Mareüil : « Les accents participent à la richesse de notre langue". Le Monde (in French). Paris. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  11. ^ "City summary: Tours". us.media.france.fr.
  12. ^ a b Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Tours, EHESS (in French).
  13. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  14. ^ "Tours selects Citadis and APS". Railway Gazette International. London. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  15. ^ "Tramway de Tours – Le Tram de Tours". letramdetours.net.
  16. ^ "City tourism: Tours". Paris–Tours. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  17. ^ Dorothy Scallan. "The Holy Man of Tours." (1990) ISBN 0-89555-390-2
  18. ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
  19. ^ "Berengarius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 768–769.
  20. ^ "La Vallière, Louise Françoise de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–291.
  21. ^ "Viollet, Paul Marie" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 107.
  22. ^ "Foucquet, Jean" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 737.
  23. ^ Williamson, George Charles (1911). "Clouet, François" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 559–560.
  24. ^ "Destouches, Philippe" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 104.
  25. ^ "Dutens, Louis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 736.
  26. ^ "Bouilly, Jean Nicolas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 318.
  27. ^ Saintsbury, George (1911). "Balzac, Honoré de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 298–301.
  28. ^ "Jumelages et partenariats". tours.fr (in French). Tours. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

Further reading

External links

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New Zealand politician The HonourableSir James CarrollKCMGTimi KaraCarroll c. 1914Member of the New Zealand Parliamentfor Eastern MaoriIn office1887–1893Preceded byWi PereSucceeded byWi PereMember of the New Zealand Parliamentfor WaiapuIn office1893–1908Preceded byNew electorateSucceeded byElectorate abolishedMember of the New Zealand Parliamentfor GisborneIn office1908–1919Preceded byNew electorateSucceeded byDouglas LysnarMember of the New Zealand Legislative CouncilIn office2 Sept…

Logo resmi Katolikos Seluruh Armenia Gereja Apostolik Armenia.BahasaArmenia klasikKantor pusatTakhta Induk Etchmiadzin Suci, Vagharshapat, ArmeniaDaerahArmenia,Nagorno-KarabakhKepemilikanRusia, Irak, Georgia, Prancis, Amerika Serikat, Libanon, Suriah, Yordania, Israel dan Palestina, Turki, Iran, Mesir, Kanada, Australia, Siprus, Yunani, Bulgaria, Belgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Britania Raya, Jerman, Italia, Belanda, Spanyol, Rumania, Swedia, Swiss, Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay, Ukraina, Belar…

Australian professional rugby league footballer Jacob MillerPersonal informationFull nameJacob MillerBorn (1992-08-22) 22 August 1992 (age 31)[1]Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaHeight6 ft 0 in (1.82 m)[1]Weight13 st 3 lb (84 kg)[1]Playing informationPositionStand-off, Scrum-half Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2011–13 Wests Tigers 9 2 1 1 11 2013–14 Hull F.C. 24 6 9 0 42 2014(loan) → Doncaster 5 2 0 0 8 2015–22 Wakefield …

Medical conditionAlcoholic cardiomyopathySpecialtyCardiology  Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disease in which the long-term consumption of alcohol leads to heart failure.[1] ACM is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy. The heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to heart failure. It can affect other parts of the body if the heart failure is severe. It is most common in males between the ages of 35 and 50. Etiology The causal relationship between alcohol consumption and c…

Polykarp KuschLahir(1911-01-26)26 Januari 1911Blankenburg, Kekaisaran JermanMeninggal20 Maret 1993(1993-03-20) (umur 82)AlmamaterUniversity of IllinoisCase Institute of TechnologyDikenal atasPengukuran momen magnetik elektronPenghargaan Nobel Fisika (1955)Karier ilmiahInstitusiUniversitas Texas, DallasUniversitas ColumbiaPembimbing doktoralF. Wheeler LoomisMahasiswa ternamaGordon Gould Polykarp Kusch (26 Januari 1911 – 20 Maret 1993) ialah fisikawan Jerman-Amerika Serikat. P…

American economic historian This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) John KomlosBorn (1944-12-28) 28 December 1944 (age 78)Budapest, HungaryNationalityAmericanAcademic careerInstitutionsUnivers…

Ravna Gora Municipio Ravna GoraUbicación de Ravna Gora en CroaciaCoordenadas 45°22′22″N 14°56′07″E / 45.372777777778, 14.935277777778Entidad Municipio • País Croacia • Condado Primorje-Gorski KotarSuperficie   • Total 82.30 km²Altitud   • Media 792 m s. n. m.Población (2011)   • Total 2430 hab.[1]​ • Densidad 24,26 hab/km²Huso horario UTC +1 • en verano UTC +2Código postal[2]​ 51…

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Gemeinde Marxen; zu weiteren Bedeutungen von Marxen siehe Marxen (Begriffsklärung). Wappen Deutschlandkarte 53.313710.005943Koordinaten: 53° 19′ N, 10° 0′ O Basisdaten Bundesland: Niedersachsen Landkreis: Harburg Samtgemeinde: Hanstedt Höhe: 43 m ü. NHN Fläche: 13,42 km2 Einwohner: 1433 (31. Dez. 2022)[1] Bevölkerungsdichte: 107 Einwohner je km2 Postleitzahl: 21439 Vorwahl: 04185 Kfz-Kennzeichen…

سامانثا ماثيس (بالإنجليزية: Samantha Mathis)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 12 مايو 1970 (53 سنة)  بروكلين  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الأب دونالد ماثيس الأم بيبي بيش أقرباء غوستي هوبر (جدة)غوتفريد كوخرت (جد) الحياة العملية المهنة ممثلة تلفزيونية،  وممثلة أفلام،  ومؤدية أصوات&#…

Season of television series Germany's Next TopmodelSeason 1Judges Heidi Klum Peyman Amin Bruce Darnell Armin Morbach No. of contestants12WinnerLena Gercke Country of originGermanyNo. of episodes10ReleaseOriginal networkProSiebenOriginal release25 January (2006-01-25) –29 March 2006 (2006-03-29)Season chronologyNext →Cycle 2 List of episodes Germany's Next Topmodel Cycle 1 is the first season of Germany's Next Topmodel (often abbreviated to GNTM) that aired on German t…

Partida dos israelitas, de David Roberts, 1829. O Êxodo (grego bíblico: ἔξοδος; hebraico: יציאת מצרים, transl. Yetsi'at Mitzrayim, AFI: [jəsʕijaθ misʕɾajim], Y'ṣiʾath Miṣrayim, lit. a saída do Egito) é considerado o movimento de fundação de Israel na Terra Prometida conforme a Bíblia judaica, e conforme historiadores é considerado como o mito fundador dos israelitas.[1] O termo em Stricto sensu, refere-se à fuga dos israelitas do Egito tal como descrita n…

Manajemen rumah potong hewan merupakan salah satu bagian penting dari kesmavet. Kesehatan masyarakat veteriner (disingkat kesmavet; bahasa Inggris: veterinary public health) adalah bidang ilmu yang mempelajari aspek kesehatan hewan (termasuk produk hewan) yang memengaruhi kesehatan manusia. Kesehatan masyarakat veteriner merupakan perpaduan dari ilmu kesehatan masyarakat dan kedokteran hewan. Umumnya, kesmavet mencakup higiene pangan asal hewan dan penyakit zoonotik. Kesmavet dianggap semakin pe…

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) العلاقات المصرية الأرجنتينية   الأرجنتين   مصر تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأرجنتينية الم

Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Staatliche Ebene Brandenburg Hauptsitz Potsdam Behördenleitung Hans-Jürgen Misselwitz (1992–1999) Martina Weyrauch (seit 2000) Bedienstete 8 Netzauftritt www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de Sitz der Landeszentrale in Potsdam Die Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung (BLPB) ist die zentrale Einrichtung für die außerschulische politische Bildung im Land Brandenburg. Ihre Angebote richten sich an alle Brandenburgerinn…

Stasiun Hyūga-Kitakata日向北方駅Stasiun Hyūga-Kitakata pada 2010LokasiJepangKoordinat31°28′59″N 131°14′36″E / 31.48306°N 131.24333°E / 31.48306; 131.24333Koordinat: 31°28′59″N 131°14′36″E / 31.48306°N 131.24333°E / 31.48306; 131.24333Pengelola JR KyushuJalur■ Jalur NichinanLetak dari pangkal71.8 km dari Minami-MiyazakiJumlah peron1 peron sampingJumlah jalur1KonstruksiJenis strukturAtas tanahInformasi lainStatusTanpa…

Hiroyuki Ikeuchi (池内 博之)Lahir24 November 1976 (umur 47)Prefektur Ibaraki, JepangPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1997 - sekarang Hiroyuki Ikeuchi (池内博之code: ja is deprecated , Ikeuchi Hiroyuki, lahir 24 November 1976) adalah seorang aktor berkebangsaan Jepang. Dia mulai berkarier di dunia film sejak akhir-akhir 1990-an. Filmografi Film 1998: Blues Harp 1999: Charisma 2004: Warau Iemon 2006: Love My Life 2008: Team Batista no Eikou 2008: Aihyouka ~Chi-Manako~ 2008: Handsome Suit…

Garden in Xihui Park, Wuxi, China 31°34′55″N 120°15′58″E / 31.581863°N 120.266143°E / 31.581863; 120.266143 Jichang Yuan Jichang Garden (Chinese: 寄畅园) is located inside Xihui Park, east side of Huishan, east side of western suburban of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. It is close to Huishan Temple. Jichang Garden is a famed Chinese classical garden in South China, and it was claimed as a national protected location of historical and cultural relics on …

Efrem orang Siria. Efrem orang Siria adalah seorang teolog sekaligus sastrawan dan orator.[1] Ia berasal dari Gereja Purba di Siria.[1] Ia terutama dihormati dalam Gereja Ortodoks Siria, dan terhitung sebagai Venerable Father (Bapa Yang Dimuliakan, yaitu seorang biarawan yang dihormati sebagai orang kudus) dalam Gereja Ortodoks Timur. Hari peringatannya adalah tanggal 28 Januari dan pada hari Sabtu Venerable Fathers. Ia dinyatakan sebagai seorang Pujangga Gereja dalam Gereja Kato…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Transistor song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1997 single by 311TransistorSingle by 311from the album Transistor ReleasedJune 30, 1997Length3:03LabelCapricorn RecordsSongwrit…

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالحرية مفاهيم حرية حرية سلبية حرية إيجابية حقوق حرية الإرادة حسب المجال مدنية اقتصادية فكرية سياسية حسب الحق التجمع التنظيم الحركة الصحافة الاعتقاد التعبير المعلومات الفكر  بوابة حقوق الإنسانعنت حرية الفكر - بن فرانكلين حرية التفكير أو حرية الأ…

A Jabiru 5100 flat-8 four-stroke aircraft engine with dual ignition, with two spark plugs per cylinder and two distributors. Dual Ignition is a system for spark-ignition engines, whereby critical ignition components, such as spark plugs and magnetos, are duplicated. Dual ignition is most commonly employed on aero engines,[1][2] and is sometimes found on cars and motorcycles. Dual ignition provides two advantages: redundancy in the event of in-flight failure of one ignition system…

Northern KnightsNamesFull nameNorthern Knights Football ClubNickname(s)Knights2023 seasonAfter finals6thHome-and-away season4thClub detailsFounded1992; 31 years ago (1992)Colours  White   Navy BlueCompetitionTalent LeagueCoachLeigh ClarkeCaptain(s)Brayden GillardPremiershipsTalent League (4) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996Ground(s)Preston City Oval, PrestonOther informationOfficial websiteNKFC The Northern Knights is an Australian rules football club playing in the Talent Leag…

For other uses, see Niantic (disambiguation). Niantic Painting of Niantic at the Whampoa anchorage near Canton History United States BuilderConnecticut In service1832 Out of service1849 RenamedNiantic Hotel, 1849 Fate Converted to storeship and hotel 1849; destroyed by fires 1850-1852 Artifacts in San Francisco Maritime Museum; some unexcavated at Clay and Sansome Streets, San Francisco, California General characteristics Typeship or barque Tons burthencould probably take eight or nine hundred t…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Mystery of the Strange Bundle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writi…

Pradikta WicaksonoLahir10 Januari 1986 (umur 37)Jakarta, IndonesiaNama lainDiktaPekerjaanPenyanyiaktorTahun aktif2007—sekarangKarier musikGenrePoprokbluesInstrumenVokalgitarbas gitardrumLabelMusica Studio'sArtis terkaitYovie & NunoDikta ProjectMantan anggotaYovie & Nuno Pradikta Wicaksono (lahir 10 Januari 1986)[1], yang dikenal dengan mononim Dikta adalah penyanyi dan aktor berkebangsaan Indonesia.[2] Dikta merupakan vokalis grup musik Yovie & Nuno d…

Ця стаття має кілька недоліків. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити її або обговоріть ці проблеми на сторінці обговорення. Цю статтю треба вікіфікувати для відповідності стандартам якості Вікіпедії. Будь ласка, допоможіть додаванням доречних внутрішніх посилань або вдо…

Questa voce sull'argomento hockeisti su ghiaccio svedesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Markus Näslund Markus Näslund con la maglia di Vancouver Nazionalità  Svezia Altezza 180 cm Peso 89 kg Hockey su ghiaccio Ruolo General manager (Ex Ala Sinistra) Tiro Sinistro N° maglia 19 (Ritirato da Vancouver) Squadra  MODO Termine carriera 2010 (Giocatore) Carriera Periodo Squadra PG G A Pt Giovanili    Järveds IF 1989-1993…

V · D · MConflitto arabo-israelianoMoti del 1920 – Moti di Giaffa – Moti in Palestina del 1929 – Grande rivolta araba – Guerra arabo-israeliana del 1948 – Crisi di Suez – Guerra dei sei giorni – Guerra d'attrito – Guerra del Kippur – Guerra del Libano (1978) – Guerra del Libano (1982) – Conflitto del Libano meridionale (1982-2000) – Prima intifada – Seconda intifada – Conflitto Israele-Stris…

Afghan writer and historian Abdul Hai HabibiNative nameعبدالحی حبیبیBorn1910 (1910)Kandahar, AfghanistanDiedMay 9, 1984(1984-05-09) (aged 73–74)Kabul, AfghanistanOccupationHistorian, politician, scholar, professorSubjectHistory and academiaWebsitewww.alamahabibi.com Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient Indus Valley Civilisation 2200–1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC Gandhara Kingdom 1500–535 BC Median Empire 728–550 BC Achaemenid Em…

اوليفر روبنسون (بالانجليزى: Oliver Robinson)  معلومات شخصيه الميلاد 13 مارس 1960 (64 سنة)  برمنجهام (الاباما)  مواطنه امريكا  الطول الوزن الحياه العمليه المدرسه الام جامعة الاباما فى برمنجهام  المهنه لاعب كورة سله[1]،  وسياسى  الحزب الحزب الديموقراطى فى امريكا  ال…

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