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This timeline tries to show dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East/ South West Asia .The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's Egypt, the Persian Gulf states, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Palestine, Cyprus, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Middle East, with its particular characteristics, was not to emerge until the late second millennium AD. To refer to a concept similar to that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term ancient Near East is used.

This list is intended as a timeline of the history of the Middle East. For more detailed information, see articles on the histories of individual countries. See ancient Near East for ancient history of the Middle East.

Paleolithic period

16000 BC – Kebaran period
13050 to 7050 BC – Natufian culture
14400 BC – The world's oldest evidence of bread-making has been found at Shubayqa 1, in Jordan.^[1]
11000 BC – The oldest known evidence of beer found in Mount Carmel

Neolithic period

10000 BC – Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
10000 BC – earliest neolithic sanctuaries at Göbekli Tepe in southern Anatolia
9300 BC – first cultivating of wild emmer wheat in Netiv HaGdud and other sites in Jordan by hunter gatherers^[2]
10000 to 8800 BC — Shepherd Neolithic

9th millennium B.C.

8500 BC – first domestication of the cow (taurine line from the aurochs near Çayönü Tepesi in southeastern Anatolia and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq).^[3]
8400 to 8100 BC – first settlements at Nevali Cori in Anatolia
8200 to 7650 BC – first domestication of emmer wheat near Damascus, Syria

8th millennium BC

8000 BC – human settlements at Sagalassos in southwest Anatolia
8000 BC – first domestication of goats from the bezoar ibex in Iran
8000 BC – first domestication of einkorn wheat near Karaca Dağ in southeast Anatolia.
8000 BC – first domestication of Durum wheat near Karaca Dağ in the Levant and the Ethiopian Highlands
7500 BC – Çatalhöyük, very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia
7000 BC – Jarmo, one of the oldest agricultural communities, in northern Iraq

7th millennium BC

7000 to 6500 BC – early undecorated, unglazed and low-fired pottery in Hassuna
7000 BC — settlements in Byblos
7000 BC — Neolithic farmers start to move in to Europe, stimulating the European neolithic for over 3 thousand years
6000 to 4000 BC – invention of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia

6th millennium BC

6000 BC – first irrigation and flood control in Mesopotamia and Egypt
6000 to 4300 BC – first sail boats in Mesopotamia^[4]
6000 to 3000 BC — Pre-dynastic Egypt
5600 BC – Black Sea floods according to the Black Sea deluge theory
5509 BC – date of creation according to the Byzantine calendar
5500 BC – first large scale agriculture by the Sumerians and in the valley of the Nile
5500 BC – the oldest discovered Sumerian settlement at Tell el-'Oueili
5403 BC – expulsion from the Garden of Eden according to the Genealogies of Genesis
5400 BC – Eridu
5100 BC – first Temples in South Mesopotamia
5000 BC — Byblos is named a city
5000 BC — Aleppo is settled
5000 BC — Uruk

5th millennium BC

4500 BC – civilization of Susa and Kish in Mesopotamia
4570 to 4250 BC – Merimde culture on the Nile
4400 to 4000 BC – Badari culture on the Nile
4000 BC – first use of light wooden ploughs in Mesopotamia
4000 BC – Egyptians discover how to make bread using yeast

Ancient Near East

4th millennium BC

4000 to 3000 BC – domestication of the African wild ass in Egypt or Mesopotamia, producing the donkey
4000 BC – city of Ur in Mesopotamia
4000 to 3100 BC – Uruk period
4000 to 3000 BC – Naqada culture on the Nile
3760 BC – date of creation according to some interpretations of Jewish chronology
3650 BC – The foundation of the city of Gaziantep
3600 BC – first civilization in the world: Sumer (city-states) in modern-day southern Iraq^[5]
3500 BC – City of Ebla in Syria is founded
3500 to 3000 BC – one of the first appearances of wheeled vehicles in Mesopotamia
3500 BC – beginning of desertification of the Sahara: the shift from a habitable region to a barren desert
3500 BC – first examples of Sumerian writing in Mesopotamia, in the cities of Uruk and Susa (cuneiform writings)
3500 BC – first cities in Egypt
3300 BC – Earliest Cuneiform writings
3200 BC – Iry-Hor reigns as pharaoh of Upper Egypt, the earliest historical person known by name
3100 BC – King Narmer unifies the Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms, and gives birth to the world's first nation
3100 to 2686 BC – early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
3100 BC – Earliest hieroglyphs
3000 BC – The temple of Haddad in Aleppo
3000 to 2800 BC – Earliest evidence of Taxation found in Egypt

3rd millennium BC

3000 to 2000 BC – First domestication of the dromedaries in Somalia and southern Arabia
3000 to 2300 BC – First Kingdom of Ebla
2900 to 2350 BC – First ziggurats in Sumer
2900 to 2500 BC – First Kingdom of Mari
2800 BC – Beginning of Uruk's decline
2700 to 539 BC – Elam
2600 to 2350 BC – early Dynastic III period in Mesopotamia
2600 to 2300 BC – Kingdom of Nagar
2600 to 2025 BC – Early Assyrian Period
2575 to 2150 BC – Old Kingdom of Egypt
2560 BC – completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza
2500 BC – First use of war wagons as recorded by the Standard of Ur
2500 BC – First domestication of the camel in central Asia and Arabia^[6]^[7]^[8]
2500 BC – Ur-Nina first king of Lagash
2500 to 2290 BC – Second Kingdom of Mari
2340 to 2280 BC – Reign of Sargon of Akkad, founder of the dynasty of the Akkad
2334 to 2154 BC – Akkadian Empire
2300 to 2000 BC – Second Kingdom of Ebla
2266 to 1761 BC – Third Kingdom of Mari
2254 to 2218 BC – Naram-Sin of Akkad, under whom the empire reached its maximum strength and the first taking the title "god of Akkad"
2200 BC – Akkad taken by the Guti
2112 to 2094 BC – Ur-Nammu, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur
2111 to 2004 BC – Third Dynasty of Ur
2052 to 1570 BC – Middle Kingdom in Egypt
2025 to 1378 BC – Old Assyrian Empire
2004 BC – Elamites destroy Ur
2004 to 1763 BC – Rise of the Amorites who established several city-states in Mesopotamia
2000 to 1600 BC – Third Kingdom of Ebla
2000 to 1334 BC – Kingdom of Qatna
2000 BC – First use of the spoke-wheel by the Andronovo culture and soon after used by horse cultures of the Caucasus region in war chariots

2nd millennium BC

1900 BC – Hittites Old Kingdom in Anatolia
1894 to 1595 BC — Old Babylonian Empire
1800 BC – civilization in Canaan
1800 to 1200 BC – the emergence of the city of Ugarit when it ruled a coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean, Syria, the Hittites, and others
1792 to 1750 BC – the reign of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty, extended control throughout Mesopotamia, known for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest codes of law
1775 to 1761 BC – the reign of Zimri-Lim of Mari, extended control throughout Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, he was allied to Hammurabi
1725 to 1550 BC – Hyksos (Canaanite) domination of Egypt
1600 to 1360 BC – Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria
1594 BCE – Kassites take Babylon
1595 to 1155 BC – Kassite dynasty
1550 to 1077 BC – New Kingdom of Egypt
1500 to 1300 BC – Kingdom Mitanni, a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia
1500 to 539 BC – Phoenicia and the spread of their alphabet from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets derived
1457 BC – Battle of Megiddo
1380 to 1336 BC – Shuppiluliuma, king of the Hittites who challenged Egypt for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates
1370 to 1200 BC – Hittite Empire
1350 to 1050 BC – Middle Assyrian Empire

1300 BC – discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus: start of the Iron Age
1300 to 125 BC – Kingdom of Edom
1274 BC – Battle of Kadesh between the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II,^[9] largest chariot battle ever fought^[10]
1259 BC – Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty, the first peace treaty ever recorded in history
1245 to 1208 BC – Tukulti-Ninurta I, king of Assyria, first native Mesopotamian ruler in Babylon, took on the ancient title "King of Sumer and Akkad"
1237 BC – Battle of Nihriya, resulting in Assyrian victory over the Hittites for control over remnants of the former empire of Mitanni in Asia Minor and the Levant
1225 BC – Babylon taken by the Assyrians.^[11]
1200 to 1050 BC – Bronze Age collapse
1200 BC – oldest Phoenician alphabet inscription engraved on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram
1200 to 884 BC – Sea Peoples, conjectured groups of seafaring raiders, invaded Anatolia, Syria, Canaan, Cyprus, and Egypt
1200 to 546 BC – Lydian Empire
1200 to 732 BC – Aramaean Kingdom of Aram-Damascus
1190 BC – Hattusha, capital of the Hittites, taken by the Sea Peoples
1184 BC – Fall of Troy according to Eratosthenes’ calculations.^[12]
1180 to 700 BC – Neo-Hittite kingdoms also known as Syro-Hittite states
1155 BC – Babylon taken by Elamites
1100 to 539 BC – Neo-Elamite period
1087 BC – Babylon destroyed by Assyrians
1070 BC to 350 AD – Cushites, an ancient African Nubian kingdom in Sudan
1102 to 850 BC – estimated period in which Homer lived
1069 to 664 BC – Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1050 to 930 BC – Kingdom of Israel
1041 BC – King David captures Jerusalem, designates it the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel
1004 BC – King Solomon lays the foundation for the First Temple

1st millennium BC

927 BC – Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah after the split of the United Monarchy
884 to 858 BC – Ashurnasirpal II, king of Assyria, embarked on a vast program of expansion, known for his harshness, moved his capital to the city of Kalhu (Nimrod)
884 to 612 BC – Neo-Assyrian Empire
800 to 480 BC – Archaic period in Greece with the rise of the city-states, Greek colonies, and Epic Greek poetry: onset of Classical Antiquity
776 BC – first Olympic Games
745 to 727 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the empire
711 BC – Sargon II conquers the kingdom of Israel and exiles the inhabitants of Samaria
710 BC – Sargon II captures Babylonia
689 BCE – Babylon destroyed by Sennacherib, king of the Assyria
677 BC – Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, defeats the rebellion of Abdi-Milkutti, the king of the Phoenician state of Sidon
678 to 549 BC – Median Empire
672 to 525 BC – Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt
667 BC – Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, defeated the 25th Dynasty king Taharqa near Memphis
626 to 539 BC – Chaldean Empire (Neo-Babylonian Empire)
624 to 545 BC – Thales of Miletus, first philosopher in Ancient Greek philosophy, founder of the Milesian school
612 BC – Fall of Nineveh by a coalition Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Scythians, and Cimmerians, leading to the destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
605 BC – Battle of Carchemish between the Babylonians and the Egyptians allied with the remnants of the Assyrian army
609 BC – Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) between Necho II and Josiah of Judea
597 BC – King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon capturing Jerusalem
587 BC – King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon destroys Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple
570 to 495 BC – Pythagoras, founder of Pythagoreanism
600 or 576 – 530 BC – Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Achaemenid Empire
550 to 330 BC – Achaemenid Empire
547 BC – Battle of Pteria between the Lydian Empire and the Achaemenid empire
539 BC – Fall of Babylon
537 BC – Cyrus allows the Israelites to return from the Babylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple
522 to 486 BC – reign of Darius the Great, third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire
516 BC – completion of the Second Temple
510 to 323 BC – Classical Greek period with large annexations by the Persian Empire and a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and western civilization
500 BC – Ionian Revolt
499 to 449 BC – Greco-Persian Wars, finally won by the Greek city-states
480 to 479 BC – Xerxes invades Greece, start of Second Persian invasion of Greece
477 BC – founding of the Delian League, an association of Greek city-states under Athenian hegemony
431 to 404 BC – Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens leading to the end of Athens' hegemony and weakening of Greece
353 to 350 BC – Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is built in Lydia, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
334 to 262 BC – Zeno of Citium, Founder of the Stoic school of philosophy
330 BC – Alexander the Great conquered Persia
323 to 31 BC – Hellenistic period with Greek influence in Europe, Africa, and Asia, in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science
316 to 240 AD – Arcesilaus, founder of Academic skepticism
300 BC – Foundation of the city of Antioch by Seleucus I Nicator
279 to 206 BC – Chrysippus of Soli, creator of the first system of Propositional logic
247 BC to 224 AD – Parthian Empire
230 to 140 BC – Diogenes of Babylon, scholarch of the Stoic school in Athens in 2nd century BC
190 to 120 BC – Hipparchus, mathematician, astronomer and geographer from Bithynia who studied at Alexandria and Babylon. He discovered Axial precession, and gave the first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables of sine values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry and spherical trigonometry.
163 BC to 72 AD – Kingdom of Commagene
150 to 75 BC – Zeno of Sidon, Epicurean philosopher known through his pupil, Philodemus
132 BC to 214 AD – Kingdom of Osroene
125 to 68 BC – Antiochus of Ascalon, the pioneer of Middle Platonism
110 to 40/35 BC – Philodemus Epicurean philosopher and poet, author of ethics, theology, rhetoric, music, poetry and history of philosophical schools
100 to 44 BC – Julius Caesar
64 BC to 24 AD – Strabo, Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian from Pontus, Asia Minor
63 BC – Romans annex all of Asia Minor, Syria and Judea under Pompey
54 BC to 629 AD – Roman–Persian Wars
48 BC to 642 AD – Destruction of the Library of Alexandria, one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world
31 BC – Emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium
30 BC – Romans annex Egypt
20 BC to 50 AD – Philo of Alexandria, prominent Hellenistic Jewish philosopher
4 BC – Birth of Jesus of Nazareth

1st millennium AD

27/30 AD – The ministry of Jesus of Nazareth starts
30 to 100 AD – Apostolic Age, onset of Christianity
37 to 100 AD – Josephus, Famous first century Roman-Jewish philosopher-historian
50 AD – Apollodorus of Damascus, Syrian architect and engineer who introduced several Eastern innovations to the Roman Imperial style, such as making the dome a standard
60 to 120 AD – Nicomachus, a Neopythagorean who wrote about the mystical properties of numbers, and author of Introduction to Arithmetic and Manual of Harmonics in Greek
66 to 136 AD – Jewish–Roman wars and Jewish diaspora
135 AD – Roman Emperor Hadrian renamed Iudaea Province into Syria Palaestina
150 AD – Albinus, Platonist philosopher, teacher of Galen
157 to 216 AD – Galen, a physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire from Pergamon, Asia Minor
160 to 210 AD – Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhonist philosopher and physician most likely from Alexandria, author of most preserved accounts of Pyrrhonism
175 242 AD – Ammonius Saccas, one of the founders of Neoplatonism
184 to 253 – Origen, early Christian scholar and Church Father
200 AD – Alexander of Aphrodisias, Peripatetic philosopher, author of Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics
2nd century AD to 241 AD – Kingdom of Hatra
204/5 to 270 – Plotinus, the author of the Enneads, one of the founders of Neoplatonism
224 AD — End of the Parthian Empire and creation of the Sassanian Empire.
240 AD – Diogenes Laërtius, biographer of ancient Greek philosophers, author of Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, a principal source for the history of ancient Greek philosophy.
300 to 602 AD – Kingdom of the Lakhmids
330 to 1453 AD – Byzantine Empire, continuation of the Roman Empire in the east, until it fell to the Ottoman Empire
376 AD – large-scale irruption of Goths and others, and the subsequent onset of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
394 AD – Theodosius I suppressed the Olympic Games as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the state religion
412 to 485 AD – Proclus a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher who set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism
5th century to 437 AD – Syrianus, Neoplatonist philosopher, author of a commentary on the Metaphysics of Aristotle and Plato's Timaeus
450 to 520 – Isidore of Alexandria one of the last Neoplatonist philosophers
458 to 538 AD – Damascius, the last of Neoplatonist philosophers
490 to 560 AD – Simplicius of Cilicia, Neoplatonist philosopher and commentator on Aristotle's de Caelo, Physica Auscultatio, and Categories, as well as a commentary upon the Enchiridion of Epictetus.
490 to 570 AD – John Philoponus, an Alexandrian philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian theologian, one of the first to propose a "theory of impetus" similar to the modern concept of inertia over Aristotelian dynamics
502 to 628 AD – Byzantine–Sasanian wars
512 to 602 AD – Justinian dynasty of Eastern Roman Empire

Islamic Middle East

1st millennium AD

570 – Birth of Muhammad
573 - Birth of Abu Bakr
585 - Birth of Umar
573/576 - Birth of Uthman
601 – Birth of Ali
614 – Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish (Migration to Abyssinia)
616 – Second migration to Abyssinia
620 – Ascension to the heavens
622 – Constitution of Medina, establishment of the first Islamic state
624: Battle of Badr, expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Medina
626 – Siege of Constantinople
629 to 1050 – Arab–Byzantine wars
630 – Conquest of Mecca
632 – Death of Muhammad, Designation of the successor of Muhammad
632 to 661 – Rashidun Caliphate
633 to 651 – Muslim conquest of Persia
634 to 641 – Muslim conquest of the Levant (Syria)
639 to 642 – Muslim conquest of Egypt
642 to 799 – Khazar-Arab Wars weaken the Umayyad army and contribute to the eventual fall of the dynasty
642 to 870 – Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
656 to 661 – First Fitna (First Islamic Civil War)
660 – Construction of the Great Mosque of Kufa
661 to 750 – Umayyad Caliphate
670 to 742 – Muslim conquest of North Africa
674 – Siege of Constantinople (674–678) by the Umayyads against the Byzantines
680 – The Battle of Karbala takes place, martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad
680 to 692 – Second Fitna (Second Islamic Civil War)
711 to 718 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania
711 to 714 – Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
717 to 718 – Siege of Constantinople (717-718)
719 to 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul
738 – Caliphate campaigns in India
746 to 750 – Abbasid Revolution
750 to 1258 – Abbasid Caliphate
750 to 950 – Jabir ibn Hayyan, or anonymous authors writing under this name, pioneered organic chemistry
766 to 869 – Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent
770 to 840 – Khwarizmi, developed algebra
800 to 870 – Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani, One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others
801 to 873 – Al-Kindi, promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals
810 – House of Wisdom set up in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into Arabic
821 to 979 – Iranian Intermezzo
821 to 873 – Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
827 to 902 – Muslim conquest of Sicily
836 to 901 – Thabit Ibn Qurra, discovered a theorem which enables pairs of amicable numbers to be found
847 to 871 – Emirate of Bari
850 to 934 – Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
858 to 929 – Al-Battani, Syrian Arab mathematician and astronomer who introduced a number of trigonometric relations such as tan θ
861 to 1003 – Saffarid dynasty, an Iranian Persian empire
864 to 930 – Al-Razi, advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap, glycerine and naphtha in "Book of the Secret of Secrets"
872 to 950/951 – Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies
874 to 941 – Minor Occultation of the Mahdi
875/819 to 999 – Samanid dynasty, an Iranian empire
895 to 1004 – Hamdanid dynasty of Aleppo and Mosul
899 to 976 – Qarmatian revolution
909 – Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, founded the Fatimid Caliphate
909 to 1171 – Fatimid Caliphate, originally based in Tunisia, spanned a vast area of the Arab lands, ultimately made Egypt its centre
928 – Construction of Al-Hakim Mosque
929 to 1031 – Caliphate of Córdoba, with the Iberian peninsula as an integral province, ruled from Damascus
934 – Imad al-Dawla rise to power and establishment of the Buyid dynasty
934 to 1062 – Buyid dynasty in Iran
936 to 1013 – Al-Zahrawi, pioneer of surgery
941 – The Major Occultation of the Mahdi starts
942 to 979 – Sallarid dynasty in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia
945 – Sayf al-Dawla rise to power
965 to 1091 – Emirate of Sicily
965 to 1040 – Ibn al-Haytham, Founded experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception as well as optics and experimental physics.
970 – foundation of Al-Azhar University, oldest Islamic institution for higher studies
980 to 1037 – Avicenna, pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
990 to 1081 – Numayrid dynasty of Harran and Raqqa
990 to 1096 – Uqaylid dynasty of Mosul

2nd millennium AD

1004 – House of Knowledge built by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, said to have contained more than 1,600,000 books
1024 to 1080 – Mirdasid dynasty of Aleppo
1037 to 1194 – arrival of the Turkish Seljuq Empire, and the subsequent end of Arab dominance
1044 or 1048 to 1123 – Al-Khayyam gave a classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions using conic sections, extracted roots using the Indian decimal system
1096 to 1487 – Crusades; four crusader states are established in the region for more than two centuries: The County of Edessa (1097–1150); the Principality of Antioch (1098–1287), the County of Tripoli (1102–1289), and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291).
1100 to 1166 – Muhammad al-Idrisi, known for having drawn some of the most advanced ancient world maps
1105 to 1185 – Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture, author of the first Philosophical novel
1126 to 1198 – Averroes pioneer of Parkinson disease, philosophical commentator
1136 to 1206 – Ismail al-Jazari, Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan and artist from Jazira. He described the crankshaft that transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion.
1147 to 1269 – Almohad Caliphate, a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement, started by Ibn Tumart among the Masmuda
1171 to 1260 – Ayyubid dynasty
1192 to 1489 – Kingdom of Cyprus
1201 to 1274 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath who created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of Ptolemaic astronomy. He is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right, and he is believed to have influenced Copernican heliocentrism
1204 – Sack of Constantinople by the crusaders
1213 to 1288 – Ibn Al-Nafis, discovered the lesser circulatory system of the heart and the lungs, and described the mechanism of breathing and its relation to the blood
1218 to 1221 – Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states
1241 to 1244 – Mongol invasions of Anatolia
1250 to 1517 – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
1258 – Forces of the Mongol Empire sack Baghdad and destroy the House of Wisdom, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age
1260 to 1323 – Mongol invasions of the Levant
1260 – First major defeat the Mongols suffer at Battle of Ain Jalut, Mongol invasion of the Levant is halted
1261 to 1517 – Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo, symbolic title
1275 – Hasan al-Rammah, Arab chemist and engineer who studied gunpowders and explosives, and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the first torpedo. He also invented new types of gunpowder, and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters
1299 to 1923 – rise of the Ottoman Empire
1300 – deportation of the last Muslims from Lucera, Italy
1303 – Battle of Marj al-Saffar, defeat for the Mongols, which put an end to Ghazan Khan's invasions of Syria
1332 to 1406 – Ibn Khaldun, set the basis of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
1347 – a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa (Theodosia) reached the port of Messina and spreads the Black Death
1380 – al-Kashi, contributed to development of decimal fractions for approximating algebraic numbers and real numbers such as pi
1393 to 1449 – Ulugh Beg commissions an observatory at Samarqand in Uzbekistan
1394 to 1465 – Appearance of the Arquebus, ancestor of modern firearms, in the Ottoman Empire and Europe
1453 – Fall of Constantinople
1453 to 1550 – Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
1501 to 1736 – Safavid Iran
1516 to 1517 – Ottoman-Mamluk War, Ottomans seize Cairo in 1517
1526 to 1585 – Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, a Syrian polymath who built the Constantinople observatory, the largest observatory of the medieval world. He described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit in 1551. He also had his own method of finding coordinates of stars that was most precise at the time, and he proved the law of reflection observationally. He authored more than ninety books on a variety of different subjects
1550 to 1700 – Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
1700 to 1789 – Ottoman ancien régime
1709 to 1738 – Hotak dynasty of Iran and Afghanistan
1751 to 1794 – Zand dynasty of Iran

Contemporary Middle East

2nd millennium AD

1789 to 1925 – Qajar Iran
1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads a campaign in Egypt and Syria
1828 to 1914 – Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
1828 – Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya, oldest newspaper ever established in Egypt
1830 to 1950 – Nahda or "Arab cultural renaissance"
1831 to 1833 – First Egyptian-Ottoman War, Egypt under Muhammad Ali seizes the Levantine provinces
1834 to 1835 – Syrian Peasant Revolt takes place in the Levant, but is suppressed
1837 – The first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-i Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi
1838 – 1838 Druze revolt
1839 to 1841 – Egypt loses control over the Levantine provinces after the Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
1840 – Oriental Crisis of 1840
1840 – Convention of London
1851 – Darul Funun, one of the oldest modern universities in the Middle East, is established by Amir Kabir
1860 – Al-Jinan, an Arabic-language political and literary bi-weekly magazine established in Beirut by Butrus al-Bustani, continues until 1886
1860 – 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
1861 – Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate is established
1862 to 1892 – development of the internal combustion engine rivals the steam engine, and ultimately makes petroleum an important political factor in the following century
1869 – Construction of the Suez Canal is completed
1875 – Al-Ahram, second oldest and widest newspaper in circulation in Egypt is established
1882 – British troops occupy Cairo, Egypt becomes British protectorate
1888 – Ibrahim al-Yaziji, a Lebanese Christian writer, philologist, poet and journalist published a rich modern Arabic translation of the Bible. His works were also crucial to the establishment of the Arabic typewriter
1909 to 1921 – Arab nationalist organizations Al-Fatat and Al-'Ahd are established to liberate and unify Arab territories that were under Ottoman rule
1914 to 1918 – Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
1917 – Arthur Balfour, Foreign Minister of Great Britain, in a letter to Lord Rothschild, gives British government approval to Zionist's goal of building a "national home" in Palestine
1918 to 1922 – Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1918 – Britain and France occupy former Ottoman Empire lands
1919 to 1921 – Franco-Syrian War
1919 to 1923 – Asia Minor Catastrophe reshapes Anatolia, as continuous fighting incorporates the newly founded Republic of Turkey, Armenia, France, Greece
1920 – Iraqi revolt against the British
1922 – Egypt is granted nominal independence from the United Kingdom.
1922 to 1923 – Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate of Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan come into effect.
1924 – Abolition of the Caliphate as part of Atatürk's Reforms
1925 to 1927 – Great Syrian Revolt against the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
1925 – Sheikh Said rebellion of Kurds against Turkey
1925 – Deposition of the Qajar dynasty of Iran
1927 to 1930 – Ararat rebellion of Kurds, as Republic of Ararat is declared, but dissolved upon defeat
1932 – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia declared in unification of Najd and Hejaz
1933 to 1936 – Tribal revolts in Iraq of Assyrians in Simele, Shia in the south and Kurds in the north
1934 – Saudi–Yemeni War
1935 – Persia becomes Iran
1936 to 1939 – Arab revolt in Palestine
1937 – Dersim rebellion, is the largest uprising of the Kurds against Turkey, massive casualties
1939 to 1945 – Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II
1946 – Emirate of Transjordan becomes Kingdom of Jordan (named Transjordan until 1948)
1946 – Kurdish Republic of Mahabad declared along with Azerbaijan People's Government, but defeated by Iranian military forces and dissolved
1947 – UN General Assembly proposes to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state
1948 – Israel declares independence and Arab–Israeli war erupts
1952 – After a revolution in Egypt the monarchy is overthrown
1953 – The coup d'état in Iran
1954 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt
1954 – Central Treaty Organization
1956 – Suez Crisis
1961 – First Iraqi–Kurdish War erupts in north Iraq.
1963 – Ba'ath Party comes to power in Iraq under the leadership of General Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif
1964 – Abdul Rahman Arif stages military coup in Iraq against the Ba'th Party and brings his brother, Abdul Salam Arif, to power
1967 – Six-Day War, Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank and Gaza Strip
1967 – Kurds revolt in Western Iran, the revolt is crushed
1968 – Ba'athists stage second military coup under General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Saddam Hussein is made vice president of Iraq
1970 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt
1971 – The Aswan High Dam is completed with Soviet help in finance and construction; independence of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the UAE
1973 – Yom Kippur War
1974 – The PLO is allowed to represent the people of Palestine in the UN
1974 to 1975 – Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1975 to 1990 – Lebanese Civil War
1976 – Syria invades Lebanon
1978 – Camp David Accords
1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq; Iranian Revolution; Egypt–Israel peace treaty
1981 to 1989 – Iran–Iraq War results in 1–1.25 million casualties, Iraq uses chemical weapons against Iran and rebel Kurds; large scale economic devastation and surge in oil prices affect the global world economy
1981 – Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1982 – Israel invades Lebanon
1987 to 1990 – First Intifada
1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait
1991 – The Gulf War
1993 – Oslo Accords
1994 – 1994 civil war in Yemen

3rd millennium AD

2000 – Israeli troops leave Lebanon; Second Intifada
2001 – Members of al-Qaeda attacked sites in the U.S., this event is known as 9/11
2003 – United States invades and occupies Iraq
2004 – Houthi insurgency in Yemen
2005 – Syrian troops leave Lebanon as a result of the Cedar Revolution
2006 – The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict; Saddam Hussein executed for crimes against humanity
2010 – Arab Spring, which culminates in the Syrian Civil War with involvement of many regional powers to either support the Syrian opposition or the ruling Ba'ath party
2012 – The first MERS outbreak.
2014 – ISIS rises in Iraq and Syria; rival groups try to overthrow Syrian president
2015 – The Saudi intervention in Yemen
2017 – ISIS is defeated in Raqqa and Mosul, all control of territories in Syria and Iraq cease by 2019
2020 – COVID-19 pandemic, Assassination of Qasem Soleimani, Abraham Accords
2023 – Israel-Hamas war begins

References

^ Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Carretero, Lara Gonzalez; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (July 31, 2018). Piperno, Dolores R. (ed.). "Archaeobotanical Evidence Reveals the Origins of Bread 14,400 years ago in Northeastern Jordan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (31). doi:10.1073/pnas.1801071115. PMC 6077754. PMID 30012614 – via PubMed.
^ "Which Society Cultivated Wheat First?".
^ McTavish, E.J., Decker, J.E., Schnabel, R.D., Taylor, J.F. and Hillis, D.M.year=2013 (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (15): E1398–406. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E1398M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303367110. PMC 3625352. PMID 23530234.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Carter, Robert (2012). "19". In Potts, D.T. (ed.). A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 347–354. ISBN 978-1-4051-8988-0. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" (ISBN 1522847308)
^ Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68.
^ Scarre, Chris (15 September 1993). Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World. London: D. Kindersley. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-56458-305-5. Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC.
^ Bulliet, Richard (20 May 1990) [1975]. The Camel and the Wheel. Morningside Book Series. Columbia University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-231-07235-9. As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C.—Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels
^ near the modern village of Al-Houz in Syria's Al-Qusayr District. see Kitchen, K. A., "Ramesside Inscriptions", volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996, pp. 16–17.
^ Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles. Dover Publications. p. 214. ISBN 9780486249131.
^ Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Cuneiform Monographs. Vol. 51. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 199–203. ISBN 978-90-04-43091-4. ISSN 0929-0052. LCCN 2020014360.
^ Möller, Astrid (May 2005). "Epoch-making Eratosthenes". p. 249.